Journal of Applied Mathematics

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 620238, 11 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/620238

Research Article

Analysis of Third-Grade Fluid in Helical Screw Rheometer

M. Zeb,¹ S. Islam,² A. M. Siddiqui,³ and T. Haroon¹

¹Department of Mathematics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

²Department of Mathematics, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan

³Department of Mathematics, Pennsylvania State University, York Campus, York, PA 17 403, USA

Received 17 October 2012; Revised 4 March 2013; Accepted 20 March 2013

Academic Editor: Juan Torregrosa

Copyright © 2013 M. Zeb et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

The steady flow of an incompressible, third-grade fluid in helical screw rheometer (HSR) is studied by “unwrapping or flattening” the channel, lands, and the outside rotating barrel. The geometry is approximated as a shallow infinite channel, by assuming that the width of the channel is large as compared to the depth. The developed second-order nonlinear coupled differential equations are reduced to single differential equation by using a transformation. Using Adomian decomposition method, analytical expressions are calculated for the the velocity profiles and volume flow rates. The results have been discussed with the help of graphs as well. We observed that the velocity profiles are strongly dependant on non-Newtonian parameter (), and with the increase in , the velocity profiles increase progressively, which conclude that extrusion process increases with the increase in . We also observed that the increase in pressure gradients in x- and z-direction increases the net flow inside the helical screw rheometer, which increases the extrusion process. We noticed that the flow increases as the flight angle increase.

1. Introduction

In real life, there are many materials that exhibit the mechanical characteristics of both elasticity and viscosity. These materials are known as non-Newtonian fluids. These fluids cannot be described satisfactorily by the theory of elasticity or viscosity but by a combination of both. Due to the rheological behavior of these fluids, many constitutive equations are proposed [1]. In most fluid food products, the shear stress is dependent on the share rate; hence, nonlinear flow curve results and a unique viscosity are no longer adequate to characterize the fluid. Many fluids such as molten plastics, polymers, and slurries are non-Newtonian in their flow behavior. The basic governing equations for such fluids motion are highly nonlinear differential equations having no general solution, and only a limited number of exact solutions have been established for particular problems. To solve practical problems in engineering and mathematics, researchers and scientists have developed numerous numerical techniques, that is, finite difference method (FDM), finite volume approach, control-volume-based finite element method (CVFEM), lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), and analytical techniques, that is, variational iteration method (VIM), perturbation method (PM), homotopy perturbation method (HPM), HPM-Pade technique, homotopy analysis method (HAM), optimal homotopy analysis method (OHAM), optimal homotopy perturbation method (OHPM), and some other techniques, to overcome nonlinearity and get numerical and analytical solutions [2–10]. A brief review on analytical techniques is presented by [11]. In recent years in the area of series solutions, an iterative technique Adomian decomposition method [12, 13] has received much attention. A considerable amount of research work has been invested in the application of this method to a wide class of linear, nonlinear, and partial differential equations and integral equations. Many interesting problems in applied science and engineering have been successfully solved by using ADM to their higher degree of accuracy. A useful quality of the ADM is that it has proved to be a competitive alternative to the Taylor series method and other series techniques. This method has been used in obtaining analytic and approximate solutions to a wide class of linear and nonlinear, differential and integral equations, homogeneous or inhomogeneous, with constant coefficients or with variable coefficients. The Adomian decomposition method is comparatively easier to program in engineering problems than other series methods and provides immediate and visible solution terms without linearization, perturbation, or discretization of the problem, while the physical behavior of the solution remains unchanged. It provides analytical solution in the form of an infinite series in which each term can be easily determined [14–16]. If an exact solution exists for the problem, then the obtained series converges very rapidly to the solution. For concrete problems, where a closed-form solution is not obtainable, a truncated number of terms are usually used for numerical purposes [17].

The Helical Screw Rheometer (HSR) consists of a helical screw in a tight fitting cylinder, with the inlet and outlet parts closing the inner screw. Rotation of screw creates a pressure gradient along the axis of the screw. The HSR is being used for rheological measurements of fluid food suspensions. The geometry of an HSR is similar to a single-screw extruder [18]. Extrusion process is widely used in multigrade oils, liquid detergents, paints, polymer solutions and polymer melts [19], the injection molding process for polymeric materials, the production of pharmaceutical products, food extrusion, and processing of plastics [20]. Various food items in daily life, such as cookie dough, sevai, pastas, breakfast cereals, french fries, baby food, ready to eat snacks, and dry pet food, are most commonly manufactured using the extrusion process.

Knowledge of rheological properties is essential in the processing of fluid foods since these affect the flow behavior. During processing, physical and chemical changes can occur so it is desirable to monitor the process to achieve excellent output and quality control [21]. On-line rheological measurements in the food industry have been limited [22].

Bird et al. [23] presented an asymptotic solution and arbitrary values of the flow behavior index, for the power-law fluid in a very thin annulus. A brief discussion is given by Mohr and Mallouk [24] for the same problem considering Newtonian fluid in a screw extruder. Tamura et al. [18] also investigated the flow of Newtonian fluid in helical screw rheometer.

The objective of this paper is to study the flow of third-grade fluid in helical screw rheometer (HSR) where the effects of curvature and also of flights are neglected by assuming that the helical channel is “unwrapped.” The geometry is approximated as a shallow infinite channel, with , where denotes the channel width and is gap [18]. The formulation results in second-order nonlinear coupled differential equations which are reduced to first-order nonlinear differential equations by integrating and combined in single first-order differential equation using a transformation, the solution is obtained by using ADM. Analytical expressions are given for the velocity components in -, -directions and in direction of the screw axis. Volume flow rates are also obtained for all three types of velocities. The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 contains the governing equations of the fluid model. In Section 3, the problem under consideration is formulated. In Section 4, description of Adomian decomposition method is given. In Section 5, the governing equation of the problem is solved. In Section 6, results are discussed. Section 7 contains conclusion.

2. Basic Equations

The basic equations governing the motion of an incompressible fluid are

where is the constant fluid density, is the velocity vector, is the body force per unit mass, the denotes the material time derivative defined as

and is the Cauchy stress tensor, given as

where denotes the dynamic pressure, denotes unit tensor, and denotes the extra stress tensor. The constitutive equation for third-grade fluid is defined as

where is the viscosity, , , , , and are the material constants, , , and are the first three Rivlin-Ericksen tensors defined as [19]

3. Problem Formulation

Consider the steady flow of an isothermal, incompressible and homogeneous third-grade fluid in helical screw rheometer (HSR) in such a way that the curvature of the screw channel is ignored, unrolled and laid out on a flat surface. The barrel surface is also flattened. Assume that the screw surface, the lower plate, is stationary, and the barrel surface, the upper plate, is moving across the top of the channel with velocity at an angle to the direction of the channel Figure 1. The phenomena is the same as the barrel held stationary and the screw rotates. The geometry is approximated as a shallow infinite channel, by assuming that the width of the channel is large compared with the depth ; edge effects in the fluid at the land are ignored. The coordinate axes are positioned in such a way that the -axis is perpendicular to the wall and -axis is in down channel direction. The liquid wets all the surfaces and moves by the shear stresses produced by the relative movement of the barrel and channel. For simplicity, the velocity of the barrel relative to the channel is broken up into two components: is along -axis and is along -axis [24]. Under these assumptions the velocity field and cauchy stress tensor can be written as

On substituting (7) in (4) and (5), we obtain nonzero components of Cauchy stress ,

where .

Figure 1: The geometry of the “unwrapped” screw channel and barrel surface.

Using (7), (1) is identically satisfied, and (2) in the absence of body forces results in

Define the modified pressure as

which implies that only; thus, (9) reduce to

The associated boundary conditions can be taken as (see Figure 1)

where

Introducing nondimensionalized parameters

in (11)-(12), takes the form

Dropping from (15) onward and defining

where , in (15) reduce to

where is the complex conjugate of .

The boundary conditions become

Equation (17) is second-order nonlinear ordinary differential equation, and the exact solution seems to be difficult. In the following section, we use Adomian decomposition method to obtain the approximate solution. To obtain the expressions for the velocity components in - and -directions, (17) together with the boundary conditions (18) is solved up to the second component approximations by using the symbolic computation software Wolfram Mathematica 7.

4. Description of Adomian Decomposition Method

Consider equation , where represents a general nonlinear ordinary or partial differential operator including both linear and nonlinear terms. The linear terms are decomposed into , where is invertible. is taken as the highest-order derivative to avoid difficult integrations, and is the remainder of the linear operator. Thus, the equation can be written as

where indicates the nonlinear term and is forcing function. Since is invertible, so exist. The above equation can be written as

If is a second-order operator, is a twofold indefinite integral. Equation (20) becomes

where and are constants of integration and can be determined by using boundary or initial conditions. ADM assumes that the solution can be expanded into infinite series as ; also, the nonlinear term will be written as , where are special Adomian polynomials which can be defined as

finally, the solution can be written as

where

is initial solution and

and (25) is th-order solution. The practical solution will be the -term approximation

and by definition [25–27],

5. Solution of the Problem

Adomian decomposition method describes that in the operator form (17) can be written as

where is the differential operator taken as the highest-order derivative to avoid difficult integrations, assuming that is invertible, which implies that exist.

On applying to both sides of (28) results in

where and are constants of integration and can be determined by using boundary conditions. According to procedure of Adomian decomposition method and can be written in component form as:

Thus, (29) takes the form

Adomian also suggested that the nonlinear terms can be explored in the form of Adomian polynomials, say, and as

Equation (31) yields

The associated boundary conditions (18) will be

The recursive relation in (33) and (34) gives the component problems

along with boundary conditions

together with the boundary conditions

The ADM solution to (33) along with the boundary conditions (34) will be

5.1. Zeroth Component Solution

The relations (35) and (36) give the zeroth component problem

and the boundary conditions are

which gives the solution

which are the linearly viscous solutions to the problem.

5.2. First Component Solution

Equations (37) and (38) give

where the remainder term of the linear part is zero and

are Adomian polynomials. Using (45)-(46) in (44) results in

where , , , , , and are constants given in appendix.

5.3. Second Component Solution

The relations (37) and (38) give

where and are Adomian polynomials.

Using (50) in (49), we get

where , , , , , , , , , and are constants mentioned in appendix.

5.4. Velocity Profiles

5.4.1. Velocity Profile in -Direction

Equations (42), (47), and (51) give the ADM solution for the velocity profile in the transverse plane

5.4.2. Velocity Profile in -Direction

Equations (43), (48) and (52) give the ADM solution for the velocity profile in the down channel direction

5.4.3. Velocity in the Direction of the Axis of Screw

The velocity in the direction of the axis of the screw at any depth in the channel can be computed from (53) and (54) as

which shows the resultant velocity of the flow.

5.5. Volume Flow Rates

Volume flow rate in -direction per unit width is

where , and (57) gives

Volume flow rate in -direction per unit width is

where , and (59) gives

Equation (56) gives the resultant volume flow rate forward in the screw channel, which is the product of the velocity and cross-sectional area integrated from the root of the screw to the barrel surface

where and is the number of parallel flights in a multiflight screw.

Equation (61) gives

which can be written as

6. Results and Discussion

In the present work, we have considered the steady flow of an incompressible, isothermal, and homogeneous third-grade fluid in helical screw rheometer (HSR). Using Adomian decomposition method, solutions are obtained for velocity profiles in -, -directions and also in the direction of the axis of the screw . The volume flow rates are also calculated by using the velocities in , and in the direction of the axis of the screw. Here we discussed the effect of dimensionless parameters , , , and where , on the velocity profiles given in (53), (54), and (56) with the help of graphical representation. Figures 2, 3, and 4 for the velocities in -direction , -direction , and the resultant velocity are plotted against for different values of non-Newtonian parameter and constant pressure gradients , , respectively. From these figures, it is seen that the velocity profiles are strongly dependant on the non-Newtonian parameter , as we increase the value of in the interval 0 to 0.9, the progressive increase in velocities in -, -direction and in the direction of the axis of screw found. It is worthwhile to note that the extrusion process increases with the increase of the non-Newtonian parameter .

Figure 2: Profile of the nondimensional velocity for different values of , keeping , , and .

Figure 3: Profile of the nondimensional velocity for different values of , keeping , , and .

Figure 4: Profile of the nondimensional velocity for different values of , keeping , , and .

Figures 5, 7, and 9 are sketched for the velocity profiles , , and against for different values of , keeping and fixed; enlightened escalation is noted in the velocity profiles with increase in pressure gradient in -direction.

Figure 5: Profile of the nondimensional velocity for different values of , keeping , , and .

Figures 6, 8, and 10 are sketched for the velocity profiles , , and against for different values of , keeping and fixed, it is observed that parabolicity of the velocity profiles increases with increase in pressure gradient in -direction.

Figure 6: Profile of the nondimensional velocity for different values of , keeping , , and .

Figure 7: Profile of the nondimensional velocity for different values of , keeping , , and .

Figure 8: Profile of the nondimensional velocity for different values of , keeping , , and .

Figure 9: Profile of the nondimensional velocity for different values of , keeping , , and .

Figure 10: Profile of the nondimensional velocity for different values of , keeping , , and .

Figure 11 is plotted for the velocity against for different values of , keeping , , and . It is observed that flow increases as the flight angle increases up to .

Figure 11: Profile of the nondimensional velocity for different values of , keeping , , and .

7. Conclusion

The steady flow of an isothermal, homogeneous and incompressible third-grade fluid is investigated in helical screw rheometer (HSR). The geometry of the problem under consideration gives second-order nonlinear coupled differential equations which are reduced to single differential equation by using a transformation. Adomian decomposition method is used to obtain analytical expressions for the flow profiles, volume flow rate. It is noticed that the zeroth component solution matches with solution of the linearly viscous fluid in HSR, and it is also found that the net velocity of the fluid is due to the pressure gradient as the expression for the net velocity is free from the drag term. Graphical representation shows that the velocity profiles are strongly dependant on non-Newtonian parameter () and pressure gradients in - and -direction. Thus, the extrusion process strongly depends on the involved parameters.

Appendix

Acknowledgment

The first author is very thankful to Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan for funding his higher studies under the 5000 indigenous scholarship scheme Batch-IV.

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