Journal of Applied Mathematics

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 631089, 4 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/631089

Research Article

Reduction of Chern-Simons-Schrödinger Systems in One Space Dimension

Hyungjin Huh

Department of Mathematics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea

Received 6 August 2013; Revised 31 October 2013; Accepted 31 October 2013

Academic Editor: Anjan Biswas

Copyright © 2013 Hyungjin Huh. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

We study Chern-Simons-Schrödinger systems in one space dimension. We show that Chern-Simons-Schrödinger and supersymmetric Chern-Simons-Schrödinger equations can be reduced, under the gauge condition , to equations of , only which are coupled cubic Schrödinger systems.

1. Introduction

In this paper, we consider the Chern-Simons-Schrödinger (CSS) system

and the supersymmetric Chern-Simons-Schrödinger (s-CSS) system

on . Here, , , and are real fields, , are complex scalar fields, and . The covariant derivative is defined by , . , , and are coupling constants. The space-time derivatives of a function are denoted by .

The CSS model was proposed in [1] to study BPS domain wall solutions. The Lagrangian density of the dimensional Chern-Simons-Schrödinger system is given by

which is obtained by the dimensional reduction of the Lagrangian density of dimensional Chern-Simons-Schrödinger system in [2]. The (s-CSS) system is derived, by the dimensional reduction, from the paper [3].

An important property of the systems CSS and s-CSS is the gauge invariance. Therefore, a solution to the systems CSS and s-CSS is formed by a class of gauge equivalent pairs and , respectively. Here, we will fix the gauge by imposing the condition . Note that temporal gauge condition is well known.

The motivation considering the gauge condition comes from standing wave solutions of CSS. As shown in Section 2.1, the usual ansatz of standing wave leads to . To study stability, it seems natural to study the initial value problem of CSS with the condition . The other motivation is that the Schrödinger part in CSS system is written, under the Lorenz gauge condition , as follows:

where we have a singular derivative nonlinear term . The gauge condition removes troublesome nonlinearity automatically. Note that Lorenz gauge condition was made use of in previous studies [4, 5] on Maxwell-Schrödinger equations in one space dimension.

The initial value problem of the Chern-Simons-Schrödinger system in was investigated in [6–9]. Blow-up solutions in finite time have been studied in [6] by deriving a virial identity and in [10] by the use of a pseudoconformal transformation. The existence of standing wave solutions has been studied in [11, 12]. Global energy solutions of Chern-Simons-Higgs equations in one space dimension have been studied in [13].

In this study, we consider smooth solutions which satisfy equations in the classical sense and decay properly at spatial infinity. Our first result says that CSS system can be reduced, under the gauge condition , to the equation of only which is a cubic Schrödinger equation.

Theorem 1. Let one consider a smooth solution of (15)–(18) satisfying . Then, the scalar field is also a solution to the following Schrödinger equation:

The s-CSS system can be reduced, under the gauge condition , to the system of and only.

Theorem 2. Let one consider a smooth solution of the system (27)–(31) satisfying . Then, the scalar fields and are also a solution to the following coupled Schrödinger equations:

Remark 3. (i) The model (5) is a cubic Schrödinger equation with attractive potential, and the system (6) is the two coupled Schrödinger equations. In particular, when , the equations are two versions of a single nonlinear Schrödinger equation which is integrable.

(ii) Looking for standing wave solutions of (6), and , one can check that and satisfy the following system:

The existence of standing waves and their properties have been studied extensively, for instance, in [14–16].

Theorem 1 is proved in Section 2, and Theorem 2 is proved in Section 3. We give concluding remark in Section 4. We use the standard Sobolev space which denotes the set of weakly differentiable functions on such that , , and are square integrable.

2. Reduction of Chern-Simons-Schrödinger System

Here, we consider the reduction of Chern-Simons-Schrödinger system in one space dimension. In Section 2.1, we investigate standing wave solutions of CSS system, and Theorem 1 is proved in Section 2.2.

2.1. Standing Wave Solutions of CSS System

In this section, we look for standing wave solutions of the form

where is a real constant and is a real-valued function. The fourth equation in (1) leads us to . Then, we have from (1) the following:

where denotes a derivative . From (10) and (11), we may have the following expressions, with a boundary condition :

A simple calculation shows that which implies . Then, (9) becomes

We may obtain a solution and .

2.2. Reduction of CSS System

The (CSS) system (1) is invariant under the following gauge transformation:

where is a smooth function. Here, we impose the gauge condition which reformulates the CSS system (1) as follows:

From (16) and (17), we have, with a boundary condition , the following representations:

Let us check the compatibility of (18) with other (15)–(17). Multiplying (15) by and taking imaginary part, we have

Taking time derivative of in (19) and considering (20), we have

where and are used.

We have showed that the study of (15)–(18) reduces to the following system:

where and are defined by (19). Moreover, we can check that, using (19):

which implies . Therefore, (22) reduces finally to

which proves Theorem 1.

3. Reduction of s-CSS System

The Lagrangian density of the dimensional supersymmetric Chern-Simons-Schrödinger system is given by

which is obtained by the dimensional reduction of the Lagrangian density of dimensional supersymmetric Chern-Simons-Schrödinger system in [3]. The s-CSS system (2) is invariant under the following gauge transformation:

where is a smooth function. We consider the gauge condition which reformulates the s-CSS system (2) as follows:

From (29) and (30), we have, with a boundary condition , the following representations:

Let us check the compatibility of (31) with other (27)–(30). Multiplying (27) and (28) by and , respectively, and taking imaginary part, we have

Taking time derivative of in (32) and considering (33), we have

We have showed that the study of (27)–(31) reduces to the following system:

where and are defined by (32). Now we can check that , which implies

Taking (32) and (36) into account, we can check that

Then, considering (36) and (37), the system (35) reduces to

which proves Theorem 2.

4. Concluding Remark

As we pointed out in Section 1, Schrödinger equations with electromagnetic field like Maxwell-Schrödinger and Chern-Simons-Schrödinger have singular derivative nonlinear terms which give difficulties in analysis of the PDEs. Those challenging problems have prompted development of analytic methods and the results [4–12, 17] regarding issues such as existence, blowup, and asymptotic behaviors of the solution. In this aspect, the results of this study seem interesting and quite unique. CSS and s-CSS systems with gauge condition reduce to coupled cubic Schrödinger equations which are much easier from analytic and numerical point of view. We could not obtain similar reduction result for the related equations like Chern-Simons-Higgs and Chern-Simons-Dirac in one space dimension which have their own interesting structures [13, 18].

Conflict of Interests

The author declares that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgment

The author was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2011-0015866).

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