Journal of Applied Mathematics

Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 130520, 12 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/130520

Research Article

Peakon, Solitary and Smooth Periodic Wave Solutions for a Modification of the Equation

Qing Meng¹ and Bin He²

¹Department of Physics, Honghe University, Mengzi, Yunnan 661100, China

²College of Mathematics, Honghe University, Mengzi, Yunnan 661100, China

Received 30 October 2013; Revised 22 December 2013; Accepted 2 January 2014; Published 23 February 2014

Academic Editor: Turgut Öziş

Copyright © 2014 Qing Meng and Bin He. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

We consider a modification of the equation using the bifurcation method of dynamical systems and the method of phase portraits analysis. From dynamic point of view, some peakons, solitary, and smooth periodic waves are found and their exact parametric representations are presented. Also, the coexistence of peakon and solitary wave solutions is investigated.

1. Introduction

To study the role of nonlinear dispersion in the formation of patterns in the liquid drop, Rosenau and Hyman [1] showed that, in a particular generalization of the KdV equation,

which is called equation. They obtained solitary wave solutions with compact support in it, which they called compactons. For the case ( is an integer), these compactons had the property that the width was independent of the amplitude. Rosenau [2] also studied the equation:

where is a constant. He investigated nonlinear dispersion and compact structures [3], nonanalytic solitary waves [2], and a class of nonlinear dispersive-dissipative interactions [4]. In [5, 6], general solutions to the equation were studied. In [7], the nonlinear equation was studied for all possible values of and . Tian and Yin investigated shock-peakon and shock-compacton solutions for equation by variational iteration method in [8]. The equation with generalized evolution and time-dependent damping and dispersion was investigated and the 1-soliton solution was obtained in [9]. Biswas considered the following equation with generalized evolution term:

and presented a solitary wave ansatz and obtained a 1-soliton solution [10]. Some soliton solutions of (3) were obtained in [11, 12]. In 2010, Ambrose and Wright [13] considered the following equation:

which is called a modification of the equation:

where is a constant. They demonstrated that, for this equation, there are compactly supported traveling wave solutions and the Cauchy problem possesses a weak solution which exists locally in time.

In this paper, we consider the following modification of the equation using the bifurcation theory and the method of phase portraits analysis [14–17]:

where is an integer. The bifurcations of different traveling waves in parameter space and the phase diagrams will be given. Some exact peakon, solitary, and smooth periodic wave solutions will be presented.

Let where is the wave speed. By using the travelling wave transformation we reduce (6) to the following ordinary differential equations:

Integrating (7) once with respect to , we have

where is the integral constant.

Letting , we get the following planar system:

System (9) is a three-parameter planar dynamical system depending on the parameter set . Since the phase orbits defined by the vector field of system (9) determine all travelling wave solutions of (6), we should investigate the bifurcation sets and phase portraits of system (9) in -phase plane as the parameters ,  ,  and are changed.

We know that a peakon solution of (6) corresponds to a heteroclinic orbit of system (9) and a solitary wave solution of (6) corresponds to a homoclinic orbit of system (9). Similarly, a periodic orbit of system (9) corresponds to a periodic wave solution of (6). Thus, to investigate peakons, solitary, and periodic waves of (6), we should find all heteroclinic orbits, homoclinic orbits, and periodic annuli of system (9) depending on the parameter space of this system.

The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we discuss the bifurcation sets and phase portraits of system (9), where explicit parametric conditions will be derived. In Section 3, we give some exact peakon, solitary, and smooth periodic wave solutions of (6). A short conclusion will be given in Section 4.

2. Bifurcation Sets and Phase Portraits of System (9)

Using the transformation , it carries (9) into the Hamiltonian system:

Since both systems (9) and (10) have the same following first integrals:

 when , , and ,

 when ,

 when ,

 and when ,

then the two systems above have the same topological phase portraits except the line . Obviously, is an invariant straight-line solution of system (9).

Next, we focus on the cases , , and in (6) without mentioning it further.

Write , . Clearly, when , system (10) has two equilibrium points at in -axis, where . When , system (10) has only one equilibrium point at in -axis, where . When , system (10) has not equilibrium point in -axis. When , there exist two equilibrium points of system (10) in line at , . When , there is no equilibrium point of system (10) in line .

Let be the coefficient matrix of the linearized system of the system (10) at an equilibrium point . Then we have

and at this equilibrium point, we have

By the theory of planar dynamical systems, we know that, for an equilibrium point of a planar integrable system, if , then the equilibrium point is a saddle point. If and , then it is a center point. If and the Poincaré index of the equilibrium point is zero, then it is a cusp.

For a fixed , the level curve defined by (11) determines a set of invariant curves of system (10) which contains different branches of curves. As is varied, it defines different families of orbits of (10) with different dynamical behaviors.

Using the property of equilibrium points and bifurcation theory, we obtain the following results.

 When , there are two bifurcation curves as follows:

which divide the -parameter plane into 10 subregions: ,  , , , , , , , , , and .

 When , there are three bifurcation curves as follows:

which divide the -parameter plane into 14 subregions: ,    , , , , , , , , , , , , and .

The bifurcation sets and phase portraits of system (10) are shown in Figures 1 and 2.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(j)

Figure 1: The bifurcation sets and phase portraits of system (10) for .

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(j)

(k)

(l)

(m)

(n)

Figure 2: The bifurcation sets and phase portrait of system (10) as for .

3. Exact Peakon, Solitary, and Smooth Periodic Wave Solutions of (6)

In this section, we present some exact peakon, solitary, and smooth periodic wave solutions of (6) through some special phase orbits. Next, we always suppose that

3.1. Peakon Solutions

(i) For given and in Figure 2(b), the level curve is shown in Figure 3(e). From Figure 3(e), we see that there are two heteroclinic orbits connecting with complex equilibrium points and a cusp of systems (9) and (10) when , where . Their expressions are

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(j)

(k)

(l)

(m)

(n)

(o)

(p)

Figure 3: The level curves of system (10) defined by .

Substituting (20) into and integrating it along the heteroclinic orbits yield the equation

Completing the above integral and solving the equation for , it follows that

where .

Noting that and , we get a peakon solution as follows:

The profile of (23) is shown in Figure 4(a).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(j)

(k)

(l)

(m)

(n)

(o)

(p)

(q)

(r)

Figure 4: Peakons, solitary, and smooth periodic waves of (6) for .

(ii) For given and in Figure 2(d), the level curve is shown in Figure 3(h). From Figure 3(h), we see that there are two heteroclinic orbits connecting with complex equilibrium points and a saddle point of systems (9) and (10) when , where . Their expressions are

Substituting (24) into the and integrating it along the heteroclinic orbits yield the equation

Completing the above integral, we can get a peakon solution as follows:

where . The profile of (26) is shown in Figure 4(b).

(iii) For given and in Figure 2(k), the level curve is shown in Figure 3(m). From Figure 3(m), we see that there are two heteroclinic orbits connecting with complex equilibrium points and a saddle point of systems (9) and (10) when , where . Their expressions are

Substituting (27) into and integrating it along the heteroclinic orbits yield the equation

Completing the above integral, we can get a peakon solution as follows:

where . The profile of (29) is shown in Figure 4(c).

(iv) For given and in Figure 2(m), the level curve is shown in Figure 3(o). From Figure 3(o), we see that there are two heteroclinic orbits connecting with complex equilibrium points and a cusp of systems (9) and (10) when , where . Their expressions are

Substituting (30) into and integrating it along the heteroclinic orbits yield the equation

Completing the above integral, we can get a peakon solution as follows:

where . The profile of (32) is shown in Figure 4(d).

3.2. Solitary Wave Solutions

(i) For given and in Figure 1(c), the level curve is shown in Figure 3(a). From Figure 3(a), we see that there is a homoclinic orbit connecting with a saddle point of systems (9) and (10) and passing point when , where and . Its expression is

Substituting (33) into and integrating it along the homoclinic orbit yield the equation

Completing the above integral, we can get a solitary wave solution as follows:

where   and  is a new parametric variable. The profile of (35) is shown in Figure 4(e).

(ii) For given and in Figure 1(h), the level curve is shown in Figure 3(b). From Figure 3(b), we see that there is a homoclinic orbit connecting with a saddle point of systems (9) and (10) and passing point when , where and . Its expression is

Substituting (36) into and integrating it along the homoclinic orbit yield the equation

Completing the above integral, we can get a solitary wave solution as follows:

where   and   is a new parametric variable. The profile of (38) is shown in Figure 4(f).

(iii) For given and in Figure 2(b), the level curve is shown in Figure 3(f). From Figure 3(f), we see that there is a homoclinic orbit connecting with complex equilibrium points and a cusp of systems (9) and (10) and passing point when , where and . Its expression is

Substituting (39) into and integrating it along the homoclinic orbit yield the equation

Completing the above integral, we can get a solitary wave solution as follows:

where . The profile of (41) is shown in Figure 4(g).

(iv) For given and in Figure 2(e), the level curve is shown in Figure 3(i). From Figure 3(i), we see that there is a homoclinic orbit connecting with complex equilibrium points and a saddle point of systems (9) and (10) and passing point when , where and . Its expression is

where .

Substituting (42) into and integrating it along the homoclinic orbit yield the equation

Completing the above integral, we can get a solitary wave solution as follows:

where . The profile of (44) is shown in Figure 4(h).

(v) For given and in Figure 2(j), the level curve is shown in Figure 3(l). From Figure 3(l), we see that there is a homoclinic orbit connecting with complex equilibrium points and a saddle point of systems (9) and (10) and passing point when , where and . Its expression is

where .

Substituting (45) into and integrating it along the homoclinic orbit yield the equation

Completing the above integral, we can get a solitary wave solution as follows:

where . The profile of (47) is shown in Figure 4(i).

(vi) For given and in Figure 2(m), the level curve is shown in Figure 3(p). From Figure 3(p), we see that there is a homoclinic orbit connecting with complex equilibrium points and a cusp of systems (9) and (10) and passing point when , where and . Its expression is

Substituting (48) into and integrating it along the homoclinic orbit yield the equation

Completing the above integral, we can get a solitary wave solution as follows:

where . The profile of (50) is shown in Figure 4(j).

3.3. Coexistence of Peakon and Solitary Wave Solutions

From Figures 2(c) and 2(l), we easily see the coexistence of peakon and solitary wave for (6) when and (or when and ). Here, we give only several exact parametric representations of these waves.

(i) For given and in Figure 2(c), the level curve is shown in Figure 3(g). From Figure 3(g), we see that there are two heteroclinic orbits connecting with complex equilibrium points and a saddle point of systems (9) and (10), and at the same time, there is a homoclinic orbit connecting with the saddle point and passing point when , where and . Their expressions are, respectively,

where .

Substituting (51) into and integrating it along the heteroclinic orbits yield the equation

Completing the above integral, we can get a peakon solution as follows:

where . The profile of (54) is shown in Figure 4(k).

Substituting (52) into and integrating it along the homoclinic orbit yield the equation

Completing the above integral, we can get a solitary wave solution as follows:

where . The profile of (56) is shown in Figure 4(l).

(ii) For given and in Figure 2(l), the level curve is shown in Figure 3(n). From Figure 3(n), we see that there are two heteroclinic orbits connecting with complex equilibrium points and a saddle point of systems (9) and (10) and, at the same time, there is a homoclinic orbit connecting with the saddle point and passing point when , where and . Their expressions are, respectively,

where .

Substituting (57) into and integrating it along the heteroclinic orbits yield the equation

Completing the above integral, we can get a peakon solution as follows:

where . The profile of (60) is shown in Figure 4(m).

Substituting (58) into and integrating it along the homoclinic orbit yield the equation

Completing the above integral, we can get a solitary wave solution as follows:

where . The profile of (62) is shown in Figure 4(n).

3.4. Smooth Periodic Wave Solutions

(i) For given and in Figure 1(d), the level curve is shown in Figure 3(c). From Figure 3(c), we see that there is one periodic orbit enclosing the center point of systems (9) and (10) and passing points , when , where and . Its expression is

Substituting (63) into and integrating it along the periodic orbit yield the equation

Completing the above integral, we can get a smooth periodic wave solution as follows:

where . The profile of (65) is shown in Figure 4(o).

(ii) For given and in Figure 1(g), the level curve is shown in Figure 3(d). From Figure 3(d), we see that there is one periodic orbit enclosing the center point of systems (9) and (10) and passing points , when , where and . Its expression is

Substituting (66) into and integrating it along the periodic orbit yield the equation

Completing the above integral, we can get a smooth periodic wave solution as follows:

where . The profile of (68) is shown in Figure 4(p).

(iii) For given and in Figure 2(f), the level curve is shown in Figure 3(j). From Figure 3(j), we see that there is one periodic orbit passing points , when , where . Its expression is

where .

Substituting (69) into and integrating it along the periodic orbit yield the equation

Completing the above integral, we can get a smooth periodic wave solution as follows:

where and . The profile of (71) is shown in Figure 4(q).

(iv) For given and in Figure 2(i), the level curve is shown in Figure 3(k). From Figure 3(k), we see that there is one periodic orbit passing points , when , where . Its expression is

where .

Substituting (72) into and integrating it along the periodic orbit yield the equation

Completing the above integral, we can get a smooth periodic wave solution as follows:

where and . The profile of (74) is shown in Figure 4(r).

4. Conclusion

In this paper, using the bifurcation theory and the method of phase portraits analysis, we investigated a modification of the equation (6) and obtained some peakon, solitary, and smooth periodic wave solutions. We also show that when and , the peakon and the solitary wave coexist in (6). We can say that we obtained some new results of (6) in this paper.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the reviewers very much for their useful comments and helpful suggestions. This work is supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province, China (no. 2013FZ117), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 11161020).

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