Journal of Applied Mathematics

Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 213478, 12 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/213478

Research Article

Numerical Solution for an Epicycloid Crack

Nik Mohd Asri Nik Long,1,2 Koo Lee Feng,2,3 Wong Tze Jin,2,3 and Z. K. Eshkuvatov1,2

¹Department of Mathematics, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

²Institute for Mathematical Research, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

³Department of Basic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Sarawak Campus, 97008 Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia

Received 22 March 2014; Accepted 6 June 2014; Published 14 July 2014

Academic Editor: Ray K.L. Su

Copyright © 2014 Nik Mohd Asri Nik Long et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

A flat crack, , is lying in a three-dimensional homogenous isotropic elastic solid subjected to shear loading. A mathematical formulation is developed based on the mixed boundary values for such that the problem of finding the resulting force can be written in the form of hypersingular integral equation. Employing conformal mapping, the integral equation is transformed to a similar equation over a circular region, . By making a suitable representation of hypersingular integral equation, the problem is reduced to solve a system of linear equations. Numerical solution for the shear stress intensity factors, maximum stress intensity, and strain energy release rate is obtained. Our results give an excellent agreement to the existing asymptotic solutions.

1. Introduction

Crack problems play an important role in engineering application due to the fact that the presence of cracks may compromise the strength and toughness of structures. Hence, great efforts [1–10] have been made in solving the crack problems and it has been widely investigated since the pioneer work by Sneddon [11] for a penny-shaped crack. Integral transform method to the solution of a Fredholm integral equation of second kind and numerical approach was implemented by Kassir [12, 13] in solving the rectangular crack problem, while the classic collocation and Galerkin methods were applied by Ioakimidis [14] for solving the plane crack problem subjected to normal load, whereas a perturbation analysis and the complex potential method [15] were performed by Cotterell and Rice [16] to obtain the stress intensity factors for the curved and kinked crack subject to arbitrary tractions in an explicit and simple form. Recently, Wu [17] proposed the dual boundary element method to solve the antiplane crack problem, whilst Georgiadis and Gourgiotis [18] advocated distributed dislocation technique in solving crack problems within Cosserat elasticity with constrained rotations. Motivated by the work of Lazzarin and Zappalorto [19], Lazzarin et al. [20] investigated the stress fields close to a rectangular hole in a plate of finite thickness.

Ioakimidis [21] introduced the concept of finite-part integrals and derived the hypersingular integral equation for a flat crack subjected to tensile pressure, where the unknown function is the crack displacement discontinuity while the right-hand terms are the applied tractions on the crack faces. This equation can be numerically solved effectively by using the Gaussian quadrature rules for finite-part integral. Hence, this concept had been advocated widely for the solution of crack problem and some of them can be found in [22–26].

In this paper, the epicycloid crack problem is formulated into solving the hypersingular integral equation numerically for finding the stress intensity factors, maximum stress intensity and energy release rate for the crack subject to shear loading. Our computational results agree with the existing asymptotic solution.

2. Statement of Problem and Basic Equations

Consider an arbitrary shaped crack, , embedded in three-dimensional unbounded isotropic elastic body, . Let the Cartesian coordinate with origin and lie in the plane . Assume that is a point in and the body force is absent. Let the crack edges be deformed by the application of equal and opposite constant shear stresses in the and directions, and , and it is assumed that the direction is traction-free; see Figure 1. Hence, in view of the shear load, the entire plane must be free from the normal stress; that is,

Thus, the stress field can be found by considering the half-space, , subject to the following mixed boundary condition on its surface :

where , , and denote the stress tensor, is shear modulus, and is Poisson’s ratio and the usual regularity requirements at the location away from the crack region,

where , , , are displacement vectors and is given by

where are the material moduli defined by

where . The is the Kronecker delta, defined as 1 if and 0 if . And (5) must satisfy Hooke’s law linear elasticity symmetry conditions:

The displacement vector, , is represented by Somigliana formula [27, 28]:

where the component of Green function is

and is the displacement discontinuity in across the crack,

where is the unit normal vector, which is assumed to point into . Equation (9) is known as Kelvin’s point-load solution. Substitute (5) and (9) into (7) and perform the integration by parts with respect to and , yielding a system of Cauchy principle-value integral equations [29]:

for , where

The resulting boundary terms which involved and are evaluated at the crack edge, assuming that there are no tractions applied onto the boundary. Consequently, and are zero; that is, these equations are to be solved subject to

where is the boundary of . Integrating (11) by parts and using condition (13) and making use of the relationship between Cauchy principle-value integral and hypersingular integral equations [30, 31],

yield [29, 32]

and the angle is defined by and . The cross on the integral of (15) and (16) means the hypersingular, and it must be interpreted as a Hadamard finite part integral [31, 33, 34]. Multiplying (16) with complex and adding to (15) lead to

where , is the unknown crack opening displacement, and the bar denotes the conjugation of   and . Equation (17) is to be solved subject to on and can be used for general crack problems under shear loading which is equivalent to those equations obtained in [27, 35]. Suppose the constant shear stress is applied on opposite crack surfaces at direction, and then the general solution of (17) can be reduced into a single hypersingular integral equation:

Figure 1: Stresses acting on a plane.

3. Conformal Mapping and Epicycloid Cracks

Suppose that is a penny-shaped crack, with radius so that the crack occupies the region

where and are polar coordinates, , and .

Now, let be a simply connected domain in the -plane defined as

whose boundary has the polar equation , where is bounded and piecewise continuous and is a small positive parameter. Define with such that the circular unit disc, , is defined as

Using the properties of Riemann Mapping theorem [36], a circular disc is mapped conformally onto by

where , , , and . Let

and the analytic function in (22) is known to exist for any simply connected domain . Further, we assume that is nonzero and bounded for all . Define , , , and as

Let such that, for small , and .

A similar integral equation with (18) can be obtained by substituting (23) and (24) into (18); that is,

where and are Cauchy type singular and weak singular kernel, respectively [29]:

This transformed hypersingular integral equation (25) over a circular disc is solved subject to on .

4. Numerical Treatment

Define

such that the orthogonal polynomials and are satisfying the following relationship [37, Page 1054, 8.939.8]:

where the respective weight function is and

Write as a finite sum

Substituting (30) into (25) yields

where

The following formula [38] is useful in deriving (31):

where

To determine the unknown coefficients, , multiply (31) by and integrate over and using (28), leads to

with the following notations:

In evaluating the multiple integral in (35), we have used the Gaussian quadrature and trapezoidal formulas for the radial and angular directions with appropriate choice of collocation points and . This effort leads to the system of linear equations, for the unknown coefficients of , where is a square matrix and and are vectors, and, solved numerically using LAPACK routine F07ASF (ZGETRS) in Numerical Algorithms Group (NAG).

5. Stress Intensity Factors, Maximum Stress Intensity, and Energy Release Rate

The sliding mode, , and the tearing mode, , stress intensity factors are defined as [39, 40]

where are constants. The maximum stress intensity, , is defined as

while the energy release rate, , by Irwin’s relation subjected to shear loading is calculated from stress intensity factors and defined as

where , Young’s modulus, is a measurement of the stiffness of an isotropic elastic material and the relationship between , , and is

Let and , followed by substituting (30) into (37), which leads to

where as . Introduce

where is defined recursively by

with and . Substituting (42) into (41) yields

where the unknown coefficients, , are obtained from (35).

6. Results and Discussion

Consider the conformal mapping [15]

where is an integer and must satisfy . The domain is circular if and has a smooth, regular boundary for . As , one or more cusps develop; see Figure 2 for various and , respectively.

(a)

(b)

Figure 2: The domain of with various and .

Tables 1, 2, and 3 show that our numerical scheme converges rapidly at a different point of the crack with only a small value of used. Tables 1 and 2 show numerical scheme for for with and , respectively. Based on these two tables, it is evident that the convergence of stress intensity factors becomes slow as increases, whilst Table 3 presents the numerical scheme for , for with .

Table 1: Numerical convergence for the sliding mode stress intensity factor, , for when .

0

1
1.4538
0.9883

2
1.3545
0.8915

3
1.3333
0.8914

4
1.3191
0.8637

5
1.3191
0.8637

6
1.3191
0.8637

Table 2: Numerical convergence for the sliding mode stress intensity factor, , for when .

0

1
0.0000
1.0959

2
1.7569
1.0959

3
1.7624
1.0930

4
1.5604
1.0945

5
1.4613
0.9940

6
1.4609
0.9812

7
1.4011
0.8127

9
1.3610
0.8115

10
1.2030
0.8029

11
1.1948
0.7846

12
1.1849
0.7796

13
1.1782
0.6912

14
1.1782
0.5680

15
1.1782
0.5680

17
1.1782
0.5680

16
1.1782
0.5680

Table 3: Numerical convergence for the tearing mode stress intensity factor, , for when .

0
0.0000

1
0.0000

2
0.0000

3
0.0000

4
0.0000

5
0.0000

6
0.0000

Figures 3, 4, 5, and 6 display the comparison of asymptotic and numerical solutions for and stress intensity factors, maximum stress intensity, , and strain energy release rate, , respectively, for at and . As demonstrated in these figures, our results seem to agree with those obtained by Gao [40] except at the cusps. As the cusps become sharper, the analytical result by Gao [40] does not work, and this gives rise to the difference between our and Gao’s [40] result. It can be seen that the stress intensity factors have local extremal values when the crack front is at or . Figure 7 presents the comparison of asymptotic and numerical solutions for and stress intensity factors, maximum stress intensity, , and strain energy release rate, , respectively, for at . Figure 8 shows the variations of , , , and against for various of . Similar behavior can be observed for the solution of , , , and , for a different parameter of for , displayed in Figure 9.

(a)

(b)

Figure 3: The for at different .

(a)

(b)

Figure 4: The for at different .

(a)

(b)

Figure 5: The for at different .

(a)

(b)

Figure 6: The for at different .

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 7: The , , , and for at .

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 8: The , , , and for at various .

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 9: The , , , and for at various with .

7. Conclusion

The present work dealt with the epicycloid crack with the application of shear loading in fracture mechanics. To this end, the numerical solution for the stresses in such specimens is derived, based on the solution of the hypersingular integral equation, and the conformal mapping technique is adopted to transform the hypersingular integral equation over a circular region such that the equation is reduced into a system of linear equations and solved for the unknown coefficients. The stress intensity factors, maximum stress intensity, and strain energy release rate for the epicycloid crack subject to shear load are presented graphically. The proposed model and the obtained numerical results are in good agreement when compared to Gao [40].

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgment

This project is supported by the Universiti Putra Malaysia for the Research University Grant scheme Project no. 05-02-12-1834RU.

References

C. M. Segedin, “Note on a penny-shaped crack under shear,” Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 396–400, 1951.

H. D. Bui, “An integral equations method for solving the problem of a plane crack of arbitrary shape,” Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 29–39, 1977.

H. Ishikawa, “A finite element analysis of stress intensity factors for combined tensile and shear loading by only a virtual crack extension,” International Journal of Fracture, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. R243–R246, 1980.

M. A. Astiz, “An incompatible singular elastic element for two- and three-dimensional crack problems,” International Journal of Fracture, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 105–124, 1986.

H. G. Boem and Y. Y. Earmme, “Analysis of a at annular crack under shear loading,” KSME Iinternational Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 35–47, 1993.

Y. Z. Chen, “Stress intensity factors for curved and kinked cracks in plane extension,” Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 223–232, 1999.

C. W. Kuang, “A new boundary integral equation method for analysis of cracked linear elastic bodies,” Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 937–941, 2004.

E. Atroshchenko, S. Potapenko, and G. Glinka, “Stress intensity factor for an embedded elliptical crack under arbitrary normal loading,” International Journal of Fatigue, vol. 31, no. 11-12, pp. 1907–1910, 2009.

L. Banks-Sills, “Update: application of the finite element method to linear elastic fracture mechanics,” Applied Mechanics Reviews, vol. 63, no. 2, Article ID 020803, pp. 1–17, 2010.

N. M. A. N. Long and M. Yaghobifar, “General analytical solution for stress intensity factor of a hypocycloid hole with many cusps in an infinite plate,” Philosophical Magazine Letters, vol. 91, no. 4, pp. 256–263, 2011.

I. N. Sneddon, “The distribution of stress in the neighbourhood of a crack in an elastic solid,” Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol. 187, no. 1009, pp. 229–260, 1946.

M. K. Kassir, “Stress-intensity factor for a three dimensional rectangular crack,” Journal of Applied Mechanics, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 309–312, 1981.

M. K. Kassir, “A three-dimensional rectangular crack subjected to shear loading,” International Journal of Solids and Structures, vol. 18, no. 12, pp. 1075–1082, 1982.

N. I. Ioakimidis, “Two methods for the numerical solution of Bueckner's singular integral equation for plane elasticity crack problems,” Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 169–177, 1982.

N. I. Muskhelishvili, Some Basic Problems of the Mathematical Theory of Elasticity, Noordhoff International Publishing, Leyden, The Netherlands, 1975.

B. Cotterell and J. R. Rice, “Slightly curved or kinked cracks,” International Journal of Fracture, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 155–169, 1980.

W.-L. Wu, “Dual boundary element method applied to antiplane crack problems,” Mathematical Problems in Engineering, vol. 2009, Article ID 132980, 10 pages, 2009.

H. Georgiadis and P. Gourgiotis, “An approach based on integral equations for crack problems in standard couple-stress elasticity,” in Mechanics of Generalized Continua, vol. 21 of Advances in Mechanics and Mathematics, chapter 26, pp. 253–262, Springer Science Business Media, 2010.

P. Lazzarin and M. Zappalorto, “A three-dimensional stress field solution for pointed and sharply radiused V-notches in plates of finite thickness,” Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures, vol. 35, no. 12, pp. 1105–1119, 2012.

P. Lazzarin, M. Zappalorto, and F. Berto, “Recent developments in multi-parametric three-dimensional stress field representation in plates weakened by cracks and notches,” Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, vol. 7, no. 25, pp. 61–68, 2013.

N. I. Ioakimidis, “Application of finite-part integrals to the singular integral equations of crack problems in plane and three-dimensional elasticity,” Acta Mechanica, vol. 45, no. 1-2, pp. 31–47, 1982.

T.-Y. Qin and R.-J. Tang, “Finite-part integral and boundary element method to solve flat crack problems,” Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, vol. 13, no. 12, pp. 1089–1095, 1992.

A. M. Linkov and S. G. Mogilevskaya, “Complex hypersingular integrals and integral equations in plane elasticity,” Acta Mechanica, vol. 105, no. 1–4, pp. 189–205, 1994.

P. A. Martin, “Mapping flat cracks onto penny-shaped cracks, with application to somewhat circular tensile cracks,” Quarterly of Applied Mathematics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 663–675, 1996.

Y. Z. Chen and K. Y. Lee, “Numerical solution of three-dimensional crack problem by using hypersingular integral equation,” Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, vol. 190, no. 31, pp. 4019–4026, 2001.

E. E. Theotokoglou, “Boundary integral equation method to solve embedded planar crack problems under shear loading,” Computational Mechanics, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 327–333, 2004.

J. T. Guidera and R. W. Lardner, “Penny-shaped cracks,” Journal of Elasticity, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 59–73, 1975.

P. A. Martin, “The discontinuity in the elastostatic displacement vector across a penny-shaped crack under arbitrary loads,” Journal of Elasticity, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 201–218, 1982.

P. A. Martin, “Mapping flat cracks onto penny-shaped cracks: shear loadings,” Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 275–294, 1995.

N. I. Ioakimidis, “Upper bounds for the stress intensity factors along the boundaries of interacting coplanar cracks in three-dimensional elasticity,” Engineering Fracture Mechanics, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 821–826, 1982.

P. A. Martin, “Exact solution of a simple hypersingular integral equation,” Journal of Integral Equations and Applications, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 197–204, 1992.

P. A. Martin, “On wrinkled penny-shaped cracks,” Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, vol. 49, no. 7, pp. 1481–1495, 2001.

N. I. Ioakimidis, “Two-dimensional principal value hypersingular integrals for crack problems in three-dimensional elasticity,” Acta Mechanica, vol. 82, no. 1-2, pp. 129–134, 1990.

J. Hadamard, Lectures on Cauchy's Problem in Linear Partial Differential Equations, Dover Publications, New York, NY, USA, 2003.

H. D. Bui, “Application des potentiels ealastiques aletude des fissures planes de forme arbitraire en milieu tridimensionnel,” Comptes Rendus Mathematique: Académie des Sciences A, vol. 280, pp. 1157–1160, 1975.

Z. Nehari, Conformal Mapping, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, USA, 1st edition, 1952.

I. S. Gradshteyn and I. M. Ryzhik, Table of Integrals, Series, and Products, Academic Press, Boston, Mass, USA, 5th edition, 1994.

S. Krenk, “A circular crack under asymmetric loads and some related integral equations,” Journal of Applied Mechanics, Transactions ASME, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 821–826, 1979.

H. Gao and J. R. Rice, “Shear stress intensity factors f or a planar crack with slightly curved front,” Journal of Applied Mechanics, Transactions ASME, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 774–778, 1986.

H. Gao, “Nearly circular shear mode cracks,” International Journal of Solids and Structures, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 177–193, 1988.