Effect of Hydroxylamine Sulfate on Volumetric Behavior of Glycine , L-Alanine , and L-Arginine in Aqueous Solution

In recent years, the denaturation and renaturation behavior of biologicalmolecules such as proteins in aqueous solutions has been the subject of extensive investigation [1–3].However, the complex configurational and conformational factors affecting the structure of protein in aqueous solutions make the direct interpretation from studies on proteins very difficult [4]. Volumetric and transport properties of amino acids such as density and viscosity have been extensively investigated and can provide valuable information for conformational stability and unfolding behavior of globular proteins in aqueous solutions [5–13]. It is well recognized that inorganic and organic salts can produce remarkable effects on the conformation and properties of proteins in aqueous solutions. Hydroxylamine derivatives are always used by biologists for their ability to introduce randommutations by switching different base pairs [14]. Hydroxylamine can also be applied to selectively cleave peptide bonds in peptides and proteins [15]. The highly biological activities of hydroxylamine derivatives make it quite interesting to study the behaviour of proteins in the presence of hydroxylamine salts [16]. Consequently, the knowledge of thermophysical and thermodynamic properties of hydroxylamine with small molecules will be required and useful for obtaining information about various interactions occurring in aqueous hydroxylamine solutions with macromolecules. In this study, we present experimental densities of glycine, L-alanine, and L-arginine in aqueous and aqueous hydroxylamine sulfate solutions of (0.10, 0.25, and 0.40) mol kg at T = 298.15K and atmospheric pressure. From these data, the standard partial molar volumes (V 2 ), standard partial molar volumes of transfer (Δ trV 0


Introduction
In recent years, the denaturation and renaturation behavior of biological molecules such as proteins in aqueous solutions has been the subject of extensive investigation [1][2][3].However, the complex configurational and conformational factors affecting the structure of protein in aqueous solutions make the direct interpretation from studies on proteins very difficult [4].Volumetric and transport properties of amino acids such as density and viscosity have been extensively investigated and can provide valuable information for conformational stability and unfolding behavior of globular proteins in aqueous solutions [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13].
It is well recognized that inorganic and organic salts can produce remarkable effects on the conformation and properties of proteins in aqueous solutions.Hydroxylamine derivatives are always used by biologists for their ability to introduce random mutations by switching different base pairs [14].Hydroxylamine can also be applied to selectively cleave peptide bonds in peptides and proteins [15].The highly biological activities of hydroxylamine derivatives make it quite interesting to study the behaviour of proteins in the presence of hydroxylamine salts [16].Consequently, the knowledge of thermophysical and thermodynamic properties of hydroxylamine with small molecules will be required and useful for obtaining information about various interactions occurring in aqueous hydroxylamine solutions with macromolecules.
In this study, we present experimental densities of glycine, L-alanine, and L-arginine in aqueous and aqueous hydroxylamine sulfate solutions of (0.10, 0.25, and 0.40) mol kg −1 at  = 298.15K and atmospheric pressure.From these data, the standard partial molar volumes ( 0 2 ), standard partial molar volumes of transfer (Δ tr  0 2 ), and molar hydration number ( H ) have been calculated.The results are discussed in terms of various solute-solute interactions and also their nature occurring in the ternary systems (amino acids + hydroxylamine sulfate + water).

Experimental
Glycine, L-alanine, and L-arginine that were obtained from Amresco company have mass fraction purities greater than 0.99.These samples were recrystallized from aqueous ethanol solutions and dried in vacuum oven for 12 h at 333 K before use.Analytical grade hydroxylamine sulfate with purity of minimum mass fraction of 0.995 was obtained from UBE (Japan) and used as such after drying for 72 h in a vacuum desiccator at room temperature.The ultrapure water used for the preparation of the mixture with resistivity greater than 18.2 MΩ⋅cm was supplied by Nanopure Diamond UV/UF Water Purification System (Thermo Scientific Barnstead, USA).All of the studied solutions were freshly prepared by mass on an electronic balance to an accuracy of ±1 × 10 −5 g.
The densities of the solutions were measured using an Anton Paar DMA 4500 density meter whose measurement cell temperature was controlled automatically within ±0.01 K of the selected value.The density meter was checked with freshly boiled ultrapure water and with dry air at atmospheric pressure.The uncertainty of the digital vibrating glass tube densimeter is stated as ±5.0 × 10 −5 g⋅cm −3 in the density range of 0 to 3 g⋅cm −3 .

Results and Discussion
The measured densities of glycine, L-alanine, and L-arginine in aqueous and aqueous hydroxylamine sulfate solutions with different concentrations of (0.10, 0.25, and 0.40) mol⋅kg −1 at  = 298.15K and atmospheric pressure have been shown in Tables 1 and 2, respectively.
The apparent molar volume,  2 , defined as the difference between the volume of the solution and the volume of the pure solvent per mole of solute, is given by the following equation: where  and  are the molar mass of the amino acid and the molality of the solute and  and  0 are the density of the aqueous solution and solvent, respectively.From Tables 1 and  2, we can find that the apparent molar volume increased with the increase in both concentrations of the amino acids and hydroxylamine sulfate.
In diluted conditions, the variation of the apparent molar volume,  2 , for amino acids with the molality of hydroxylamine sulfate can be described by the linear relation where  V is an experimentally determined slope parameter and  0 2 is the apparent molar volume at infinite dilution also known as the standard partial molar volume.The standard partial molar volumes for the amino acids in aqueous and aqueous solutions of hydroxylamine sulfate are reported in Table 3.The standard partial molar volumes for pure amino acids in aqueous solution agree well with these values from [17,18].It is well recognized that the standard partial molar volume is not necessarily the actual volume that was assigned to the amino acid because the water molecule that was near the amino acid does not have the same molar volume as pure water does.The water near the polar molecules or ions is electrostricted compressed by the electric field of solute.On the other hand, the standard partial molar volumes are all increased with the increase of both amino acids and hydroxylamine sulfate concentration in water.This may attribute to the fact that the hydrophilic-hydrophilic and ion-ion interactions between amino acids and hydroxylamine sulfate make their shrinking ability in water decrease and make more water to be released.Partial molar volumes of transfer, Δ tr  0 2 , at infinite dilution from water to aqueous hydroxylamine sulfate solutions have been calculated from the relation The transfer partial molar volume values are also shown in Table 3.The cosphere overlap model is always used to interpret the volume shrinking or expansion effects in terms of solute-solute interactions [19][20][21][22].According to the theory, the existence of hydrophilic-hydrophilic and ionion interactions will lead to a positive Δ tr  0 2 value, while the hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions lead to a negative value.The Δ tr  0 2 for amino acids in aqueous hydroxylamine sulfate solution show that the hydrophilic-hydrophilic and ion-ion interactions are in domination.These interactions may be in existence between zwitterionic groups (NH 3 + and COO − ) in amino acids and ions of hydroxylamine sulfate (NH 3 OH + and SO 4 2− ).In these mixtures, noncovalent ion pairs will be formed and thus the electrostriction of neighboring water molecules will be released, which result in the increase of the apparent molar volumes of the amino acids in solution.It is further confirmed that when the H atom in glycine is changed to the more hydrophobic -CH 3 group in L-alanine, the Δ tr  0 2 value is further decreased.On the contrary, when the H group is instead of the more hydrophilic or positively charged guanidino group in L-arginine, much more positive Δ tr  0 2 value is observed.It is interesting to find that the Δ tr  0 2 values in the presence of hydroxylamine sulfate are smaller to those in the presence of metal salts.For example, the Δ tr  0 2 values of glycine in 0.1 M CdCl 2 [23] and 0.1 M ZnCl 2 [24] are about 1.83 and 2.77 at 298.15 K, respectively.Similar trends are observed for L-alanine.It reflects that interactions between amino acids and hydroxylamine sulfate may be smaller than those with metal salts.This can be attributed to the fact that these metal ions have more electronic polarizabilities than organic ions, such as hydroxylamine ion.On the other hand, the Δ tr  0 2 values in hydroxylamine sulfate are larger than those in some aqueous nonionic organic compounds.For example, the Δ tr  0 2 values for glycine and L-alanine in 0.2 M N-Methylformamide [25] are observed for 0.05 and −0.02, which are smaller than those in this study.However, it needs more experimental or spectroscopic data to draw a conclusion for the comparison of interaction between amino acids with organic, nonorganic, and metal ions.
The hydration numbers ( H ) that reflect the electrostriction effect of the charged center of the amino acids on neighboring water can been calculated by using the following method [26]: where  0  and  0  are the molar volumes of electrostricted water and bulk water, respectively.According to Millero et al. [26], for water molecules taken from the bulk phase to the Table 1: Density, , and apparent molar volumes,  2 , of amino acids in aqueous solutions as a function of amino acids concentration, , at T = 298.15K.    region near the amino acids, the volumes ( 0  −  0  ) are −3.3 cm 3 ⋅mol −1 at 298.15 K.The electrostriction partial molar volume,  0  (elect), can be expressed as where  0  (int) represents the intrinsic partial molar volume of the amino acids.Millero et al. [26] calculated the  0  (int) from the molar crystal volume for amino acids by using the following relationship: where 0.7 is the packing density for the molecule in an organic crystal and 0.634 is the packing density for a random packing sphere.The crystal volume can be calculated from the density of the dry solid amino acid [27].
The hydration numbers of amino acid in aqueous hydroxylamine sulfate solutions at 298.15 K are given in Table 4.The  H for three amino acids in aqueous hydroxylamine sulfate solutions are positive and according to the order  H (Larginine) >  H (L-alanine) >  H (glycine).These data are all smaller than those in pure water and are further decreased with the increasing concentration of hydroxylamine sulfate.On the other hand, as the hydrophilic part side chains of amino acids increase, the decrease becomes progressively larger.In the case of L-alanine, the hydration number is only slightly larger than that in pure water.This is reasonable, since the existence of ion-ion and hydrophilic-hydrophilic interaction makes the shrinking water to be more released.It is again demonstrated that the ion-ion and hydrophilichydrophilic interactions are dominated between amino acids and hydroxylamine sulfate in aqueous solutions.

Conclusions
The apparent molar volumes of glycine, L-alanine, and Larginine in aqueous and aqueous hydroxylamine sulfate solutions have been determined at  = 298.15K.The interactions between amino acids and hydroxylamine sulfate have been studied using volumetric properties, including the standard partial molar volumes,  0 2 , corresponding partial molar volumes of transfer, Δ tr  0 2 , and hydration numbers,  H .The Δ tr  0 2 values are positive for glycine, L-alanine, and L-arginine and are increased with the increase in the concentration of hydroxylamine ions.The positive values of Δ tr  0 2 for all amino acids in aqueous hydroxylamine sulfate solution suggest that the hydrophilic-hydrophilic and ion-ion interactions predominate.The Δ tr  0 2 values show that the -CH 3 group in L-alanine weakens the interaction between its hydrophilic or charged group with hydroxylamine sulfate, and the guanidino group in L-arginine enhances the hydrophobic-hydrophilic interactions.The  H for three amino acids are positive and according to the order L-arginine > L-alanine > glycine.

Table 2 :
Density, , and apparent molar volumes,  2 , of amino acids in aqueous hydroxylamine sulfate solutions as a function of amino acids concentration,  a , at T = 298.15K.

Table 3 :
Standard partial molar volumes and transfer partial molar volumes of glycine, L-alaine, and L-arginine in aqueous solution of hydroxylamine sulfate at T = 298.15K.

Table 4 :
hydration number of glycine, L-alaine, and L-arginine in aqueous and aqueous solution of hydroxylamine sulfate at  = 298.15K.
a Molality of hydroxylamine sulfate in water.