Fertility Status of Soil in the Tea Garden Belts of Golaghat District , Assam , India

e increasing land use intensity without adequate and balanced use of chemical fertilizers and with little or no use of organic manure have caused severe fertility deterioration of our soils resulting in stagnating or even declining of crop productivity inAssam. e need of the hour is to achieve substantially higher crop yield than the present yield levels from our limited land resources on a sustainable basis. A study was carried out in the paddy �elds of tea garden belts namely, Rungagora, Balijan, Banwaripur, Khomtai, Rungajaun, Lattakoojan, Borjan, Behora, Negheriting, and Borsapori of Golaghat district of Assam to investigate the fertility status of soil during 2008–2010. Results of the present study showed that soil solutions were acidic in nature in all seasons. Medium-tohigh BD, medium SOM, medium-to-high available N and available phosphorous, and low availability of potash showed that soils were not sufficiently fertile for crop production. Depending on the SOM, available N, available P, and exchangeable K in soil, the study areas were grouped in to six fertility classes as MMML, MMHL, MMMM, MHHL, MHHM, and MMHM. Student t-test values of all the parameters with control sample showed statistically signi�cant results for SOM, available N, and available P in both seasons (dry and wet) and EC in wet seasons and bulk density in dry season only.


Introduction
Soil quality is the capacity to function effectively at present and in the future [1].According to Karlen et al., soil quality is the capacity of soil to function within natural or managed ecosystem boundaries, to sustain plant and animal productivity, maintain or enhance water and air quality, and support human health and habitation [2].Soil quality cannot be measured directly; it must be inferred from a wide range of soil quality properties (physical, chemical, and biological) that in�uence the capacity of soil to perform effectively.Hence, identi�cation of soil quality indicators and assessment approaches is further complicated by the multiplicity of physical, chemical, and biological factors that interact and control soil functions [3].It also varies with time, climate, rainfall, and plants and human factors [4,5].
With the advancement of science and technology and the increase in population, urbanization, and industrialization, the demand of soil for diverse purposes such as construction, industrial, and agricultural is increasing continuously, thereby decreasing soil quality drastically.According to Lal and Singh, soil quality degradation process with reference to productivity or fertility encompasses physical, chemical, and biological degradation processes [6].e main reasons of soil quality degradation in irrigated areas are the inadequate and unbalanced application agrochemicals (fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, and insecticides) to soil [7,8].In cropping systems, intensive soil tillage practices especially in the tropical and subtropical climate accelerate soil erosion and loss of organic matter as well as considerable amount of nutrients resulting in soil quality degradation [9].Besides, frequently occurred dry spells during rainy season and short winters due to rise in temperature have also enhanced soil fertility deterioration in agricultural areas [10].
e improvement of soil quality is critical to sustaining agricultural productivity and has recently received much attention [11].Soil fertility deterioration is a major constraint for higher crop production in Assam.Intensive agriculture without adequate and balanced use of chemical fertilizers, non-ecofriendly tillage practices, and with little or no use of organic manure caused severe fertility deterioration of our agricultural soils resulting in stagnating or even declining of crop productivity [12].In the present study area of Golaghat district, rice (Oryza sativa) and tea (Camellia sinensis var.assamica) are the predominant crops.e farmers of this area used on average 182 kg nutrients/ha annually (132 kg N + 27 kg P + 17 kg K + 4 kg S, and 2 kg Zn) [13].Fertilizer sources were urea for N, SSP for P, and muriate of potassium for K. Frequent use of chemical fertilizers to soil results in steady decline in fertility and loss of productivity.e same is true in Assam, where the main attention has been focused on maximizing yield using nitrogenous chemical fertilizers.e over use of NPK fertilizers not only affects on the soil quality, also affects on carbohydrate and protein content of wheat, maize, grams, and so forth grown on overfertilized soil [8,14].e vegetables and fruits grown on overfertilized soil are more prone to attacks by insects and diseases [15,16].e demand for increasing rice production is mounting up to feed the ever-increasing population in Assam.To meet the food requirement of ever-increasing human population, there is important need of high crop productivity rate, which is only possible when soil is fertile.e knowledge of the fertility status of soil is very much essential for judicious application of fertilizers and its amendments for higher crop production [17].
Soil testing plays an important role in the use of fertilizers and other agricultural inputs.Soil test summaries and soil fertility maps are of vital necessity as reference materials for scienti�c management of soil.Different indicators and parameters such as soil texture, bulk density (BD), water holding capacity (WHC), pH, electrical conductance (EC), soil organic matter (SOM), available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorous (AP), exchangeable potash (AK), and concentrations of macro/micronutrients are appropriate for describing soil quality and agricultural productivity [18][19][20] .e need of the hour is to achieve substantially higher crop yield than the present yield levels from our limited land resources.us the present study was undertaken to draw a general picture of fertility level of soils in and around tea garden belts of Golaghat district of Assam in order to strengthen the national and local soil quality database so that purpose-oriented soil assessments and predictions can be made in the area.is information will also help to adopt effective strategy on fertilizer use and cropping pattern.

Experimental
2.1.Soil Sampling.Twenty representative sites from the paddy �elds in and around ten tea garden belts were selected for the characterization of the soil samples.e paddy �elds were characterized by traditional rice cropping system with low-medium productivity, poor irrigation, and unbalanced fertilizers use.Moreover, the paddy �elds of the sampling sites were subjected to irrigation waste disposal from tea gardens as well as domestic wastes and rice-straw residues.Soil samples from the surface soil to a depth of 0-15 cm were collected from the paddy �elds of 10 tea garden areas, namely, Rungagura, Borjan, Balijan, Lattakoojan, Banwaripur, Borsapori, Negheriting, Koomtai, and Behora TE.Two composite samples (5/6 samples per sites) from each tea garden belts were collected randomly in polythene bags, as per the standard procedures recommended by [21][22][23].Representative soil sample from paddy �elds that was free from waste water and irrigational waste disposal was also collected as control sample.Soil sampling was done seasonally for two wet seasons (April-October) and two dry seasons (November-March) between 2008 and 2010.Soil samples were air dried and crushed and homogenized and passed through a 2 mm sieve and stored in polythene bags for physical and chemical analysis.

Soil Analysis.
Physico-chemical properties of soil samples were measured following the laboratory procedures described by [21][22][23][24].Soil pH and EC were determined using a digital pH-meter (Eutech-356C, India), digital conductivity meter (ATC-975-C, India) and respectively.e SOM content was determined by Walkley Black dichromate method [25].Available P was determined following the standard procedure described in [23].Available N in soil was estimated by alkaline permanganate method [26].Bulk density of the soil was determined by cylindrical tube core method [27].

Results
e estimated values of most sensitive soil quality indicators, namely, pH, EC, BD, SOM, available N, available P, exchangeable K, and soil texture aer triplicate measurements in each case are presented in Tables 1 and 2.
pH of soil samples were found acidic in reaction in both the seasons.e range of pH in dry season and wet season was 4.78-6.03and 4.71-6.01,respectively.pH value in the dry season was found to be slight higher than the wet season.Lowest pH was recorded at Rungajaun TE belt (4.78 and 4.71), and the highest was recorded at Behora TE belt (6.03 and 6.01) in both the seasons.pH of controlled sample during dry and wet season was found to be 6.10 and 5.63, respectively.e study revealed that pH of majority of soil samples was below the acceptable range of irrigation water (6.0-8.5).Comparison of the mean values of soil pH in both the seasons with the mean pH of control samples was found insigni�cant.
Season-wise estimated EC values indicated that larger amount of ionic matter was present in soil samples during dry seasons than the wet seasons (Table 1 except Rungagora TE where EC was found to be increased from 137.19 to 160.23 S/cm.Study also revealed that the difference between the mean EC of soil samples in dry season was found to be insigni�cant but signi�cant during wet season compared with the control sample.
e bulk density of soil is inversely related to the porosity of the same soil.High bulk density is an indicator of low soil porosity and soil compaction.e maximum and minimum BD of soil in dry season in the tea gardens belts of the study area was found 1.42 gm/cc and 0.97 gm/cc at Balijan TE belt and Khomtai TE belt, respectively.e mean value of soil BD during dry season was also found 0.97 gm/cc.Whereas in wet season it was found 1.25 gm/cc and 0.77 gm/cc at Borsapori TE belt and Negheriting TE belt, respectively.Comparison of mean values with the mean value of controlled samples was found statistically signi�cant in dry seasons but insigni�cant during wet seasons.
Classi�cation of soil samples on the basis of SOM showed that soil samples collected from Borjan, Negheriting, Rungajaun, Banwaripur, and Behora TE belts were within safe limit (>4%), and the others were found in between 2-4% in both the seasons.SOM of all the samples was found to be higher in wet season compared with the dry season except Behora TE belt (5.56-5.22%).Comparison of mean values with the mean value of control samples was found statistically signi�cant in both the seasons.Soil available N was found within the medium range (250-500 Kg/ha) in majority of the soil samples except samples from Rungajaun TE belt in dry season and Balijan TE tea belts in wet season.e range was 350.41-502.35Kg/ha and 274.10-561.31Kg/ha during dry and wet season, respectively.Comparison of mean values from both the seasons with control samples found to be statistically insigni�cant.Samples of Balijan TE were found changing medium category (250-500 kg/ha) to high category (>500 Kg/ha) in available N from dry season to wet season.Other samples were found within the medium category in both seasons.Available phosphorous as P 2 O 5 in all samples in both the seasons, found to be in the medium-to-high category.e range of available P was (26.50-79.02Kg/ha) and (25.39-80.56Kg/ha) in dry and wet season, respectively.Minimum was recorded at Lattakoojan TE belts, and the maximum was found at Balijan TE in both the seasons.Comparison of mean values from both the seasons with control samples was found to be statistically insigni�cant.Soil exchangeable potassium as K 2 O in both the seasons was found within low category (<100 Kg/ha) in majority of the samples (Table 2).e maximum and minimum values during dry season were recorded at Negheriting Te belt (78.61 Kg/ha) and Rungajaun TE belt (109.78Kg/ha), whereas during wet season it was recorded at Khomtai TE belt (105.23 Kg/ha) and Balijan TE belt (39.71Kg/ha), respectively.Comparison of mean values of exchangeable K in both the seasons with the mean values of the control samples showed a statistically insigni�cant result.Depending on the SOM, available N, available P, and exchangeable K in soil, the soils of the tea garden belts of Golaghat district were grouped into six fertility classes as MMML, MMHL, MMMM, MHHL, MHHM, and MMHM.Soil fertility group along with the sampling stations are presented in Table 3.

Discussions and Conclusion
e results of soil pH data showed that it was slightly declined in the wet season in all the locations due to runoff of nutrients in the rainy seasons.It has been well established that continuous exposure of soil to highly alkaline irrigation effluents leads to salinity in soils making it unsuitable for irrigation purposes [17,28].Soil samples were found more acidic in wet seasons than the dry seasons by the leaching effect of rain water during summer, which replaces basic cations (Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Na + and K + ) with H + ions.Use of long-term inorganic fertilizers instead of green manure, farmyard manure, and rice-straw residues had also enhanced in decreasing soil pH [29].
Estimated values of soil pH indicated that micronutrients Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn in soil were more available to plant [9,30].Due to low pH of soil, NO − 3 -N and NH + 4 -N were less available to plants in the study area as soil pH range 6.0 to 8.5 makes them more available to plants [31].e availability of N, P, K, Ca, Mg decreases with the decrease in pH below 5.5-6.6 [23].Soil B and Ca content and microbial populations in the study area might not be de�cient as soil pH below 5.0� B and Ca become less available and microbial populations decrease considerably [9].e acidic nature of soil and availability of micronutrients to plants in the present study showed a considerable variation with the rainfall distribution, relative humidity, and temperature variation [30].Due to high rainfall and higher temperature in wet seasons, paddy �elds were found to be slightly nutrient-de�cient compared with the dry seasons.
e EC results suggested that soils were moderate to high in electrolyte concentration in both the seasons.e increase in EC value may be due to agricultural run off from the tea gardens and domestic waste water disposal.Low soil EC in wet season is due to higher leaching induced by heavy rainfall in the absence of adequate amount of soil organic matter or may be due to decomposition of organic matter at high temperature [10].
e mean bulk density of soil samples of the study area showed low permeability due to medium-to-high bulk density and thereby decreasing soil porosity.It means that plant roots were oen physically impeded by compact subsoil layers [32].is soil BD result of the present study implied that the subsoil of the area cannot hold sufficient amount of available nutrients and water.Soils in the area were oen too sticky when wet and too hard when dry to cultivate.ere were increases in bulk density in dry season than wet season, and this possibly was as a result of the confounding effects of natural-and tillage-induced compaction during paddy seasons.Due to low-medium range of soil BD and porosity the rate of leaching of major cations in wet season was higher than dry seasons and hence, low soil pH.e bulk density of soil also varies with tillage methods, ploughing depths, and manure application [20].
SOM results suggested that agricultural soils of the study area promote soil aggregation, prevent losses of nutrient, and enhance the mineralization of organic N, P, and S making a suitable environment for plant growth [20] .Organic matter content thus may serve as a reservoir of plant nutrients promoting water storage as well as microbial activity.Organic carbon content of surface soil increased signi�cantly in wet seasons in all sampling sites with incorporation of waste organic substances present in paddy �elds.Application of domestic waste products, green manure, farmyard manure, and rice-straw residue in conjunction with fertilizer in paddy �elds by the rural people of the study area might also increased SOM in wet seasons.
e study showed a signi�cant difference in an available N content of surface soil in wet season to dry seasons.Available N content in wet season was found to be higher in majority of the soil samples, which might be due to the extensive application nitrogenous fertilizers and also the decomposition of domestic waste product in aqueous environment.Increase in available N in surface soil might be attributed to the direct addition of nitrogen through farmyard manure and green manure to the available pool of the soil.e favorable soil conditions under inorganic fertilizers and green manure addition might have helped in the mineralization of soil N leading to buildup of higher available N [10,33].Classi�cation of available P in soil samples showed medium to-high-category, and it was found to be decreased from dry season to wet season during the study.Higher amount of SOM in wet seasons enhances the mineralization of organic P to available P but due to higher rainfall and higher rate of decomposition of SOM may increase the leaching of available P from surface soils [10].
e exchangeable K content of surface soil in crop �elds was found in low to medium category in both the seasons during the study.Due to smaller size of K + ion, it can be easily leached from the surface soil during the rainy seasons resulting in signi�cant difference in soil available K from dry season to wet seasons [34,35].Continuous use of fertilizers and intensive cropping had resulted in lowering the potassium status of soil indicating the need to apply the potassium to meet the crop requirement [16].Moreover, farmers of the study area applied higher amount of nitrogenous fertilizers than P-type and K-type fertilizers resulting in decrease in soil available P and exchangeable K.
e study was the understanding of the complex nature of soil using an integrated approach.It shows a way towards identifying the procedures to arrive at soil quality indicators, which can be applied to monitor soil quality of rice �elds and support management decisions.Socioeconomic issues also have a strong effect on soil quality.Hence, the soil quality assessments were successful in reconciling farmers' and scienti�c knowledge.e results indicate that without both local and scienti�c knowledge, a satisfactory level of crop production and the maintenance of soil quality cannot be achieved at the same time.erefore, researchers must continue to face the challenge to provide a base for bridge building between farmers' and scientists' knowledge.Reconciling local and scienti�c knowledge is one of the most important steps towards evaluating the feasibility of alternative production systems and the sustainability of land use in terms of long-term soil quality.
e study disapproved the apprehension that the use of chemical fertilizers over the years may impair the soil fertility on long-term basis.Even application of nutrient (NPK), if applied in recommended dose, could sustain the productivity and soil fertility of the system.Now, it is the demand of the time to develop an integrated inorganicorganic soil fertilization programme for higher crop yield and for improved soil health.We may not achieve the goal of increased and sustained soil productivity without inclusion of integrated inorganic-organic soil fertilization programme with special attention.
).During wet seasons, maximum EC was recorded at Khomtai TE belt (231.27S/cm) and the minimum was recorded at Banwaripur TE belt (131.84S/cm), whereas the maximum and the minimum during dry season were recorded at Rungajaun TE belt (238.50S/cm) and Rungagora TE (137.19S/cm), respectively.eEC of soil samples were found decreasing during wet seasons than the dry seasons in all TE belts T 1: Season-wise estimated values of soil pH, electrical conductance (EC), bulk density (BD), and soil organic matter (SOM).Signi�cant at 5% probability level, * not signi�cant.T 2: Season-wise estimated values of soil available nitrogen, exchangeable potash (K 2 O), and available phosphorouss (P 2 O 5 ) (in Kg/ha).
* not signi�cant.T 3: Classi�cation of soil samples on the basis of soil organic matter (SOM), available nitrogen (AN), potash as K 2 O (EK), and phosphorous as P 2 O 5 (AP).