The proximate composition of male and female
Human body cannot synthesize omega 3 (
Fish oil supplements are used for a wide range of conditions, and they are usually extracted from marine fish such as white tuna, mackerel, sardines, herring, halibut, salmon, cod liver, or blubber [
On the whole, the fatty acid composition of fish lipids is affected by age, seasonal change, nutrition, sex, reproductive cycle, salinity, and geographical location [
Fatty acid profiles of phospholipids are different than that of triacylglycerol, which contains PUFA. The lipid content of diet affects PUFA absorption [
Beyşehir Lake is the third largest lake in Turkey. It is a freshwater lake spanning over the borders of Isparta and Konya provinces in the southwestern part of Turkey. It is located at around 37°47′0′′N, 31°33′0′′E. It has an area of 650.00 km2 and is 45 km long and 20 km wide. It carries the same name as the principal urban centre of its region, Beyşehir. The water level in the lake often fluctuates by year and by season of the year. The maximum depth is 10 meters. Beyşehir Lake is mostly harnessed for watering. Besides, it is also a national park. There are thirty-two islets in varying sizes on the lake. The lake has various water sources. Among the major ones are the streams and creeks of the Sultan and Animas mountains. Besides, precipitation is another contributing water source to the lake. In total, 27 streams feed the lake. The most important fish populations of the lake are
Research on
Proximate composition analysis of lipid content was carried out by Bligh and Dyer [
The fishes were processed for lipid extraction and analysis following the methods described in Bligh and Dyer [
The total lipid extracts were dried under a stream of N2 and then phospholipid and triacylglycerol fractions were isolated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), using Silica Gel TLC plates (20 by 20 cm, 0.25 mm thick). After applying the total lipid extracts, the TLC plates were developed in petroleum ether : diethyl ether : acetic acid (80 : 20 : 1, v/v). Lipid fractions were made visible by spraying the TLC plates with 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein (Supelco, Supelco Park, PA, USA), and phospholipid and triacylglycerol fractions were identified by corresponding standards.
The phospholipid and triacylglycerol fractions were scraped into reaction vials, and the associated fatty acids were transmethylated by refluxing the fractions in acidified methanol for 90 min at 85°C. The fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were extracted from the reaction vials three times with hexane and then concentrated [
The FAMEs were analyzed by gas chromatography using an Ati Unicam 610 gas chromatograph equipped with SP-2330 capillary column (30 m by 0.25 mm i.d., 0.2
The chemical structures of the FAMEs were confirmed by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (HP 5890-E series GC-System,
The statistical analysis was performed using a commercial statistical program (SPSS 13.0). Statistical analysis of percentages of fatty acid was tested by
The results of proximate composition of male and female
Proximate composition (%) of males and females of
Chemical composition | Male | Female |
---|---|---|
Fat content (%) | 15.13 ± 0.04a | 18.75 ± 0.11b |
Protein content (%) | 20.42 ± 0.45a | 22.21 ± 0.56b |
Moisture content (%) | 65.47 ± 1.37a | 61.28 ± 1.03b |
Ash content (%) | 1.51 ± 0.05a | 1.50 ± 0.03a |
The values are shown as mean ± SD. Mean values are averages of three replicates.
Different letters in the same row represent significant statistical differences,
A comparison of males and females in terms of muscle and liver fatty acid composition of total lipid in
Comparison of males and females in terms of muscle and liver fatty acid composition of total lipid in
Fatty acids | Muscle | Liver | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Male | Female | |
C12:0 | 0.02 ± 0.01a | 0.12 ± 0.02b | 0.15 ± 0.04y | 0.10 ± 0.02z |
C13:0 | 0.82 ± 0.07a | 1.02 ± 0.09a | 0.32 ± 0.05y | 0.08 ± 0.01z |
C14:0 | 1.30 ± 0.02a | 1.32 ± 0.02a | 1.38 ± 0.13y | 1.12 ± 0.17z |
C15:0 | 0.40 ± 0.05a | 0.53 ± 0.06b | 0.28 ± 0.06y | 0.87 ± 0.08z |
C16:0 | 14.84 ± 0.30a | 10.42 ± 0.41b | 15.30 ± 0.39y | 13.20 ± 0.75z |
C17:0 | 1.30 ± 0.08a | 0.32 ± 0.01b | 0.80 ± 0.07y | 0.82 ± 0.08y |
C18:0 | 6.15 ± 0.13a | 8.06 ± 0.21b | 9.01 ± 0.31y | 11.21 ± 0.43z |
|
24.83 ± 0.92a | 21.79 ± 1.02b | 27.24 ± 1.65y | 27.40 ± 1.85y |
C16:1 |
7.26 ± 0.25a | 6.07 ± 0.11a | 7.87 ± 0.09y | 5.63 ± 0.28z |
C18:1 |
17.86 ± 0.76a | 19.22 ± 0.99b | 16.72 ± 0.42y | 18.03 ± 0.72z |
C20:1 |
2.54 ± 0.49a | 2.94 ± 0.45a | 3.89 ± 0.53y | 3.14 ± 0.48y |
|
27.66 ± 1.13a | 28.23 ± 1.83a | 28.48 ± 1.91y | 26.80 ± 1.77z |
C18:2 |
4.65 ± 0.19a | 4.18 ± 0.14a | 5.39 ± 0.87y | 6.95 ± 0.74z |
C18:3 |
1.02 ± 0.11a | 1.50 ± 0.18b | 0.70 ± 0.13y | 0.81 ± 0.10y |
C18:3 |
0.82 ± 0.11a | 0.53 ± 0.18b | 2.70 ± 0.31y | 2.83 ± 0.35y |
C20:2 |
0.27 ± 0.17a | 0.51 ± 0.20b | 0.42 ± 0.08y | 0.56 ± 0.15z |
C20:3 |
2.42 ± 0.13a | 2.40 ± 0.10a | 0.20 ± 0.12y | 0.24 ± 0.20y |
C20:4 |
3.07 ± 0.03a | 2.10 ± 0.07b | 6.14 ± 0.16y | 7.14 ± 0.11z |
C20:5 |
8.16 ± 0.48a | 8.06 ± 0.65a | 5.10 ± 0.15y | 5.07 ± 0.10y |
C22:3 |
0.06 ± 0.03a | 0.12 ± 0.05b | 0.10 ± 0.04y | 0.04 ± 0.04z |
C22:5 |
4.02 ± 0.11a | 4.57 ± 0.24b | 2.70 ± 0.31y | 2.02 ± 0.33z |
C22:6 |
23.02 ± 1.14a | 26.01 ± 1.25b | 20.83 ± 1.10y | 20.14 ± 1.28y |
|
47.51 ± 1.68a | 49.98 ± 1.71b | 44.28 ± 0.68y | 45.80 ± 0.68y |
|
||||
|
36.08 | 39.29 | 31.43 | 30.10 |
|
||||
|
11.43 | 10.69 | 12.85 | 15.70 |
|
||||
|
3.15 | 3.68 | 2.44 | 1.91 |
The values are shown as mean ± SD. Mean values are averages of three replicates.
Different letters in the same row and values in male and female represent significant statistical differences,
SFA: saturated fatty acid; MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acid.
Cengiz et al. [
Analysis of variance showed significant differences between total fatty acid compositions in the liver of males and females. The percentage of ΣMUFA was significantly (
A comparison of males and females in terms of muscle and liver fatty acid composition of phospholipid in
Comparison of males and females in terms of muscle and liver fatty acid composition of phospholipid in
Fatty acids | Muscle | Liver | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Male | Female | |
C12:0 | 0.18 ± 0.03a | 0.13 ± 0.02b | 0.85 ± 0.07y | 0.93 ± 0.02z |
C13:0 | 1.02 ± 0.07a | 0.42 ± 0.07b | 0.35 ± 0.05y | 0.08 ± 0.01z |
C14:0 | 1.32 ± 0.09a | 1.30 ± 0.03a | 1.43 ± 0.13y | 1.12 ± 0.17z |
C15:0 | 0.53 ± 0.05a | 0.40 ± 0.05b | 0.42 ± 0.06y | 0.87 ± 0.08z |
C16:0 | 11.42 ± 1.80a | 12.68 ± 1.74a | 13.11 ± 1.15y | 12.20 ± 0.25z |
C17:0 | 1.32 ± 0.08a | 1.02 ± 0.05b | 1.89 ± 0.07y | 0.82 ± 0.08y |
C18:0 | 4.78 ± 0.23a | 3.12 ± 0.20b | 7.20 ± 0.31y | 6.38 ± 0.43z |
|
20.57 ± 1.22a | 19.07 ± 1.62a | 25.25 ± 1.65y | 24.40 ± 1.85y |
C16:1 |
2.34 ± 0.22a | 1.80 ± 0.13b | 3.88 ± 0.09y | 3.69 ± 0.28z |
C18:1 |
14.01 ± 0.96a | 12.86 ± 1.04b | 14.70 ± 1.42y | 14.07 ± 0.72z |
C20:1 |
2.14 ± 0.45a | 1.12 ± 0.05a | 0.87 ± 0.53y | 1.03 ± 0.48y |
|
18.49 ± 1.13a | 15.78 ± 1.83b | 19.45 ± 1.91y | 18.79 ± 1.77z |
C18:2 |
2.35 ± 0.13a | 2.15 ± 0.14a | 3.31 ± 0.42y | 4.99 ± 0.24z |
C18:3 |
1.55 ± 0.10a | 1.25 ± 0.09b | 1.78 ± 0.11y | 1.82 ± 0.10y |
C18:3 |
1.45 ± 0.11a | 1.82 ± 0.17b | 2.74 ± 0.28y | 2.82 ± 0.33z |
C20:2 |
0.22 ± 0.07a | 0.14 ± 0.08b | 0.41 ± 0.08y | 0.59 ± 0.15y |
C20:3 |
1.07 ± 0.09a | 0.48 ± 0.11b | 1.23 ± 0.10y | 1.28 ± 0.05y |
C20:4 |
11.10 ± 0.73a | 11.07 ± 0.68a | 10.14 ± 0.14y | 11.03 ± 0.16y |
C20:5 |
7.02 ± 0.43a | 13.10 ± 0.75b | 7.06 ± 0.11y | 8.08 ± 0.13z |
C22:3 |
0.12 ± 0.03a | 1.06 ± 0.05b | 0.16 ± 0.06y | 0.08 ± 0.05z |
C22:5 |
4.15 ± 0.31a | 5.14 ± 0.44b | 3.73 ± 0.21y | 2.03 ± 0.18z |
C22:6 |
31.91 ± 1.84a | 28.94 ± 1.25b | 24.74 ± 1.19y | 24.09 ± 1.22y |
|
60.94 ± 1.93a | 65.15 ± 2.11b | 55.30 ± 1.46y | 56.81 ± 1.57y |
|
||||
|
44.65 | 50.06 | 38.43 | 37.10 |
|
||||
|
16.29 | 15.09 | 16.87 | 19.71 |
|
||||
|
2.74 | 3.31 | 2.27 | 1.88 |
The values are shown as mean ± SD. Mean values are averages of three replicates.
Different letters in the same row and values in male and female represent significant statistical differences,
SFA: saturated fatty acid; MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acid.
Comparison of males and females in terms of muscle and liver fatty acid composition of triacylglycerol in
Fatty acids | Muscle | Liver | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Male | Female | |
C12:0 | 0.04 ± 0.01a | 0.18 ± 0.03b | 0.22 ± 0.04y | 0.19 ± 0.02z |
C13:0 | 1.42 ± 0.06a | 1.83 ± 0.10a | 1.68 ± 0.05y | 1.96 ± 0.01z |
C14:0 | 1.68 ± 0.05a | 1.44 ± 0.02a | 2.44 ± 0.13y | 2.42 ± 0.17z |
C15:0 | 0.45 ± 0.05a | 0.57 ± 0.06b | 1.25 ± 0.06y | 1.22 ± 0.08z |
C16:0 | 20.41 ± 0.30a | 17.65 ± 0.41b | 22.15 ± 0.39y | 23.47 ± 0.25z |
C17:0 | 1.33 ± 0.08a | 1.47 ± 0.01b | 1.43 ± 0.07y | 1.42 ± 0.08y |
C18:0 | 7.15 ± 0.13a | 8.43 ± 0.21b | 13.01 ± 0.31y | 13.05 ± 0.43z |
|
32.48 ± 0.92a | 31.57 ± 1.02b | 42.18 ± 1.65y | 43.73 ± 1.85y |
C16:1 |
13.26 ± 0.25a | 13.06 ± 0.11a | 11.23 ± 0.09y | 10.45 ± 0.28z |
C18:1 |
23.12 ± 0.76a | 23.04 ± 0.99b | 20.11 ± 0.42y | 21.03 ± 0.72z |
C20:1 |
3.12 ± 0.49a | 3.15 ± 0.45a | 3.03 ± 0.53y | 3.02 ± 0.48y |
|
39.50 ± 1.13a | 39.25 ± 1.83a | 34.37 ± 1.91y | 34.50 ± 1.77z |
C18:2 |
4.89 ± 0.19a | 4.49 ± 0.14a | 3.39 ± 0.87y | 2.51 ± 0.74z |
C18:3 |
1.24 ± 0.11a | 1.59 ± 0.18b | 0.81 ± 0.13y | 0.88 ± 0.10y |
C18:3 |
0.85 ± 0.11a | 0.64 ± 0.18b | 1.24 ± 0.31y | 1.13 ± 0.35z |
C20:2 |
0.25 ± 0.17a | 0.47 ± 0.20b | 0.38 ± 0.08y | 0.44 ± 0.15z |
C20:3 |
2.10 ± 0.13a | 2.12 ± 0.10a | 0.46 ± 0.12y | 0.34 ± 0.20y |
C20:4 |
1.14 ± 0.03a | 1.16 ± 0.07a | 2.61 ± 0.16y | 2.13 ± 0.11z |
C20:5 |
6.93 ± 0.48a | 6.14 ± 0.65a | 4.83 ± 0.15y | 5.05 ± 0.011y |
C22:3 |
0.11 ± 0.03a | 0.19 ± 0.05b | 0.09 ± 0.04y | 0.02 ± 0.04z |
C22:5 |
2.02 ± 0.11a | 2.14 ± 0.24a | 1.51 ± 0.31y | 1.17 ± 0.33z |
C22:6 |
8.49 ± 1.14a | 10.24 ± 1.25b | 8.13 ± 1.10y | 8.10 ± 1.28y |
|
28.02 ± 1.68a | 29.18 ± 1.71b | 23.45 ± 1.12y | 21.77 ± 1.03z |
|
||||
|
18.40 | 19.35 | 15.80 | 15.47 |
|
||||
|
9.62 | 9.83 | 7.65 | 6.30 |
|
||||
|
1.91 | 1.96 | 2.06 | 2.45 |
The values are shown as mean ± SD. Mean values are averages of three replicates.
Different letters in the same row and values in male and female represent significant statistical differences,
SFA: saturated fatty acid; MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acid.
In particular, phospholipids in muscle and liver of
Phospholipids function as structural components of membranes, being incorporated to a larger extent into the membrane structure of cellular and subcellular particles. Triacylglycerols are often considered as storage lipids and reflect the fatty acid composition of the food to a greater extent than phospholipids do.
Logue et al. [
Fish oil can be obtained from eating fish or by taking supplements. Fish oil supplements are usually made from marine fishes. This is because marine fish are especially richer in omega 3 than those of freshwater. On the other hand, Ahlgren et al. [
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.