Numerical Investigation of the Combustion in an Improved Microcombustion Chamber with Rib

.is study proposes an improved microcombustor with a rectangular rib to improve the temperature level of the combustor wall. Moreover, the OH mass fraction, temperature distribution, and outer wall temperature of the original and improved combustors of premixed hydrogen/air flames are numerically investigated under various inlet velocities and equivalence ratios. Results show that the improved microcombustor enhances heat transfer between the mixture and wall because its recirculation zone is larger than that of the original, thereby resulting in high wall temperature. Conversely, thermal resistance in the horizontal direction increases with upstream and downstream step lengths. Consequently, the outer wall temperature decreases with step length in the improved combustor. A high equivalence ratio (e.g., 0.6) may result in the destruction of the combustor because the wall temperature has exceeded the acceptable temperature of wall material quartz. .erefore, the improved microcombustor is recommended for micro-thermo-photovoltaic systems.


Introduction
Micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) technology has received considerable attention in recent years [1][2][3].Micropower generation devices based on combustion has several advantages, such as light weight, high-power density, long charge duration, and short recharging time [4][5][6].us, micro-power generation devices are deemed suitable alternatives to conventional batteries.Moreover, these devices can be applied in micro fuel cells, micro gas turbines, and micro-thermo-electric, and thermo-photovoltaic systems [7,8].
A micro-thermophotovoltaic (TPV) system geometry consists of photovoltaic cells, emitter, filter, and heat source (Figure 1).A microcombustor is a core part of the micro-TPV system, in which the chemical energy of the fuel is converted into other energy through combustion.Hence, research on microcombustor with a large operation range has received increasing attention.However, the short residence time of mixtures and high heat loss due to the high surface area-to-volume ratio of the microcombustor result in flame instability and low blow-off limit [9][10][11].erefore, enhancing flame stability and extending the operating range present significant issues.By using structure design to form a low-velocity zone or recirculation zone, the flame stability and combustion performance of the microcombustor can be improved.
Peng et al. [12] numerically examined the thermal performance of a microcombustion chamber with and without a front cavity and found that the front cavity enhances the stability of the microcombustor.Wan et al. [13][14][15][16] numerically investigated the behavior of an H 2 /air blend in a microcombustion chamber with cavities and found that recirculation and low-velocity zones are formed in the concave cavity.e flame is unstable in the combustor without cavities but can be effectively stabilized in a combustor with cavities.
ese cavities can also expand the working range of the inlet velocity.Bagheri et al. [17] numerically studied the combustion characteristics of premixed hydrogen/air in microcombustors with different bluff body structures (e.g., semicircular, ellipse, half ellipse, wallblade, and arrowhead) at different inlet velocities and found that the combustion chamber with a wall fin as a bluff body shows the highest flame temperature and emission efficiency when the inlet velocity is 10 m/s.Jiaqiang et al. [18] established a methane/air premixed combustion model in a microcombustor and found that the combustion performance is improved at a 45 °backward-facing step angle, a quartz wall material, an inlet velocity ranging from 2 m/s to 4 m/s, and a high field synergy.Zuo et al. [19] proposed a microcylindrical combustion chamber with a rib and numerically investigated the behavior of microcombustors.ey found that the outer wall temperature of the improved combustion chamber is higher and more uniform than that of the microcombustion chamber without a rib.Wan et al. [20] designed a microcombustor with a flat flame stabilizer and two preheating channels and found that the blowout limit of the combustor initially increases and then decreases along with an increasing plate length.Jiaqiang et al. [21] found that the inlet pipe structure of the combustor improves the mixing performance of H 2 /O 2 and enhances flame stabilization and heat recirculation by using a backward-facing step and cavity.Yilmaz et al. [22,23] established a combined structure of cavity, poststage, and microchannel in a combustor and then studied its combustion characteristics.ey found that the average wall temperature, wall temperature distribution, and combustion efficiency of the new combustor have been significantly improved.Zuo et al. [24] designed a counterflow double-channel microcombustion chamber in which the inner diameter of the combustor gradually increases.
ey found that the improved combustor has a more uniform and a much higher wall temperature compared with the combustor with a backward-facing step.Yan et al. [25] numerically analyzed the behavior of methane/air in a microcombustion chamber with a regular triangular pyramid bluff body and found that the blow-off limit of the improved microcombustor is nearly twice larger that of the original microcombustor.Ansari and Amani [26] numerically examined a novel planar microcombustion chamber with a combined bluff and baffle structure for micro-TPV systems and found that this new combustor outperforms a combustor with only one baffle or cylinder in terms of flame stability and combustion efficiency.Li et al. [27] numerically studied the effects of channel height and inlet velocity on combustion characteristics in a 2D planar microcombustion chamber with a separating plate and found that the mixing effect can be improved by reducing the inlet velocity and channel height.Tang et al. [28] numerically and experimentally studied the propane/air premixed combustion performance of a new cross-plate microplanar combustor and found that the crossplate enhances the heat transfer and increases the average wall temperature by more than 90 K. e new structure also extended the blowout limit of the cross-plate combustor.Zuo et al. [29] found that the efficiency and emission power of the microelliptical combustor are 2.17% and 0.68 W higher than those of the microcircular tube combustor when the long axis-short axis ratio and hydrogen mass flow rate are 1.9/1.18and 7 × 10 − 7 kg/s, respectively.Akhtar et al. [30] found that the outer wall temperature of the curved groove combustor increases by 110 K and that the energy conversion rate increases by 7.84% compared with the straight groove.Aravind et al. [31] proposed a three-backwardfacing-step microcombustion chamber with a recirculation hole and added a porous medium (ceramic cotton) to the combustion chamber.ey found that the porous media preheat the mixture through a thermal cycle and that the flame stability is significantly improved.
e use of a catalyst on the surface of a microcombustion chamber can reduce the activation energy required for the ignition of mixed gas and improve the combustion efficiency and stability of the combustion chamber.
Li and Hong [32] added hydrogen to methane fuel by using a platinum tube with a perforated ring to improve the combustion stability and radiation intensity of the microthermoelectric system of the combustion chamber.ey found that the effective power efficiency of the TPV system is 3.24%.Yan et al. [33] performed a numerical simulation of platinum catalytic combustion on a microplate combustor for methane/air catalytic combustion.ey found that a low inlet velocity can increase methane conversion, but a hightemperature region can easily be formed near the inlet.erefore, preheating the mixed gas by using a wall material with high thermal conductivity is necessary.Ran et al. [34] conducted numerical studies on the characteristics of methane catalytic combustion in a microcombustion chamber with a convex cavity and a combustion chamber without a cavity.
e results showed that the methane conversion increases and then decreases with the increase in equivalence ratio.When the equivalence ratio equals 1, the conversion rate of methane in the convex wall cavity reaches the maximum at 85.3%.e convex cavity microcombustion chamber reaches the highest flameout limit at 16.5 m/s.Luo et al. [35]  2 Journal of Chemistry temperature on the methane conversion rate.
e results showed that temperature is the most critical factor affecting conversion.Pan et al. [36] investigated the catalytic combustion process of premixed methane/air in a rectangular microcombustion chamber via experimentation.e outer wall temperature distribution and the main components of flue gas were measured separately.e results indicated that the addition of platinum to the microcombustion chamber significantly improves the combustion stability of the microchannel.After platinum is added to the combustion chamber, the outer wall temperature becomes further uniform and the methane conversion rate is increased.Rodrigues et al. [37] explored the methane/air catalytic combustion of microcombustion chambers with cobalt oxide (CO 3 O 4 ) as coating.
ey found that methane is completely burned at a temperature of 760 °C.When the temperature is lower than 600 °C, only the catalytic reaction will occur in the combustion chamber.However, when the temperature is above 600 °C, the combustion chamber will simultaneously produce the gas phase and catalytic combustion.Moreover, CO 3 O 4 has remarkable application potential.Wang et al. [38] investigated the catalytic combustion of methane and n-butane in microtubes with Pt/ ZSM-5 as the catalyst via experimentation.
e results showed that the stable combustion range of n-butane is slightly higher than that of methane.When n-butane is used as fuel, the penetrating wall of the combustion chamber has a high heat loss rate and temperature.n-butane can be used as an alternative fuel to methane when necessary.
Although a combustor wall temperature level that is sufficiently high is desired for thermoelectric and thermophotovoltaic devices, such a level is difficult to achieve because heat loss increases substantially with the surface area-to-volume ratio of the microcombustor.Furthermore, the residence time of the mixture decreases when the combustion chamber is scaled down.us, cavities are included into a planar microcombustor [13][14][15][16].Moreover, the effect of cavity geometry on combustion performance is evaluated.In contrast to previous studies, we improved a microcombustor through the application of a rib on the basis of the literature [13][14][15][16].ereafter, the current study numerically investigates the combustion performance of the improved microcombustor under various inlet velocities and equivalence ratios.

Physical Model of a Microcombustor.
e schematic diagram of a ribless microcombustion chamber is presented in Figure 2. e cavity length (L 2 ) and total length (L 0 ) of the microcombustion chamber are 3.0 mm and 18.0 mm, respectively.e thickness of the combustion chamber walls (W 3 ) is 2 mm.e height (W 1 ) and width (W 0 ) of the combustor chamber are 1 mm and 10 mm, respectively.e depth (W 2 ) and length (L 1 ) of the cavities are 1 mm and 3 mm, respectively.In contrast to the original combustion chamber in Figure 2(a), a rib is added into the cavity, as shown in Figure 2(b).
e rib width is 0.5mm.e rib heights (H), upstream (L 3 ), and downstream (L 4 ) step lengths are various.e improved microcombustion chamber with various step lengths and rib heights are shown in Table 1.

Modeling Equations.
e characteristic scale of the microcombustion chamber is substantially larger than the molecular mean-free path of blends.erefore, the gas mixture is regarded as continuous [13][14][15][16].
Kuo and Ronney found that the realizable k-epsilon model is optimal in calculating the combustion performance compared with the laminar model because the Reynolds number is above or approximately 500 [39].In this study, the Reynolds number exceeds 500 because the inlet velocity is either equal to or over 10 m/s in the improved combustor.In addition, the laminar finite rate model is optimal compared with the other model.Hence, this research adopts the realizable k-epsilon model and laminar finite rate model for the numerical simulation.Moreover, a two-dimensional steady-state model was employed because of the large aspect ratio (W 0 /W 1 = 10 : 1) of the microcombustion chamber.
Continuity equation is given as follows: e momentum equation is given as follows: e energy equation is given as follows: ( e species equation is given as follows: where C p,i , R i , and Y i denote specific heat capacity, generation or consumption rate, and the mass fraction of species i, separately; while λ ft and λ f are turbulent thermal conductivity and thermal conductivity of the blends, separately.

Computation Scheme.
e mass, momentum, energy, and species conservation equations are solved using Fluent.e density of the gas blends is calculated using the ideal gas assumption, while the specific heat is determined using the mixing law.Kinetic theory is used for the blend mass diffusivity, while the mass-weighted mixing law is adopted to calculate the thermal conductivity and viscosity of the gas mixture.e COUPLED algorithm and the second-order upwind scheme were selected to couple the pressure and velocity."Temperature patches" of 2000 K and 1350 K on the fluid and solid zones, respectively, were used to ignite the H 2 /air mixture.
is study adopts the chemical kinetic mechanism of the H 2 reaction reported in Li et al. [40], which comprises 13 species and 19 reversible elementary reactions.Wan et al. [13][14][15][16] verified the chemical mechanism by simulating the combustion of H 2 /air.e simulated results were compared with the experimental results reported in the literature [41].Accordingly, the numerical results are consistent with the experimental data.e boundary conditions are as follows.
e velocity condition was specified at the inlet, whereas the pressure outlet condition was adopted at the outlet.e nonslip boundary condition was adopted in the simulation.e inlet temperature of the microcombustor was fixed at 300 K. Quartz was used as the solid material.
e specific heat capacity, density, and thermal conductivity of the quartz material were 750 J/kg/K, 2650 kg/m 3 , and 1.05 W/m/K, respectively.e heat loss in the solid wall immensely influences the combustion.erefore, the heat transfer in the channel walls is considered in the numerical simulation.e heat loss on the exterior surfaces includes radiation, while natural convection is computed as follows: where h 0 is the natural convection heat transfer coefficient, 20 W/(m 2 K), T w is the exterior wall temperature, ε is the interior and exterior emissivity of solid surface with a value of 0.92, T ∞ is the ambient temperature (300 K), and σ is the Stephan-Boltzmann constant 5.67 × 10 − 8 W/m 2 /K 4 .

Grid Independence.
A grid correlation test was conducted with a two-dimensional model of the original microcombustion chamber under four mesh intervals: 1 × 10 − 5 , 2 × 10 − 5 , 3.3 × 10 − 5 , and 4 × 10 − 5 m, as shown in Table 2. e inlet velocity and equivalence ratios of the simulation case were equal to 10 m/s and 0.4, respectively; the heat transfer coefficient was 20 W/m 2 /K; and the radiation emissivity of the outer wall was 0.92 [13][14][15][16].e results showed that the hydrogen at the outlet and temperature differences for the four-grid spacing were minimal.Furthermore, the difference was not obvious when grid spacing was equals to 1 × 10 − 5 and 2 × 10 − 5 m.us, the grid spacing of 2 × 10 − 5 m was deemed sufficient to achieve high accuracy in a short computation time for the numerical investigation.e numerical model of the microcombustor was meshed using approximately 227600 structured cells, as shown in Figure 3.

Model Verification.
We compared the numerical results of the exhausted gas temperature on the original model with the experimental data in the literature [13][14][15][16], as shown in Figure 4. e results of the numerical model and the model in the literature [13][14][15][16] shared the same changing trend.e maximum temperature difference was 98 K. is result Journal of Chemistry confirmed the numerical model is reliable to research the combustion performance in the microcombustion chamber.

Effects of Rib Position on Combustion Characteristics.
We plot the outer wall temperature profiles for the different microcombustors (Figure 5).e lengths of the rib and upstream and downstream steps vary. is figure shows that the outer wall temperature profile increases from the inlet and reaches a peak around the center of the cavity.
ereafter, the temperature profile descends with further increase in the axis length because of heat losses from the outer wall.Figures 5(a) and 5(b) show that the outer wall temperature profile of the combustor becomes inversed against the upstream and downstream step lengths. is result is caused by an increase in the thermal resistance in the horizontal direction because of the thinning outer wall of the cavity.Hence, low heat is conducted upstream through the thin outer wall with a large right-step length.Moreover, the outer wall temperature level increases with an increase in the rib height (Figure 5(c)).e newly proposed combustor has a higher wall temperature than that of the original.
e contours of the longitudinal velocity component near the cavities at inlet velocities of 10 m/s are presented in Figure 6 to clarify the mechanism by which the newly proposed combustor improves the wall temperature level.e equivalence ratio is maintained at 0.4.e region where the longitudinal velocity is below 0 is considered the recirculation zone, where as that where such a velocity is between 0 and 10 m/s is considered the low-velocity zone.Figure 6 shows that the recirculation zones of the microcombustion chamber with a rectangular rib are divided into two parts, in which the area of the recirculation zone of the microcombustion chamber with the rib is larger than that without the rib. is feature enhances heat transfer between the blends and inner walls, while the residence time of the mixture is also prolonged.us, the outer wall temperature of the improved combustor is higher than that of the original combustor.e recirculation zone area is nearly maintained because the upstream and downstream step lengths are approximately 2.25 mm.

6
Journal of Chemistry Figure 7 presents the average wall temperatures of the different microcombustion chambers with and without the rib under different inlet velocities.Accordingly, the equivalence ratio is maintained at 0.4.Figures 7(a) and 7(b) show that the average wall temperature increases with the inlet velocity, which is below 32 m/s.e mean outer wall temperature decreases with the continuous increase in inlet velocity because of the short residence time in the combustor.Among the studied microcombustors, the average wall temperature of the combustion chamber with L 3 � 1.25 mm and L 4 � 1.25 mm is the highest when the inlet velocity is kept constant.Given the increase in upstream and downstream step lengths, the corresponding mean outer wall temperature decreases owing to the increase in thermal Journal of Chemistry resistance in the horizontal direction caused by the thinning of the outer wall of the cavity.Moreover, the combustion chamber with H equal to 0.75 mm has the highest mean wall temperature, followed by that with H equals 0.5 mm, 0.25 mm, and the original combustion chamber (Figure 7(c)). is phenomenon occurs because the high rib height enlarges the area of the recirculation and low-velocity zones, thereby prolonging the residence time of the mixture and boosting the heat transfer between the mixture and wall.Figure 8 presents the radical OH distribution of the original and improved microcombustion chambers.Accordingly, the equivalence ratio and inlet velocity are maintained at 0.4 and 10 m/s, respectively.Figure 8 shows that when the inlet velocity equals 10 m/s, the highest mass fractions of OH in the microcombustors are approximately identical.e reaction zone is mainly located in the cavities of the original combustor.Low-velocity and recirculation zones are formed in the cavities, which anchor the flame and provide a high local temperature and an improved heat recirculation region.In addition, the OH concentration in the boundary layer in the combustion chamber of L 3 � 1.25 mm, H � 0.75 mm, and L 4 � 1.25 mm is higher than those of the original combustion chamber.Given the increase in the upstream and downstream step lengths, the OH concentration in the boundary layer decreases.In addition, the OH concentration in the boundary layer increases with the increase in rib height because the wall temperature level also increases, thereby substantially preheating the mixture and enhancing the reaction intensity.
Figure 9 presents the temperature distribution for different microcombustors, in which the equivalence ratio and inlet velocity are maintained at 0.4 and 10 m/s, respectively.e variation in high-temperature regions is consistent with that in the reaction zones, as demonstrated by the comparison shown in Figure 8. e highest wall temperature zone is near the downstream of the cavities.e outer wall temperature levels of the improved microcombustor are higher than that of the original microcombustor.As the   e inlet velocities are maintained at 10 m/s.e temperature levels in the cavities increase as the equivalence ratio is boosted.is increase indicates that the chemical reaction becomes intensive at large equivalence ratios (Figure 12).When the equivalence ratio is below 0.5, the main reaction zone is located in the cavities.With further increase of the equivalence ratio, the flame front moved upstream in the combustor as the equivalence ratio equals 0.6.

Effects of Equivalence Ratio on Combustion Performances of Microcombustors with Rectangular Ribs
Figure 13 shows the contours of the H 2 distributions for the microcombustor with the upstream and downstream   Journal of Chemistry step lengths and rib height equal to 1.25, 1.25, and 0.75 mm, respectively, under various equivalence ratios.e inlet velocities are maintained at 10 m/s.e hydrogen consumes distance in the combustor decreased with an increase in the equivalence ratio.As the equivalence ratio equals 0.6, hydrogen is consumed completely before the cavities, which means rapid burning speed.

Conclusions
is study designed a microcombustion chamber with a rectangular rib.e effects of the step length and rib height on the premixed H 2 /air combustion were numerically investigated.
e performance of the original design was compared with that of the newly proposed designs under different inlet velocities.
e results show that the new design improves the outer wall temperature profile for the thermoelectric and thermophotovoltaic devices.
is outcome occurs because the recirculation and low-velocity zone areas of the improved microcombustion chamber are equal to or above those of the combustor without the rectangular rib.Consequently, the heat transfer between the mixture and the wall is enhanced by the rectangular rib.Moreover, the flow field is not the sole factor that influences wall temperature level because the outer wall profile and average wall temperature of the combustor decrease with step length.is situation is due to the increase in the thermal resistance in the horizontal direction because of the thinning of the outer wall of the cavity, thereby resulting in low heat being conducted upstream through the thin outer wall with a large step length; hence, the upstream and downstream step lengths and rib height equal to 1.25, 1.25, and 0.75 mm microcombustor is recommended due to the higher outer wall temperature and average wall temperature.Moreover, when the equivalence ratio is extremely high (e.g., 0.6), the combustion chamber wall temperature has exceeded the tolerable temperature of the quartz.
A sufficiently high combustor wall temperature level is desired for thermoelectric and thermophotovoltaic devices.us, the improved microcombustor is recommended.

Table 2 :Figure 3 :Figure 4 :
Figure 3: Demonstration of the grid system near the upper cavity.

Figure 5 :
Figure 5: Outer wall temperature profiles for the original and improved combustor with inlet velocity equal to 10 m/s.

Figure 6 :
Figure 6: Contours of the longitudinal velocity component in the region near the cavities.e inlet velocity is 10 m/s.

Figure 7 :
Figure 7: Average wall temperature versus inlet velocity for the combustor under Φ � 0.4.

Figure 8 :Figure 9 :Figure 10 :
Figure 8: Mass fraction contours of OH in the different combustor; the inlet velocity is 10 m/s.
Figure 11showsthe contours of the temperature distributions for the microcombustor with the upstream and downstream step lengths and rib height equal to 1.25, 1.25, and 0.75 mm, respectively, under various equivalence ratios.

Table 1 :
e improved microcombustion chamber with various step lengths and rib heights.