Facile Fabrication of SrTiO3@MoS2 Composite Nanofibers for Excellent Photodetector Application

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), as a kind of transition metal dichalcogenide, has been widely studied for its excellent compatibility with most of inorganic nanomaterials. Nevertheless, its microscale and agglomeration limit the performance severely. +erefore, the special structure of V-MoS2 has drawn a lot of interest, which can not only reduce the size of MoS2 nanosheets but also improve the valence electron structure of the materials. In this work, SrTiO3@MoS2 composite nanofibers were synthesized by the simple electrospinning and hydrothermal method, and it was applied as a novel material for photodetector. SEM, TEM, EDX, XRD, I-T curves, and EIS analysis were used to study the structure and properties of the prepared SrTiO3@MoS2 composite nanofibers. Simulating under sunlight at a potential of 1.23V, the prepared composite materials exhibited a superior photoelectric performance of photocurrent density of 21.4 μA and a resistance of 2.3Ω. +ese results indicate that the composite of SrTiO3 nanofiber adhered with V-MoS2 has a stable composite structure, good electrical conductivity, and photoelectric sensitivity and is a suitable material for photodetectors. +is work provides new ideas for the preparation of self-assembled materials and their application in photodetectors.


Introduction
As we all know, water pollution, greenhouse effect, and fumes are hazardous to human beings, but few people notice that potential light pollution is also threatening our health [1][2][3][4]. Light is everywhere in our life; in fact, proper sunlight is useful for our health. However, excessive light may damage our eyesight, affect our emotions, and even induce cancer [5]. e light pollution mainly originated from assimilation lighting and massive use of architectural glass, particularly in the developed region. To solve this problem, photodetector has been widely studied as optoelectronic devices [6][7][8].
As a member of semiconductors, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have shown perfect properties of its special band structure, fairly physical character, and superconductive performance [9,10]. Within all kinds of materials of TMDCs, molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) has attracted more and more attention due to its special structure, excellent compatibility with abundant nanoscale materials, and attractive price [11]. erefore, MoS 2 has been used in many fields such as nano-electronic devices and optoelectronics. However, the performance of MoS 2 was limited by the lamellae stacking and the lack of active sites [12]. Recently, vertical MoS 2 (V-MoS 2 ) has been reported frequently in the field of photoelectricity [13]. e photoelectric performance of MoS 2 nanosheets has been improved by building a V-MoS 2 structure at the nanoscale and changing MoS 2 from a multilayer structure to a single-layer structure. Moreover, high-quality V-MoS 2 structure has a stable reproducible optoelectronic performance and is easy to fabricate. In addition, V-MoS 2 with a single-layer structure can form Mo-O bonds, which can further improve the sensitivity of the photodetector [14][15][16]. However, many efforts have been made to construct the V-MoS 2 structure, but most of them are still unsatisfactory for their poor performance and instability.
In this work, porous SrTiO 3 nanofibers embedded with MoS 2 nanosheets were constructed through electrospinning and hydrothermal method, which showed a V-MoS 2 structure [17][18][19][20]. e porous nanofibers can provide a stable substrate for delamination of MoS 2 to form a vertical monolayer structure. e prepared MoS 2 -based material exhibited a sensitive optoelectronic performance through current density curves and Nyquist EIS plots characterization [21][22][23]. , thioacetamide (C 2 H 5 NS), Pluronic F127, and hexadecyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) were purchased from Aladdin Reagent Co, Ltd. All chemical reagents were of analytical grade (AR) and used without any further purification. e ultrapure water used throughout the experiments was extracted from a Milli-Q Millipore All Filter system (Millipore Co, Bedford, MA, USA).

Synthesis of Porous SrTiO3
Nanofibers. In brief, tetrabutyl titanate (TBOT) and strontium acetate were dissolved in 10 mL acetic acid at a mass ratio of 1.6 :1. e mixture was vigorous stirred for 15 min until the solution transformed to transparent, and it was named solution A. en, PVP, Pluronic F127, and CTAB were put into 6 mL 2-methoxyethanol at a mass ratio of 1 : 0.5 : 0.7 with vigorous stirring for 15 min, which has been deeply explored in previous work to ensure the proper ratio of these reagents [17]. When the mixture became transparent viscous liquid, solution A was dropped to the liquid slowly and stirred overnight. Next, the mixture was put into syringe and applied a 15 kV electric voltage at the distance of 20 cm. e ejected rate was set 0.5 ml h -1 to obtain the nanofiber membrane. en, the prepared membrane was under pyroprocessing at 700°C for 3 h at a ramp rate of 2°C min −1 to obtain the porous SrTiO 3 nanofibers.

Synthesis of SrTiO3@MoS2 2D
Structure. Typically, C 2 H 5 NS and Na 2 MoO 4 ·2H 2 O with a mass ratio of 3 : 5 were dissolved in 15 mL ultrapure water. en, 150 mg porous SrTiO 3 nanofibers were put into the solution. e mixed solution was then shifted to a 50 mL hydrothermal reactor and heated at 220°C for 24 h. Ultimately, the SrTiO 3 @MoS 2 2D structure was obtained through filtration separation and vacuum drying [24].

Photo(electro)chemical
Measurements. 8 mg SrTiO 3 @ MoS 2 sample and 1 mg acetylene black were transferred to a 25 mL beaker with 10 mL absolute alcohol, and then, 10 μL PTFE was dropped into the mixture with vigorous stirring. e mixed solution was ultrasonic treated for about 30 min and shaken well at last 2 min. After that, the beaker was put into a vacuum drying oven to evaporate the alcohol for 3 h and then transferred the sediment to the nickel foam. Finally, put the nickel foam into a vacuum oven at 100°C overnight and obtain the working electrodes. e photo (electro) chemical test was performed using a CHI660 electrochemical workstation with a standard three-electrode system with a graphene rod, an Ag/AgCl electrode, and nickel foam, respectively. All the measurements were tested in 1 M KOH aqueous solution under simulated solar light, which was provided by a 300 W Xe lamp. e change in the current density curve with time was tested at a potential of 1.23 V under light on/off condition [25]. e electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests were measured in a frequency range from 100 kHz to 0.1 Hz with an amplitude of 5 mV at η � −0.24 V [26-30].

2.5.
Characterizations. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses of the as-prepared samples were investigated with an X-ray diffractometer (SmartLab, Rigaku, Akishima, Japan). e morphologies of prepared samples were obtained by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (HT7700, Hitachi High Technologies Corporation, Ibaraki, Japan) and fieldemission scanning electron microscopy (SEM, S-4800II, Hitachi, Japan). Elemental map results were investigated with an Oxford Link-ISIS X-ray EDXS microanalyzer at 200 kV with SEM. All the ultrapure water used in the experiment was purified in a Milli-Q Millipore All Filter system (Millipore Co, Bedford, MA, USA).

Characterization of SrTiO3@MoS 2 .
e morphologies of as-prepared materials were obtained by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Figure 1(a) shows the SEM image of electrospun nanofibers before calcined, which mainly consisted of PVP, F127, and other ions. e diameter of nanofibers is approximately 1-3 μm and evenly distributed with a network structure. Figure 1(b) shows the image of nanofibers after being calcined at 700°C, and the surface of fibers becomes rough and shows many pores. It can be clearly observed that the diameter of fiber reduced to about 300 nm with 10-20 nm aperture gap uniform distributes on the surface. is special morphology is mainly caused by the synergistic effect of F127 and CTAB, which has been studied systematically in the earlier works.
is special structure can greatly increase the surface area of SrTiO 3 NFs and provide suitable sites for loading MoS 2 [31][32][33][34][35][36]. In addition, the pores in the nanofibers can magnify the contact area between electrodes and electrolytes and optimize the structure of valence electron transmission. Figure 1(c) exhibits the result of SrTiO 3 @MoS 2 composite nanofibers. It can be found that the triangular MoS 2 nanosheets firmly embed in the aperture gap of SrTiO 3 nanofibers to form a V-MoS 2 structure. TEM is carried out to further explore the structure of MoS 2 on SrTiO 3 @MoS 2 hybrids, as shown in Figures 1(d)-1(f). From Figure 1(d), the diameter of as-spun nanofibers is about 200 nm, which corresponds to the SEM images. As shown in Figure 1(e), it can be observed that the calcined nanofibers are highly porous due to the different electron penetrability of various positions [37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46]. Figure 1(f) shows the composite nanofibers of SrTiO 3 @MoS 2 , and it can be clearly seen that the MoS 2 nanosheets and porous nanofibers combine tightly. Furthermore, the sample was under ultrasonic treatment for about 15 min before TEM operation, and the MoS 2 nanosheets were still adhered in the nanofibers. is phenomenon can convincingly demonstrate the stability of SrTiO 3 @MoS 2 composite nanomaterials. e mesoporous structure in NFs provided an excellent adhesion environment to form the V-MoS 2 structure [47]. e elemental map is one of the most commonly used techniques to observe the morphology of elements distribution. e SEM mapping of bare SrTiO 3 nanofibers and SrTiO 3 @ MoS 2 hybrids is shown in Figure 2. patterns. e V-MoS 2 delaminated in the porous nanofibers may be due to the crystalline form changed. Interestingly, we can see some heteropeaks in the composite XRD patterns, and we discovered that the heteropeaks can fit well with the elemental sulfur.
us, we inferred that not all the thioacetamide transferred to the MoS 2 , a small amount of thioacetamide transferred to elemental S and adhered to the nanofibers, and causes some heteropeaks.
In order to illustrate the high photoelectric conversion capacity of the SrTiO 3 @MoS 2 composite nanofibers, the mechanism illustration is shown in Figure 4. Under simulate sunlight illumination, the porous SrTiO 3 nanofibers produce photogenerated electrons, and the holes were left in the nanofibers. For the pure SrTiO 3 , the electrons and holes will recombine quickly and decrease the photoelectric performance immensely. However, after composing the V-MoS 2 , the conduction band position of SrTiO 3 is much higher than MoS 2 . e photogenerated electrons will transfer to MoS 2 and restrain the recombine of electrons and holes, which make the electrons more mobile and promote the photoelectric performance. erefore, the V-MoS 2 structure can enlarge the surface area of materials and increase the active sites. In addition, the particular structure can retard the recombination of electrons and holes and then enhance the prolong of photoelectrons.

Optoelectronic Performance Test.
Photocurrents and the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to explore the photoelectric conversion sensitivity and electronic transmission rate of the as-prepared samples. SrTiO 3 @MoS 2 indicates the photocurrent density is 21.4 μA, which is nearly twice higher than the pure SrTiO 3 nanofibers (10.1 μA). ese results can prove that the adhering of MoS 2 improves the conductivity of materials and promotes the electron transfer rate. In addition, the V-MoS 2 nanosheets can increase the surface area of nanofibers and improve the photosensitivity and the separation of photo-induced carriers. It is also worth noting that photocurrent curves show a regular rectangle shape, indicating the stability of composite materials.
e EIS results in Figure 5(b) were applied to confirm the conductivity of the prepared composite. Moreover, the Rct of SrTiO 3 @MoS 2 is lower than that of porous SrTiO 3 nanofibers, indicating that the V-MoS 2 on the nanofibers can accelerate the interfacial transfer and separation of charge carriers and then improve the optoelectronic performance. e use of MoS 2 to improve the

Conclusions
In summary, new SrTiO 3 @MoS 2 composite materials were successfully synthesized. e structure and morphologies of the prepared composite were studied by SEM, TEM, EDX, XRD, I-T curves, and EIS analysis. e large surface area of the obtained SrTiO 3 NFs can provide suitable sites for loading MoS 2 . Under simulate sunlight at a potential of 1.23 V, the prepared composite materials exhibited a superior photoelectric performance of photocurrent density of 21.4 μA and a resistance of 2.3 Ω. is study provides new clues for the preparation of MoS 2 -based composite materials and is widely used in the field of photodetector.

Data Availability
e experimental data used to support the findings of this study are included in the manuscript. e other data are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest
e authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.