SERS Platform Based on Bimetallic Au-Ag Nanowires- Decorated Filter Paper for Rapid Detection of miR-196a in Lung Cancer Patients Serum

Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Clinical Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China +e First Clinical College, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China


Introduction
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, highly conserved, noncoding RNAs that play critical regulatory roles in a range of biological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and immunoregulation [1,2]. e abnormal expression of miRNAs is related to many pathological processes, such as metabolic disorders and immune system dysfunction. Some miRNAs actually function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors in cancers [3]. Many studies have indicated that the expression of miR-196a is significantly upregulated in the serum of different tumor patients and revealed that miR-196a is involved in the proliferation, migration, and invasion of a number of cancer cells (gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, cervical cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and non-small cell lung cancer) [4][5][6][7]. erefore, the detection of miR-196a expression is vital for the diagnosis of tumors. Traditional detection methods for miRNAs, such as Northern hybridization, in situ hybridization, real-time quantitative PCR, and microarray technology, are complex and time-consuming and exhibit low sensitivities, and, thus, they have difficulty meeting the needs of cell sample detection. erefore, it has become an urgent problem to explore a miRNA detection technique using a simple operation with high sensitivity and strong specificity.
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a powerful spectroscopy technique for the quantitative detection of molecules located closely or bounding to the plasmonic metal surface [8,9]. SERS can be used to obtain abundant molecular and structural information to identify biological samples with vibration fingerprints [10]. e detection sensitivity of SERS is similar to fluorescence techniques by as much as 6 to 14 orders of magnitudes higher than conventional Raman spectroscopy [11,12]. Moreover, SERS also has many significant advantages over other technologies, such as its narrow spectral band and weak Raman signal of water, in addition to being nondestructive [13]. erefore, it is suitable for the study of biomolecules in water-containing systems. SERS has shown great research value and the application potential in the field of miRNA detection. Zhang et al. [14] showed that the SERS frequency shift method combined with microcontact printing is a genuine candidate among others in development to offer a cheaper, less cumbersome, and more accurate approach to multiplex assaying of serum microRNAs for the early detection and discrimination of primary liver cancers. Zhu et al. [15] developed an RNA site embedding the DNA-rN1-DNA-mediated SERS frequency shift sensing platform for the first time for the ctDNA assay, which exhibited subfemtomolar-level detection sensitivity. Guven et al. [16] constructed SERS probes using Raman 5,5′-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) and miRNA-21-modified Au nanorods and fixed the DNA chains on the surfaces of the Au substrates to form capture probes, which could be paired with SERS probes to form Sandwich detection structures. With the enhanced performance of the SERS probes and the SERS signal of DTNB, the detection limit of the highly sensitive miR-21 was 0.85 nM. Pang et al. [17] combined SERS with ELISA to detect let-7b in HeLa, MCF-7, and A549 cells with high sensitivity. ey connected let-7b with Cy3 that was modified at the 3′ end to the surface of Fe 3 O 4 @Ag. With the complementary pairing of DNA and let-7b and the restriction endonuclease acting on the complementary double-strand, the "hot spots" between the nanoparticles disappeared and the SERS signal intensity weakened. e let-7b detection could be realized based on the change of the SERS signal, and the detection limit was up to 0.3 fM.
SERS enhancement effects mainly result from two enhancement mechanisms, a strong long-range electromagnetic (EM) enhancement and a weaker short-range chemical enhancement. e EM enhancement arises from localized surface plasmon oscillations on the nanostructured noble metallic substrate under laser excitation with amplified vibrational and rotational Raman modes of the reporter compound positioned within close proximity [18]. To obtain reliable SERS measurements, the substrate materials are vital. Hybrid metal-metal nanostructures have attracted widespread attention. ey integrate two different functions into a single entity with unprecedented performance, which is critical for the further development of nanostructure designs for chemical and biological sensing applications [19,20]. Among the many metal-metal hybrid nanostructures, Au-Ag composites with different structures have been widely used in various fields, especially in the field of SERS sensing. Ag and Au nanoparticles have unique absorption peaks in the visible and near-infrared regions, and their optical properties are adjustable in shape and size [21,22]. Nanoparticles and nanowires are two important materials of SERS nanostructures because of their simple preparation processes. However, due to the mismatch of light dispersion, long uniform metal nanowires cannot be directly coupled with light. When Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) and Ag nanowires (AgNWs) are close to each other, they can be coupled to form hot spots and enhance the Raman signals. AuNPs can act like nanoantennas and light can propagate the plasma coupling between the AuNPs and AgNWs [23]. When the probe molecule is located between the particle and the line, the field enhancement can enhance the Raman scattering signal substantially.
us, Au-Ag nanowires (AgNW@AuNPs) are suitable for the preparation of SERS-reinforced substrates. A variety of methods (e.g., template method, self-assembly, nanosphere lithography, and electrochemical deposition) had been used to assemble nanoparticles on solid substrates to obtain greater sensitivity and signal enhancement.
Recently, by the advantages of low-cost, flexibility, portability, and biodegradation, the preparation of paperbased SERS substrates has been widely interested [24][25][26]. Compared with the traditional solid supports which had shown high reproducibility and sensitivity with suitable nanostructures, the natural fold and fiber structure of paper were beneficial to the uniform distribution of metal nanoparticles and the formation of SERS hot spots [27]. However, the hydrophilicity of filter paper promoted the uniform distribution of metal nanomaterials and also made the sample solution easy to be adsorbed into the filter paper as well as random distribution on a large area, which made the SERS signal of paper-based substrate weaken, with poor sensitivity and reproducibility [28].
ere were many methods to process filter paper, including inkjet printing [29], solution dipping [30], physical vapor deposition [31], but these methods are complex and expensive. In this work, a new synthesis technology of hydrophobic filter paper was proposed. e filter paper was treated with hexadecyl succinic anhydride (HDSA) and the hydroxyl groups on the surface of the filter paper were replaced by long-chain carbene groups of HDSA to obtain hydrophobic filter paper. e homogeneity and repeatability of the matrix were improved by preventing analytes and nanoparticles in HDSAtreated filter paper from being absorbed quickly and reacting with the matrix sufficiently.
Herein, a hairpin DNA-based SERS platform was constructed for the detection of miR-196a. e DNA hairpin sequence was designed complementarily to miR-196a and functionalized with the thiol group at the 5′-end, and 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM) was used as Raman reporter which was labeled on the 3′-end of DNA. e analysis based on the SERS platform is schematically illustrated in Figure 1. e AgNW@AuNPs were prepared by the electrostatic interaction method and subsequently assembled onto the surfaces of filter paper treated by hexadecenyl succinic anhydride hydrophobic (HDSA). e optimal assembly and hybridization time as well as the sensitivity, specificity, uniformity, and reproducibility of the SERS platform were investigated systematically. Based on the hairpin DNA-coupled AgNW@AuNPs substrates, SERS was applied to analyze the miR-196a simultaneously in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and the serum. Finally, the miR-196a expression in serum of lung cancer patients and healthy people was detected by SERS. e feasibility of the SERS was proved by PCR experiments. SERS platform may be used for detecting other cancer biomarkers and it has shown potential for screening multiple cancers. and Na 2 HPO 4 ·12H 2 O), ethanol (CH 3 CH 2 OH), hexadecenyl succinic anhydride (HDSA), filter paper, and ethylene glycol (anhydrous, 99.8%) were bought from Yangzhou Younuo Chemicals Co. Ltd. (China). All the chemicals were utilized in the experiments without any further purification processes. Blood samples were collected from lung cancer patients and healthy people from the clinical medical college of Yangzhou University in Jiangsu Province. e blood samples were divided into two groups: 30 healthy people and 30 lung cancer patients. e age and sample size of the two groups are shown in Table 1. All written consent and moral permission have been obtained. Blood samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm at 4°C for 15 minutes, and the supernatant obtained was preserved at −80°C. e miR-196a, hairpin DNA, miR-10a, single-base mismatch (relative to miR-196a), and PCR kits for miR-196a were purchased from Sangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., as shown in Table 2. All the glassware was cleaned with aqua regia and ultra-pure water.

Preparation of Ag Nanowires.
AgNWs were prepared following a modified method of that presented by Li et al. [20] During the preparation of AgNWs, 10 mL of ethylene glycol (EG) was injected into the beaker at 160°C and stirred for 1 hour. Next, AgNO 3 (4 mL, 0.3 mM) and PVP (5 mL, 0.2 mM) in EG were quickly added to the beaker. e reaction continued until the color of the mixture changed to light gray. Afterwards, the mixture was cleaned by acetone two times and absolute ethanol three times. To give the negative charges on surfaces of AgNWs, PVP was employed as a soft template and surface stabilizer in the preparation of AgNWs [32].

Preparation of AgNW@AuNPs.
First, NaBH 4 (20 mL, 0.15 mM) was dropped to HAuCl 4 (50 μL, 24.3 mM) and stirred vigorously to prepare the AuNPs. After 40 minutes, the AuNPs mixture was kept in a refrigerator of 4°C. Next, 50 μL of the AuNP mixture charged with positively was added in 1 mL of the AgNW ethanol solution charged with negatively at room temperature with strong stirring. After 4 hours, AuNPs were set on the surfaces of the AgNWs. Finally, the prepared samples were cleaned three times with ethanol to remove the unmodified AuNPs on AgNWs.

Synthesis of Capturing Substrates.
To prepare a sensitive and uniform filter paper substrate, 10% hexanol HDSA solution as a hydrophobic agent was sprayed on the surface of the filter paper and placed in an oven at 100°C for 10 minutes. en, the filter paper was cut into 90 mm × 90 mm size and immersed directly in AgNW@AuNPs solution for 24 hours. Finally, the filter paper was dried naturally at room temperature to obtain the substrate. e hairpin DNA immobilization on the AgNW@AuNP substrates is shown in Figure 1. e hairpin DNA-5FAM mixture was incubated at 95°C for 5 minutes and then, they reacted in an ice-water continually for 20 minutes to refine the hairpin structure. In the closed state, 5-FAM was the closest to the surface of the substrate (<1 nm), which conduced to the stronger SERS signal intensity [33]. e purified hairpin DNA in a PBS solution was dropped onto the SERS substrate in the thermotank with a temperature of 25°C as well as a humidity of ∼80%. After 3 hours, the hairpin DNA-modified substrate was put in PBS buffer for about 30 minutes. e resultant hairpin DNA-modified substrate was cleaned by PBS buffer. Also, the hairpin DNA-modified SERS platform was subsequently blocked by a 1% BSA solution to eliminate the nonspecific binding. After washing with PBS, the SERS platforms were obtained.

Detection of miR-196a.
e as-prepared SERS platforms were soaked in a sterile 24-well plate and incubated at 37°C as well as ∼80% humidity for 2 hours to ensure the hybridization of the hairpin DNA and target miRNA. After washing by water, the wet substrate was used to obtain the SERS spectra. Figure 1 shows the SERS detection procedure for the lung cancer-related miR-196a in the cell lysate. After the hybridization of the complementary targets and hairpin DNA, the relative rigid linear DNA-RNA duplexes were obtained by the opening of the configurations of hairpin DNA. Under these circumstances, the Raman labels were separated away from the substrates, which led to a significant decrease in the SERS intensity.
2.6. SERS Measurement. Nile Blue A (NBA) and 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM) were used as Raman labels. e inVia-Reflex Renishaw Raman system at the range of 600-1800 cm −1 , which could obtain an excitation wavelength of 785 nm from a He-Ne laser in line-focus mode with a laser power of 5 mW, was used to collect SERS spectra. e 50× long working distance objective was used to focus on the Journal of Chemistry surface of the sample to a spot by corresponding laser with approximately 2 μm diameter. e spectra were collected in continuous mode with an exposure time of 10 s and accumulated twice using a 1200 mm −1 grating. Ten randomly locations were selected on the SERS platform for each sample to obtain SERS spectra and the averaged SERS spectrum was obtained according to the ten SERS scans.

2.7.
Characterization. Tecnai 12 transmission electron microscope which was operated at an accelerating voltage of 60 kV (Philips) was used to take transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were acquired using an S-4800 II field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) operating at 3.0 kV (Hitachi). e high-resolution TEM images (HRTEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) images were captured by Tecnai G2 F30 S-Twin TEM at 200 kV (FEI) to observe the crystalline structure of the particles.

Characterization of Ag Nanowires and AgNW@AuNPs.
e SEM and TEM were employed to observe the morphology and structure of AgNWs and AgNW@AuNPs. Figures 2(a) and 2(b) indicate that the AgNWs were well dispersed and the surfaces were quite smooth. As illustrated in Figure 2(g), the peaks of Ag shown in the energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) spectrum of the AgNWs     e homogeneous distributions of Au and Ag indicated the AuNPs were uniformly assembled on the surfaces of the AgNWs. Also, the result of energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) proved the composition of AgNW@AuNPs was mainly Ag and a small amount of Au (Figure 2(h)).
It was displayed in Figure 2(i) that the Raman spectra of the NBA, NBA-labeled AgNWs, and NBA-labeled AgNW@ AuNPs were employed to explore the SERS effect of the AgNW@AuNPs. e aromatic ring vibrations resulted in the characteristic peak of NBA at 592 cm −1 [34]. Compared to the slight variation of the SERS signal of the 0.1 M NBA, the SERS signal of the NBA-labeled AgNW was lower than that of the NBA-labeled AgNW@AuNPs, which indicated that the AgNW@AuNPs could enhance the Raman signal intensity better. Figure 2 enhancement effect of the AgNW@AuNPs was verified by enhancement factor (EF), EF � (I SERS /C SERS )/(I RS /C RS ), where I SERS was the SERS intensity obtained for the AgNW@ AuNP colloidal dispersion at a certain concentration (C SERS ) of the analyte, and I RS was the Raman intensity obtained under non-SERS conditions at an analyte concentration (C RS ) [35]. In the course of the experimental, the AgNW@ AuNPs colloidal dispersion was added into the same concentration of NBA solution (2 × 10 −6 M) for 2 hours to gain a final concentration of 10 −6 M. When C SERS was 1 × 10 −6 M and C RS was 0.1 M, a value of EF � 5.03 × 10 6 was obtained.

FDTD Simulation of AgNW@AuNPs.
To reveal the optical properties of the AgNW@AuNPs and confirm the formation of hotspots, distributions of the electromagnetic field were investigated by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations. e simulation region was set as a unit 800 nm × 800 nm × 800 nm in 3Ds. Also, boundary conditions were set as perfectly matched layers (PML) in all simulations. To improve computational accuracy, a refined mesh grid near the structure was set as 0.1 nm in a 3D dimension 130 nm × 100 nm × 100 nm. Total-field scatteredfield (TFSF) linearly polarized light waves, which is polarized in line with AgNWs (X-axis) with a wavelength range of 400-1000 nm, were injected into the unit cell along the Z direction. All geometric parameters for simulations were consistent with the average actual size of the as-prepared samples shown in TEM image (Figure 3(a)) and the substrate was not included. e diameter and length of AgNWs were 68.6 nm and 700 nm, respectively, while the diameter of the decorated AuNPs arrayed on the AgNWs was 7.3 nm and the excitation wavelength was 785 nm. Figure 3(b) shows the simulated local electric field distribution in the X-Z plane. It could be seen from Figure 3(b) that the enhanced electric field was not evenly distributed on the whole surface of AgNW@AuNPs, which resulted in the fact that the coupling effect of surface plasmons made the gaps of the AgNPs and AgNWS appear as hot spots with high electric field intensity.
e above results showed that AgNW@AuNPs had a strong Raman enhancement effect, which was conducive to collecting more biochemical spectral information.

Characterization of AgNW@AuNPs Substrate.
e AgNW@AuNP substrate was fabricated by HDSA-hydrophobic surface-assembly method. e filter paper was treated by the hydrophobic HDSA and the long-chain carbene of HDSA was used to replace the hydroxyl group on the surface of the filter paper, which resulted in the change of filter paper properties so that the analytes and the substrate could react fully. Figure 4(a) shows an SEM image of the AgNW@AuNPs, which indicated that the nanowires aggregated slightly and were evenly distributed on the surface of the filter paper. SERS mapping experiment was taken out after the NBA adsorbed on the surface (1 × 10 −5 M) to research the surface homogeneity of the SERS signal. e scanning range was 70 × 70 μm 2 and the length was 2 μm with the laser power of 5 mW. e characteristic peak at 592 cm −1 was plotted at each grid point on the substrate. As shown in Figure 4(b), the intensity of the 592 cm −1 characteristic peak at each grid point is shown in the color matching scheme from blue (minimum intensity) to green, yellow, orange, and red (maximum intensity). To further verify the uniformity of hydrophobic filter paper substrate, SERS mapping of ordinary filter paper substrate and hydrophobic filter paper substrate was compared (supporting information). According to the comparison between Figures 4(b) and S1, it was shown that although some polymers could still be found, hydrophobic filter paper substrate had a uniform SERS enhancement effect compared with ordinary filter paper substrate. e hydrophobic reagent changed the hydrophilic filter paper from hydrophilic to hydrophobic, which made the sample more evenly distributed on the hydrophobic filter paper matrix and improved the uniformity of the substrate.

Optimal Assembly Time of Hairpin DNA.
e hairpin DNA assembly time determined the amount of hairpin DNA assembled on the nanowire surfaces. Figure 4(c) shows the SERS spectra of 5-FAM which were obtained from different times from 0 to 225 minutes. e characteristic peaks of the 5-FAM at 1334 cm −1 , 1640 cm −1 , and 1184 cm −1 could be clearly identified [36,37]. e SERS intensity at 1334 cm −1 was set as a function of time in Figure 4(d), which showed that when the time was less than 90 minutes, the peaks at 1334 cm −1 increased almost linearly with time, after which the increase gradually slowed until it reached 195 min. e peaks at 1334 cm −1 nearly reached a plateau at 195 min, which indicated that the hairpin DNA had been fixed on the nanowire surfaces with the maximum quantity and achieved the dynamic balance of the hairpin DNA immobilization was achieved. erefore, the best fixed time of the hairpin DNA was 195 minutes.

Optimal Hybridization Time.
e hybridization time of the platform and targets relied on the time when the target miR-196a effectively hybridized with the hairpin DNA, and this time is important for achieving a good performance of the SERS platform [38]. e time-dependent SERS study was carried by using the SERS substrate with the optimal time as mentioned above. e SERS platform was put in miR-196a solution (3 mL, 100 pM) for further hybridization.
e substrate was taken out and slowly cleaned by PBS buffer with SERS measurements immediately every 10 min. e substrate was immersed in the hybridization mixture again and the above process was repeated. As shown in Figure 4 increased longer and finally reached relative stability when the time was more than 120 minutes. e decay of the peak at 1334 cm −1 before and after the SERS platform hybridization with the targeted miR-196a indicated that the hairpin DNA fixed on the substrate maintained perfect hybridization activity for miR-196a; meanwhile, the optimal hybridization time was 120 minutes to obtain the maximum and stable SERS signal change.

Specificity of SERS Platform.
e specificity of the SERS platform was studied by detecting 100 pM noncomplementary miRNA (miR-10a) and single-base mismatch miRNA (listed in Table 2). e relationship between 1334 cm −1 peak and time was obtained according to the same procedure. e results of the noncomplementary miRNA and single-base mismatch miRNA hybridizations are shown in Figure 4(e) which were represented by black squares and red circles, respectively. It could be observed that the peak at 1334 cm −1 changed slightly when the SERS platform was employed to test the noncomplementary miRNA after more than 50 minutes. Similarly, compared to the noncomplementary miRNA, the quenched SERS intensity of the single-base mismatch miRNA was stronger. However, it was obviously lower than that of the complementary miRNA. e complementary detection of miR-196a indicated a monotonic decay at the peak of 1334 cm −1 , and a relatively stable peak was observed at a time of more than 110 minutes. Figure 4(f) indicates that the stable SERS spectra of the platform before and after miRNA hybridization with complementary, noncomplementary, and single-base mismatch for direct comparison. It was clear that characteristic peaks at 1640 cm −1 and 1184 cm −1 were different although these spectra showed similar SERS peaks. e results showed that the SERS platform could effectively and specifically identify the target. Compared with the complementary miR-196a, even the single nucleotide miRNA could not cause the expected changes of SERS intensity.

Uniformity and Reproducibility of SERS Platform.
e uniformity of the SERS platform was an important parameter. e homogeneity of the platform was estimated by testing SERS signals intensity on six random spots of the SERS platform after hybridization with 100 pM miR-196a (Figure 4(g)). e little difference at 1334 cm −1 indicated that the SERS platform had good uniformity (Figure 4(h)). We further studied the reproducibility of the SERS platform. ree platforms were prepared at different times and were utilized to detect the 100 pM miR-196a (Figure 4(i)). e average SERS spectrum was obtained by scanning different points 10 times by SERS for each SERS platform as well as comparing Raman intensities at 1334 cm −1 . As shown in Figure 4(j), the deviation of the peak intensity at 1334 cm −1 was 6.6%. us, the SERS platform was uniform and reproducible which could be used as a candidate material for miRNA detection. In order to better assess the specificity and the sensibility of the SERS platform, SERS was taken to detect miR-196a in healthy people matched for gender and sex. As shown in Figure S2 (supporting information), eight healthy men and eight healthy women were randomly selected from 30 healthy people and their serums were detected by SERS. e deviation of the male group (1-8) was 8.76%, that of the female group (9-16) was 4.65%, and the average deviation between male and female groups was 1.52%. erefore, the platform possessed good specificity and sensibility, which demonstrated the high precision in detection for miR-196a in clinical samples. Figure 5(a), before and after the hairpin DNA hybridization, the SERS spectra of the 5-FAM were obtained at various concentrations of miR-196a from 1 fM to 100 pM (1 fM, 10 fM, 100 fM, 1 pM, 10 pM, and 100 pM) in PBS buffer. It was obvious that the SERS intensities gradually decreased with increasing hybridized miR-196a concentration in comparison with the SERS spectrum before hybridization (black curve, designated as "original"). e SERS intensity of the peak at 1334 cm −1 was set as a function of miR-196a concentration (C miR-196a ) in Figure 5(b) which was shown as a semilog scale, where ΔI � I 0 − I, I was the intensity after hybridization while I 0 was the original SERS intensity. ΔI nearly followed a linear relationship with log[C miR-196a ], and the regression equation could be expressed as y � 1124log [C miR-196a ] + 18001 and R 2 was 0.9705. e LOD was calculated to be 96.58 aM. e application of the SERS platform was further studied by detecting the concentration of miR-196a in serum. By mixing miRNA with the serum, miR-196a solutions were obtained with final concentrations (1 fM-100 pM). e Raman intensities of the peaks at 1334 cm −1 increased proportionally with the concentration of the miR-196a in serum as shown in Figure 5(c). Figure 5(d) shows that the calibration curve of miR-196a exhibited a linear relationship from 1 fM to 100 pM. e regression equation and correlation coefficient were y � 1195.2log [C miR-196a ] + 18987 and 0.9864, and the calculated lowest detectable concentration was 130 aM aM for miR-196a in serum. It exhibited superior performance to the previously reported SERS miRNA platform, and the signal amplification is shown in Table 3.

Detection of miR-196a in PBS and Serum. As shown in
e results indicate that this SERS platform is a very useful analytical tool for the rapid and highly sensitive detection of miRNA biomarkers in serum.

Differentiation of miR-196a Expression in Serum of Lung Cancer Patients and Healthy People by SERS and RT-PCR.
To validate the applicability of the SERS platform in distinguishing miR-196a expression in serum of lung cancer patients and healthy people, serum was directly dropped onto the SERS platform for the detection of miR-196a. eir SERS spectra were obtained by averaging ten different locations on the SERS platform. Figure 6(a) shows the corresponding SERS spectra of the average SERS spectra of miR-196a concentration in serum collected from pure SERS substrate, incubated with serum of lung cancer patients and healthy people. e blank groups represented pure SERS substrate before incubation with the target miRNA, which exhibited a higher SERS intensity than that of lung cancer patients and healthy people because the miR-196a existed in serum which resulted in the hybridized hairpin DNA and the SERS signal weakening. e intensity of the SERS signals from healthy people serum was higher than lung cancer patients for the cause that the expression of miR-196a was downregulated in normal human serum compared with lung cancer serum [45].
e Raman intensities at 1334 cm −1 were entered into the calibration curve equation (Figure 5(d)) to determine the miR-196a concentrations.
e concentrations of the miR-196a in the serum of lung cancer patients and healthy people were 20.19 and 4.98 fM, respectively. Meanwhile, the SERS assay for the miR-196a expression in the serum of lung cancer patients was consistent with the RT-PCR results ( Figure 6(b)). erefore, the prepared SERS platform shows the potential for the rapid and accurate detection of miRNA expression in serum of cancer patients.

Conclusions
In summary, a rapid, accurate, and sensitive SERS platform was developed for the detection of the miRNA biomarkers in the serum of lung cancer patients. FDTD had proved that a strong SERS signal could be produced by hot spots formation in the gaps of AgNW@AuNPs. AgNW@AuNPs were synthesized and assembled onto the surface of HDSA-treated filter paper to prepare SERS substrates. e SERS platform was prepared by immobilizing hairpin-shaped DNA molecules related to miR-196a on an AgNW@AuNP substrate. e results showed that the SERS platform had the advantages of high sensitivity, good specificity, perfect uniformity, and favorable reproducibility. SERS platform could achieve a linear at the range of 1 fM to 100 pM and the LODs were 96.58 aM in the PBS and 130 aM in serum with SERS signal measured after hybridization with the target miR-196a. Finally, the SERS platform was further employed for the detection of miR-196a expression in the serum of lung cancer patients and healthy people. e expression of miR-196a in the serum of lung cancer patients was much higher than that of healthy people. e SERS results were consistent with the RT-qPCR analysis of the miR-196a concentration detection. e hairpin DNA-functionalized SERS platform could be used for the detection of miRNA in serum with the potential for the diagnosis of cancer.

Data Availability
e data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.

Conflicts of Interest
e authors declare no conflicts of interest.