A Low-Cost High-Temperature Sensor Based on Long-Period Fiber/Microfiber Gratings by Local Fictive Temperature Modification

A high temperature-sensitive long-period fiber grating (LPFG) sensor fabricated by the local fictive temperature modification is proposed and demonstrated. High-frequency CO2 laser pulses scan standard single-mode fiber (SMF), and the modification zones extended to the core of SMF. Experimental results demonstrate that the LPFG temperature sensors with 600 μm grating period and 32 period numbers offer the average sensitivity of 0.084 nm/C in the temperature range of room temperature (RM) to 875°C. +e LPFGs fabricated here show exponential change in terms of the spectral wavelength shift versus changes in temperature. In addition, the maximum temperature sensitivity of 0.37 nm/C is achieved by employing long-period microfiber grating (LPMFG), fabricated by the microheater brushing technique and the local fictive temperature modification. LPMFG sensor exhibits better temperature characteristics due to a thinner diameter.

LPFGs with a typical period of hundreds of micrometers provide a suitable method for a number of sensing and communication applications, due to its ease of fabrication, low insertion loss, and higher temperature sensitivity. Among the different techniques available to fabricate gratings, fictive temperature modification different from the traditional point-to point technique is a novel method. e interest of the scientific community results from well establishment and ultra-short fabrication time besides enabling the fabrication gratings in any kind of fiber [24]. Fictive temperature modification is a powerful method for topography formation on fiber. Texture on the surface of fiber can be directly realized via the rapid timescales of heating and cooling of fiber by laser pulses with proper energy [25]. In this work, we demonstrate LPFG temperature sensors in the range of room temperature (RM) −875°C fabricated by the local fictive temperature modification via high-frequency CO 2 laser pulses. Inexpensive standard single-mode fiber (SMF-28) is employed as material for long-period gratings fabrication, and the fabrication time of the temperature sensors proposed is less than 1 s. e experiments show that the temperature sensitivity of the proposed sensor could be effectively improved by fabricating the long-period microfiber gratings (LPMFGs). e maximum temperature sensitivity of the LPMFGs sensors with 32 period numbers and 600 μm grating period can reach 0.37 nm/C, which is 4 times higher than that of LPFG sensors, in the range of 30°C to 80°C.

Theoretical Analysis
e LPFGs can couple the core mode to the forward propagating cladding modes. e resonant wavelength is determined by the phase matching condition as follows: where λ m is the mth-order resonant wavelength at which light propagation in the core mode is coupled to the LP 0m cladding mode, m � 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . n core eff ; n clad,m eff and Λ represent effective refractive indices of core mode and the mth cladding mode and the grating period, respectively.
When the ambient temperature has changed, the effective refractive index of core and cladding will change. e LPFG material temperature expansion leads to the change in the grating period. e temperature sensitivity can be obtained by the chain-rule differentiation of equation (1) with respect to ambient temperature T. e dependence of resonance wavelength against temperature can be written as e first term on right hand side of equation (2) is contributed to relative thermal dependence of effective indices of the core and cladding. It defines dn core /T and dn clad /T as the core and cladding thermo-optic coefficients, respectively. For the proposed LPFGs sensors, the core and cladding with positive thermo-optic coefficients are considered. Figure 1 illustrates the configuration of an experimental system used for fabricating LPFGs by local fictive temperature modification via high-frequency CO 2 laser pulses. Semiconductor laser diode (SLD, orlabs, S5FC1550P-A2) used as the light source with a center wavelength of 1550 nm was connected to SMF-28 as the input port of LPFGs, and the output port of the LPFGs was connected to the optical spectrum analyzer (OSA) (Yokogawa, 6370°C) to ensure successful fabrication of LPFGs. e fabrication of LPFGs by the local fictive temperature modification was performed in a two-step process. Firstly, SMF-28 fixed on two-dimensional translation stages was adjusted to the center of camera field of view using online monitoring system as a component of the local fabrication system. e local fabrication system mainly consists of online monitoring system, two-dimensional translation stages, two-dimensional vibration mirrors, and a commercial CO 2 laser with a Gaussian beam and maximum output power of 100W operated at 1 kHz with a 25% duty factor. Secondly, 32 periods and the grating period of 600 μm patterns of LPFGs were designed by controlling software in order to obtain the required parameters. Based on equation (1), the grating period was selected to be Λ � 600 μm so as to work on the effective wavelength region of the SLD source used in the experiment.

Experiments and Results
e SMF-28 samples were moved to focus rectangular CO 2 laser irradiation zones. e laser beam was scanned by two-dimensional vibration mirrors, and the laser raster scanning was used to produce hexagonally or orthogonal modification zones according to the designed pattern to form LPFGs in this step. Due to the strong performance of two-dimensional vibration mirrors, the fabrication time of LPFGs was less 1 s. Figure 2 shows morphologies of the fabricated LPFGs by the local fictive temperature modification. e surface of morphology of LPFGs was obtained by Leica optical microscope with polarization function (Leica, DM2500). e grating period and the period number were 600 μm and 32, respectively. e fabricated LPFGs appeared very uniform, and the saddle-shaped grooves were carved by CO 2 laser pulses along the fiber axis, as shown in Figure 2.
e modification zones of refractive index extended to the core of SMF-28 gradually to form the modulation of input light.
e free-standing fabricated LPFGs could be affected by environmental factors including physical vibration and bending due to its high sensitivity characteristics. Simply equipped LPFGs is essential using a low RI UV curable polymer ( orlabs) to avoid disturbance in experimental processes influencing sensing results. In brief, two sides of a microscope slide were covered with two regular slides in parallel to create a sensing region. en, other two smaller slides were fixed in the center of two regular slides to support the LPFGs sample in place. UV curable polymer used to fix the samples was exposed under UV radiation (UV LED system, orlabs) for 30 s. e schematic diagram of the temperature sensing experimental setup is illustrated in Figure 3. SLD source and the OSA used were the same as the ones for LPFG fabrication. e transmission spectra of the LPFGs were measured at different temperatures for the grating region ranging from RM to 875°C. e high temperature environment was provided by the microheater (NTT-AT, CMH7019) driven by a tunable DC power supply. e grating region of LPFGs was inserted into the center of the slot of the microheater whose length was enough to cover the entire grating region. e temperature environment increased by increasing the current of the power supply from 0 to 3.5 A with intervals of 0.1 A. Every temperature environment was kept constant for 10 minutes to ensure a stable temperature distribution in the microheater. e transmission spectra were recorded at different temperatures. e relationship between the current and the temperature in the microheater was provided by the manufacturer of the heater. Figure 4(a) illustrates measured spectral responses at different temperatures ranging from RM to 875°C with intervals of 125°C. When the temperature environment increased, the selected dip wavelength of the spectrum experienced a redshift with the measured temperature range.
ese shifts correspond to a temperature-induced spectral shift of about 71.36 nm during the entire measurement process. To obtain the exact relationship between temperature environments and dip wavelength shift, a finer temperature variation experiment was adopted. Figure 4(b) shows the relationship between temperature environment and dip wavelength shift over the temperature ranging from RM to 875°C by heating the LPFG sensors in 25°C steps. e average sensitivity 0.084 nm/C was achieved. e solid line in the figure was the exponential fit of the experimental results, which indicated that LPFG sensors have exhibited a higher sensitivity in the higher temperature range. Moreover, the performance of our LPFG temperature sensor in the cooling process has also been investigated, as shown in Figure 4(b). From the figure, it is clear that they have almost      the same exponential dependence on the temperature. e fit of the experimental data gave a sensitivity of about 0.085 nm/C. e different temperature sensitivity numbers result from the different temperature distribution during heating and cooling processes. In order to investigate the stability of our LPFG temperature sensors in high temperature environment, signal changes with measurement time increasing at 250°C, 500°C, and 750°C are shown in Figure 5. Measured spectral responses during 50 minutes were recorded every 5 minutes. e redshift standard deviation of 0.54 nm at 250°C is larger than that of 500°C and 750°C, while the redshift standard deviation of 0.07 nm at 500°C is smaller than that of 250°C and 750°C. It believes that the discrepancy in dip wavelength shift at the same temperature mainly results from the limited precision in microheater heating controlling. We have reason to believe that LPFGs fabricated by local fictive temperature modification have excellent stability in the entire measurement process, and there is no stability performance degradation in high temperature environment.
As far as we know, reducing the diameter of LPFGs might result in a higher sensitivity. Hence, it is necessary to demonstrate temperature dependence of LPMFGs. In the experiment, microfibers with about 11 μm diameter were fabricated based on the taper drawing system using the microheater brushing technique. e fabrication and package process of LPMFGs were the same as that of the LPFGs. Considering more fragile mechanical stability, the fabricated LPMFGs were put into an airtight container with the function of precise control of temperature to measure the temperature dependence. e SLD source and OSA used were the same as the ones used for LPFG sensing. e transmission spectra of LPMFGs, as shown in Figure 6(a), were measured at different temperatures ranging from 30°C to 80°C. It was observed that, as the temperature increased from 30°C to 80°C, the central wavelength of the spectral dip shifted to a shorter wavelength monotonically. e wavelength shifts versus temperature is clearly plotted in Figure 6(b). e modification zone of the fabricated LPMFGs can be observed in the inset of Figure 6(b). It is clear that wavelength shift changed exponentially with the increase in the temperature, from 30°C to 80°C. e total wavelength shifted from 30°C to 80°C was 7.1 nm, and the maximum sensitivity of 0.37 nm/C was achieved in the temperature range of 30°C to 35°C. e temperature sensitivity achieved in this experiment is 4 times higher than that of the LPFG temperature sensor. From the experimental results, the LPFGs fabricated by the local fictive temperature modification can be applied to the high temperature environment, but the LPMFGs are skilled in sensing of low temperature. erefore, the parallel connection of the two methods can be used to realize the temperature sensing to ensure the measurement accuracy of low temperature.

Conclusion
In the work, a high temperature sensor based on LPFG fabricated by the local fictive temperature modification is demonstrated. Compared with LPFGs fabricated by other methods, the LPFGs demonstrated in the work provide a lower cost, shorter fabrication time, and wider temperature range. e sensor has an average temperature sensitivity of 0.084 nm/C in the range of RM-875°C by exponential fitting, while the maximum temperature sensitivity of LPMFGs is 0.37 nm/C. Moreover, the reason why the temperature sensitivity of LPMFGs can be enhanced is mainly due to the thinner diameter with thermo-optic effect. e high temperature sensor with compact structure and high sensitivity can be applicable to some structure health monitoring and material processing, electrical transformer, petroleum pipeline, and so on.   Data Availability e datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Conflicts of Interest
e authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.