Experimental Design Analysis of Murexide Dye Removal by Carbon Produced from Waste Biomass Material

Laboratory for the Application of Materials to the Environment, Water and Energy (LR21ES15), Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, University of Gafsa, Gafsa, Tunisia Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, University of Gafsa, Gafsa, Tunisia Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Osmaniye 80000, Turkey Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ha’il University, P.O. Box 2440, Hail 81451, Saudi Arabia Organic Chemistry Laboratory (LR17ES08), Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia


Introduction
In recent years, synthetic dyes have been excessively used around the world and have become very common contributors to wastewater effluents from a variety of sectors [1], including discharges from various industries, such as the textile industry [2]. e majority of these dyes represent serious environmental problems through carcinogenic substance accumulation and discharge of toxic elements [3]. In addition, trace amounts of dyes in water may be able to induce allergic dermatitis and cutaneous irritation [4,5]. ere are three types of dyes: anionic, cationic, and nonionic. Anionic dyes are classified as direct, acid, and reactive dyes, whereas cationic dyes can be considered basic dyes [6]. Recently, significant interest has centred on the elimination of dyes from wastewater due to their resistance to biodegradation and their hazardous nature [4]. e high toxicity and solubility of these pollutants require the use of various processes for their removal, such as electrochemical treatment [7], chemical oxidation [8], photocatalysis [9], and adsorption [10]. Adsorption is considered an excellent promising technology simultaneously appropriate and economical for wastewater treatment [11]. Often high adsorption capacity is needed for the best performance for the removal of contaminants [12]. Activated carbon is extensively used as an adsorbent applied for the removal of pollutants due to its large specific surface area and high adsorption capacity.
On the other side, commercially activated carbons are perceived as costly materials because of the use of nonrenewable and relatively costly raw materials, which are inappropriate for use in pollution prevention applications [13].
erefore, there is a need for alternative low-cost materials that do not necessitate additional costly treatment, allowing the adsorption process to be economical and feasible. An efficient adsorption process requires not only the adsorption capacity of the adsorbents but also a consistent availability of the adsorbent precursor for the process. erefore, it is recommended to use low-cost precursors (industrial waste, mineral, or agricultural waste).
Among these precursors, different agricultural biomasses have been used for the production of activated carbon, such as coconut shells [14], orange peels [15], Posidonia oceanica [16], date palm petiole [12], maize tassel [17], and coffee waste [18]. Motivated by the search for a new precursor, prickly pear seed cake has been considered in this study. Prickly pear, the fruit of cactus which grows in abundance in the Mediterranean region, is a popular fruit in north Africa, and it is being extensively used as a food and for cosmetic oils production [19]. Prickly pear seed cake was produced in large quantities as a by-product of the prickly pear seed oil extraction industry. is by-product cake has low economic value and has not been valorised yet, and concerns are growing about its dumping as waste. Consequently, preparing activated carbons with this raw material is an interesting approach in order to valorise this raw material and appropriately manage it. For this purpose, there are currently two activation techniques applied: chemical and physical activation [20,21]. In the present study, a chemical activation method for the production of activated carbon was investigated. Also, the obtained activated carbon was used as an adsorbent for Murexide removal from aqueous solutions. Murexide (C 8 H 8 N 6 O 6 ) is an anionic dye that has been widely applied in several applications [22,23]. Also, this dye is named ammonium purpurate, and it is the ammonium salt of purpuric acid [24]. It is available by heating alloxantine in ammonia gas at 100°C and also by boiling uramil using Mercury oxide. In the dry state, Murexide has the aspect of a red-violet powder that is soluble slightly in water [25]. It is applied as an indicator for complexometric titrations. Due to various uses of Murexide, when used, a huge quantity of Murexide flows into rivers and oceans. As a result, removing the dyes is an essential issue in wastewater treatment [23,26].
Adsorption was performed according to different parameters: pH solution, adsorbent dosage, temperature, contact time, and initial concentration. Adsorption kinetics data were tested by pseudo-first-order and pseudo-secondorder kinetic models. e equilibrium data were analysed using Langmuir and Freundlich models. e surface properties of activated carbon were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area (S BET ), Boehm titration, and pH PZC . Prickly pear seed cake was considered as a raw material for the development of activated carbon based on its availability and physicochemical properties. e prickly pear seed cake employed in this study was furnished by Omega Tunisia Ltd., a company operating in Sidi Bouzid, Tunisia. Prickly pear cake is a by-product of the extraction of oil from prickly pear seeds.

Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon.
Prickly pear seed cake was crushed into small size pieces (≤2 mm). e prepared powder was carbonized at 600 for 2 h under N 2 flow rate (100 cm 3 /min). e activation of prepared carbon was insured by impregnation in H 3 PO 4 with a ratio of 1 : 1 (g H 3 PO 4 /g carbon). Subsequently, the impregnated carbon was thermally activated at 500°C during 1 h. e resulting activated carbon was dried at 105°C and stored in a desiccator. To quantify acidic and basic functional groups on the obtained activated carbons, Bohem titration was applied [12]. e pH of point zero charge (pH PZC ) of the prepared adsorbent was determined using Newcomb's method [27]. To achieve this purpose, 50 mL of 0.01 mol/L NaCl solution was poured into six beakers, and for each beaker, the pH was adjusted to 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12 by adding HCl and NaOH (0.1 mol/L), where necessary. An amount of activated carbon (about 0.2 g) was added to each beaker. After that, all the beakers were stirred for 24 h at room temperature (25 ± 1°C), and the final pH (pH f ) of the solution was measured and plotted against pH i (pH f � pH i ). e pH PZC value was deduced from the intersection of the plot of pH f � f (pH i ) with that of the bisector. e FTIR spectroscopy was recorded over a range from 400 to 4000 cm −1 using KBr pellets (10% solid) in a Shimadzu 8400−S spectrometer with the aim of collecting information about functional groups of the newly prepared activated carbon.
e Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area (S BET ) and pore structure parameters [28] of the adsorbent were acquired from nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements at 77 K using a Micromeritics ASAP 2020 instrument. Before the measurement, activated carbon (40 mg) was degassed at 300°C for 8 h. e SEM photos were obtained with a JEOL JSM-IT 100 type device.

Bath Adsorption Experiments.
e adsorption was carried out in batch mode. Murexide solutions were prepared by dissolving the required amount of the dye in deionized water. e effects of different process parameters such as pH of solution, adsorbent dose, time, initial concentration, and temperature were evaluated. e adsorption of Murexide was followed up by UV/Vis liquid spectrophotometer at a maximum wavelength of λ max � 523 nm. e equilibrium adsorption capacity Q (mg/g) was determined according to [29] where C 0 is the initial concentration (mg/L), C e is the equilibrium concentration (mg/L), V is the volume of solution (L), and m is the weight of the adsorbent (g).

Effect of pH and Adsorbent Dose.
In the adsorption process, pH has a significant role [30]. Many investigations have established that pH is a critical parameter that affects the adsorption capacity of organic compounds [31]. Generally, acidic substances are adsorbed more efficiently at lower pH values, while basic substances are more strongly adsorbed at high pH values [5]. To assess the effect of the initial pH of the solution, the pH of the solution was adjusted over the range 2-10. e adsorbent dose is among the parameters that affect the adsorption capacity directly since it influences the adsorption capacity and enables us to predict the cost of activated carbon per unit of a solution to be treated [32]. In practical terms, 10 mL solution of a given concentration of MX was put in contact with doses of adsorbent ranging from 0.2 to 2 g/L for a predetermined time (180 minutes). Once filtered, the solution was analysed to determine its concentration, which was used to measure the adsorption rate of MX.

Effect of Time and Kinetic Study.
In order to establish the contact time required to reach the equilibrium adsorption of a pollutant on activated carbon, it is necessary to follow the adsorption kinetics of MX in an aqueous solution on activated carbon. e contact time was varied between 0 and 720 min.
Adsorption equilibrium was established for different dyes concentration between 20 and 200 mg/L. e conventional kinetic models, including pseudo-first-order [33] and pseudo-second-order [34], were applied to explain the adsorption mechanism.
e pseudo-first-order model shown in equation (2) and the pseudo-second-order model shown in equation (3) [29] were used for the kinetics study: where Q e and (mg/g) are the adsorption capacity at equilibrium and at time "t," respectively, and K 1 (min 22121 ) and K 2 (g/mg min) are the rate constants for pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order adsorption, respectively.

Adsorption Equilibrium Study.
Adsorption isotherm models are used to describe the behavior of the adsorbent/ adsorbate system and to provide comprehensive explanations on the nature of the interaction between them. In the present study, two theoretical models have been adopted to explain the current phenomenon (Langmuir and Freundlich). Langmuir isotherm model is one of the most frequently used isotherms for the adsorption by activated carbons in order to evaluate the maximum adsorption capacity of an adsorbate on an adsorbent. It requires that adsorption occurs on monolayer coverage of adsorbate over a homogeneous adsorbent surface. Also, this model assumes that adsorption performs on specific homogeneous and energetically identical sites [35].
where Q m (mg/g) is the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity, K L (L/mg) is the Langmuir equilibrium constant related to the adsorption affinity, and C e is the equilibrium concentration. e dimensionless equilibrium constant for the Langmuir isotherm can be expressed as [36] e Freundlich model assumes heterogeneous surface energy.
is model is widely used to describe multilayer adsorption [12]. e nonlinear form of the Freundlich can be expressed as follows:

Journal of Chemistry
where K f is the Freundlich constant (heterogeneity factor), 1/ n is the Freundlich coefficient, n is related to sorption affinity, and K f is related to the adsorption capacity. e materials and methods section should contain sufficient detail so that all procedures can be repeated. It may be divided into headed subsections if several methods are described.

Effect of Temperature and ermodynamic Parameters.
In order to investigate the influence of temperature variation on the adsorption of MX, an amount of adsorbent was mixed with the anionic dye solution until it reached equilibrium, under temperatures of 15, 30, and 40°C, and then filtered and analysed.
e thermodynamic parameters, standard enthalpy variation (ΔH 0 ), the standard Gibbs free energy variation (ΔG 0 ), and the standard entropy variation (ΔS 0 ) were evaluated to confirm the adsorption nature of Murexide dye onto the activated carbon. e thermodynamic constants related to the adsorption will be calculated using the following equations [3]: ln where T is the temperature (K), K L is the Langmuir constant (L/mol), and R is the universal gas constant (8.314 J/mol K).
All adsorption experiments were performed at least twice with the same operating conditions to guarantee the reproducibility of the findings.

Desorption Experiment and Regeneration of Adsorbents.
e regeneration of the exhausted adsorbent was studied to assess the reusability of the adsorbent and thus increase its potential as an economically attractive adsorbent [37]. e chemical regeneration method has the widest application in the separation of the absorbed molecules from the sites of the adsorbent, as it is comparatively rapid and occurs without affecting the pore structure of the activated carbon [38]. A 0.1 M NaOH solution was used in order to regenerate the exhausted adsorbent.
0.1 g of saturated activated carbon with ion dye was treated with 50 mL of 0. 1 mol·L −1 NaOH solution for 12 h. After separation by centrifugation, the treated adsorbent was subsequently washed several times with distilled water and then reused to adsorb 200 mg·L −1 of Murexide in 50 mL of solution. e adsorption/desorption procedure is repeated five times using the same procedure, and the concentrations of MX in the supernatant after centrifugation are measured.

Full Factorial Design of Experiments.
Full factorial experimental design considers all factors simultaneously and has been used largely as an alternative to the conventional experimental design, which treats each parameter separately and changes it one by one. e optimal experimental conditions are established by varying the factors at the same time and by applying several levels of the variables. Factorial designs are commonly used in experiments that consider multiple factors and for which it is necessary to investigate the effect of interaction between factors on the response [2]. However, the factorial design of experiments 2 n requires a reduced number of experiments for multiple factors; as a result, both materials and time used are reduced [39,40]. e factorial design illustrates the impact and influence of each factor on the other factors at two levels [41]. Factors including pH, adsorbent dosage, and initial concentration of dye were considered in this study (Table 2). ese variables with their respective domains were chosen from the literature as well as preliminary experiments.
Design Expert 11.1.2.0 software was used to generate the experimental design and analyse the observed data. A firstorder model with all possible interactions was chosen to fit the experimental data (equation (9)). e goodness of fit of the model was checked by the coefficient of determination R 2 and R 2 adj ; the R 2 value is a statistical measure of how well a model fits the real data points. R 2 values range from 0 to 1, where 1 represents the ideal model.
where A, B, and C refer to the factors of the study and Y is the responses of interest: pH, adsorbent dosage, and initial concentration of dye. Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the combination effect on the adsorption efficiency (Ads%) [32,42].

Results and Discussion
3.1. Activated Carbon Characterization. Surface functional groups have a considerable influence on the process of adsorption. Such functional groups are classified principally into acidic and basic groups [43], affecting both the surface charge of the adsorbent and consequently the adsorption performance [44].
According to the obtained results shown in Table 3, Bohem's titration confirms the presence of acidic groups due to the existence of carboxylic, lactonic, and phenolic groups, as well as the presence of a high number of basic groups. e pH PZC of the adsorbent was 6.8, indicating a relatively acidic nature. is is in accordance with the Bohem titration result, which indicates a predominance of acidic groups on the surface of the adsorbent. ese findings were validated by the FTIR spectrum ( Figure 1). e absorption bands in the range of 3415 cm −1 represent the stretching vibration of the intermolecular and intramolecular O-H band. e absorption band at 1600 cm −1 was attributed to carboxyl groups.
Additionally, the peak of the stretching vibrations of the C-O group is detected at 1030 cm −1 .
Nitrogen (N 2 ) gas adsorption-desorption isotherm of activated carbon was performed to investigate the porous characteristics. e obtained activated carbon has a large specific surface area S BET equal to 551.14 m 2 /g, an average pore diameter in the range of 4.71 (nm), and a total pore volume of 0.159 cm /g. According to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) isotherm classification standard [45], the obtained activated carbon has a mesoporous structure. is mesoporosity provides a favorable structural characteristic of the adsorbent used in this study to eliminate large molecules such as Murexide.
Scanning electron micrograph of the activated carbon is given in Figure 2. It can be seen clearly that the surface of the adsorbent was covered with cavities and pores of different sizes and shapes. e pores walls are filled with many subpores that connect the pores to the inside of the activated carbon prepared. Overall, the development of pores in the obtained activated carbon is a consequence of the decomposition of the sample induced by the activation process with H 3 PO 4 as confirmed by Han et al. [46]. From these observations, it can be considered that the texture of the obtained adsorbent is suitable for the removal of dyes from aqueous solutions.

Effect of pH.
e adsorption of Murexide dye was established at different pH (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10). e variation of the adsorbed amount of Murexide dye as a function of pH is represented in Figure 3(a). e activated carbon adsorbed high quantities of Murexide at low (acidic) pH 2, and its adsorption was gradually decreased with increasing pH.
e obtained results prove that the removal efficiency of MX was maximized for acidic pH. is is explicable on the basis of the zero charge point. It was noted that the acid dye is dissolved in the aqueous medium initially [24], followed by dissociation and conversion to anionic dye ions: e pH PCZ of the obtained activated carbon is 6.8. For lower pH ranges, the surface charge of the adsorbent is predominantly positive [47], which leads to an increase in electrostatic attraction towards anionic dyes and, consequently, an increase in adsorption efficiency [48]. e protonated groups of activated carbon are principally carboxylic (−CO-OH 2+ ) and phenolic (−OH 2+ ) groups (equations (11a) and (11b)) [49]. For a pH above pH PCZ , the charge of the surface of the adsorbent becomes negative. e deprotonated groups of activated carbon are mainly carboxylic (−CO-O − ) and phenolic (−O − ) groups [49].
e large reduction in dye adsorption at highly basic conditions can be attributed to electrostatic repulsion between the negatively charged activated carbon and the deprotonated dye. ese results are in coincidence with these observed by Mall et al. [50].

Effect of Adsorbent Dose.
e influence of the adsorbent dose on the adsorption of MX dye (200 mg/L) was investigated by ranging the adsorbent mass from 0.2 g to 2 g for 1000 mL of volume samples. Figure 3(b) reveals that the adsorption capacity increases with an increased dose of activated carbon. It can be seen that the MX removal efficiency increases from 126.3 to 197.7 mg/g, while the adsorbent dose increases from 0.2 to 2 g/L, the greatest amount adsorbed is 1g/L for MX. is increase in adsorption with the increase in adsorbent dose was due to the availability of more adsorption sites [51]. is result is consistent with the findings reported [52]. Figure 3(c) shows that the amount of adsorbed Murexide increases progressively with time (probably this is explained by the high ratio of vacant surface sites to adsorbate molecules). e equilibrium of the system was achieved in about 180 minutes, which is appropriate for the equilibrium state between the adsorbate and the adsorbent. e investigation of the adsorption of the dye on the activated carbon as a function of time allows us to examine the influence of the contact time on its retention and to describe the mechanism that occurs. For this purpose, two models have been employed to outline the kinetic mechanism of adsorption of Murexide on the adsorbent of interest: the pseudo-first-order (equation (2)) and the pseudo-second-order (equation (3)). e results exposed in Table 4 show that the regression coefficients for the pseudo-second-order model were very close to unity, indicating that the adsorption of MX follows the pseudo-second-order model kinetics. For this purpose, the predicted adsorbed quantities obtained with this model are consistent with the experimental values.

Isotherms Study.
e experimental results were investigated using the Langmuir and Freundlich models. e calculated constants with the linear forms (equations (4), (5), and (6)) are reported in Table 5.
Based on the results of Table 5, the Langmuir isotherm model seemed to be much more adjusted than the Freundlich one. e fitness of the Langmuir model to the adsorption process points that MX was adsorbed on a specific monolayer onto activated carbon [53]. e R L value was found to be in the range from 0 to 1, suggesting the favorable adsorption of MX onto activated carbon [54]. However, n from the Freundlich model was greater than unity, which denotes the favorable sorption of MX onto the activated carbon [55].
Furthermore, the maximal capacities of absorption calculated with the Langmuir isotherm model were 196 mg/ g. e highest capacity of AC for MX is relatively high with respect to the knowledge in the literature, as reported in Table 6.

Adsorption ermodynamics.
e effect of temperature was studied. e adsorption was carried under different temperatures: 15, 30, and 40°C. e results were graphically presented in Figure 3(d). ese findings reveal that the minimum equilibrium concentration of the MX dye corresponds to 15°C. erefore, it can be deduced that heat excitation of the adsorption reaction decreased the adsorption capacities for MX. It is worth mentioning that similar observations were reported by other researchers where the maximum removal of Murexide dye on activated carbon was achieved at a lower temperature [25]. ΔH 0 and ΔS 0 are calculated from the linear plot ln K L � f (1/T) (Figure 4). e obtained results illustrated in Table 7 indicate that the adsorption process on activated carbon occurs in a spontaneous and favorable process (ΔG 0 < 0) [57]. For the adsorption of MX, ΔH 0 values are negative, proving that it is an exothermic process [58]. e positive value of entropy indicates that, during the reaction of MX on AC, the irregularity of MX molecules and adsorbent in the solution increases [59].

Full Factorial Design of Experiments.
e removal of dyes using an adsorbent in a batch test generally relies on multiple factors. ereafter, the simple and common method to study the effect of each factor and look for optimums is to use the one factor at a time (OFAT) approach, also called the univariate method. In OFAT, one single factor is changed at a time, and the rest are fixed. e OFAT method requires more tests and cannot allow interactions estimation between all factors [60]. However, the full factorial method, where more than one variable is changed at a time, is more precise and can detect interactions between variables with less experiment. Using full factorial experiments design in this study, optimum adsorption conditions were obtained as follows pH � 2, m � 2, C 0 � 20 mg/L, and T �15°C (Table 8). e highest adsorption percentage of Murexide dye was 100%. e normal probability plot of the residuals is shown in Figure 5. e normality of the data can be checked by Pseudo-first-order Pseudo-second-order C 0 (mg/L) Q exp (mg/g) Q 1 (mg/g)     Journal of Chemistry 7 plotting a normal probability of residues. It is obvious that, for the adsorption percentage of Murexide, the data points were quite close to the straight line, and this indicates that the experiments originated from a normally distributed population. In addition, a regression analysis was performed to adapt the response function to the experimental data. e effect of one factor is the variation in response that is induced by varying the level of the factor [61]. According to Table 9, pH, C 0 , and T are the most influential factors on the adsorption efficiency (Ads%), with b 1 � −22.16, b 3 � −6.67, and b 4 � −7.13, for pH, C 0 , and T, respectively.
It can also be noted that adsorbent mass "m" has a positive effect on Ads% (b 2 � 5.29). A significant interaction was found between the pH and C 0 for the Ads% with a negative effect (b 13 � −1.75).
Journal of Chemistry e analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to assess the significance of the curvature in the responses at a confidence level of 95%. e interactions 2nd and 3rd orders between the different process parameters were considered insignificant. Next, the model, associated with the factors level and adsorption capacity, was generated by replacing the regression coefficients into Ads% � +65.29 − 22.16 × pH + 5.29 × m − 6.68 e ANOVA results revealed that the equation sufficiently describes the actual relationship between the response and the factors with a linear regression coefficient R 2 � 0.9857 and adjusted coefficient determination R 2 adj � 0.978 (Table 10). e predicted determination coefficient R 2 pred of 0.963 is in reasonable agreement with R 2 adj (the difference is less than 0.2). Value of p-value prob > F was less than 0.05, indicating that the model terms are significant. In addition, large values of the F-value and reduced values of p-value prob > F confirm the significant effect of the corresponding variables [62,63]. e relatively low value of the standard deviation (Std. Dev. � 3.79) demonstrates the small difference between the experimental and predicted values and also confirms the validity of the acquired model [64]. e mathematical model for the determination of the percentage of adsorption removal was applied to build response surfaces and to optimize the conditions of the adsorption process. Figure 6 illustrates the 3D response surface plots for the most significant interaction between the parameters of the process.
For Ads%, the best significant interaction was pH-initial concentration (pH-C 0 ). e Ads% increased with decreasing pH and C 0 ( Figure 6). en, a greater Ads% appeared at pH � 2 and C 0 � 20 mg/L. e m was fixed at 2 g/L and the temperature at 15°C.
A desirability function approach has been frequently applied in multiresponse optimization due to its simplicity ( Figure 7). All variables were considered equally important, and thus the values for the response variables were set to one. e maximum value of the desirability function (1.000) was obtained at pH � 10.82, m � 0.99 g, C 0 � 96.01 mg/L, and T � 20°C. Moreover, under these conditions, the predicted response for the Ads% was 52.72%.
To find optimal conditions for the adsorption process of MX onto the activated carbon, model predictions values were compared to experimental data. e correlations between predictions and experimental responses indicated correspondence between the mathematical model and the experimental data. erefore, it can be deduced that pH has the most significant effect on the adsorption process. Increasing the pH leads to a reduction in the adsorption capacity of MX on the activated carbon. e coefficient was the strongest negative for the model equation (8). e second significant factor affecting the performance of the batch adsorption process was the adsorbent dose. Its positive coefficient indicates that the adsorption efficiency of AC was favored over an adsorbent dosage of 2 g/L. A higher adsorbent dose produced an increase in the percent of the elimination of the MX dye, as the increased adsorbent dose furnished an adequate surface area for adsorption. e third significant parameter was the initial concentration of MX. e surface and the active sites of the adsorbent may become saturated at increased concentration; thus, the adsorption capacity (%) is reduced with increasing initial MX concentration. e interaction between pH and C 0 was the fourth significant factor. is interaction had a negative coefficient; consequently, a reduction in the pH value of the solution combined with a reduced dose of the adsorbent induced an     Figure 9: Proposed mechanism of adsorption/desorption of Murexide on activated carbon. increase in the removal efficiency (%). In the same way, for the fourth factor, the adsorption capacity decreases as temperature increases; this is also an appropriate factor in the regeneration of activated carbon.

Regeneration Study.
In this section, we discuss the results of the regeneration experiment. e results illustrate that, after each regeneration cycle, the adsorption capacity of MX was reduced, as presented in Figure 8. During the first cycle of regeneration, the percentage of MX removal (Ads%) was 99.6%, but after five cycles of regeneration, the efficiency dropped to 42.4%, suggesting that the regenerated adsorbent retains a high potential for MX removal and is suitable for repetitive usage. As a result, it will be economically productive, and it is very important for commercial applications to reduce secondary pollution in wastewater processing. e decrease in performance may be explained by the residual of MX molecules inside the pores of the adsorbent [65,66]. In the basic medium, which is the addition of NaOH in the above situation, the surface of the adsorbent is deprotonated [67]. us, the number of negatively charged sites increases, and the number of positively charged sites decreases, leading to a repulsive force between the anionic dye and the adsorbent (Figure 9), as confirmed previously by the study of the effect of pH on the adsorption process of MX. e presence of an excess of OH�ions destabilizes the anionic dye MX and favors the desorption phenomenon, consequently the possibility of reuse of the regenerated adsorbent [68,69].

Conclusion
Activated carbon produced by chemical activation of prickly pear seed cake with H 3 PO 4 was able to remove Murexide dye molecules from aqueous solutions. Maximum adsorption of MX occurred at low values of pH, and adsorption capacity (%) also increased with increasing adsorbent dosage. Adsorption kinetics follows the pseudosecond-order model and fits the Langmuir model suggesting that the adsorption is a monolayer phenomenon, which probably occurs on energetically homogeneous sites. Also, the influence of pH (2-10), adsorbent dose (0.2-2 g/ L), initial dye concentration (20-200 mg/L), and temperature (15-40°C) on adsorption efficiency (Ads%) was designed by using experimental design methodology. It was discussed based on analysis of variance (ANOVA). e results of the desorption studies show that the adsorbent exhibits excellent regeneration performance and high adsorption capacity after five cycles.
According to the obtained findings, activated carbon, produced by the chemical activation of prickly pear seed cake, could be used as an effective and low-cost adsorbent to decrease the concentrations of dyes in wastewater. e results of this research highlight the importance of recycling agricultural waste to decrease environmental contamination and conserve natural resources. is encourages researchers to conduct further investigations in this area.

Data Availability
e data used to support this study are included within the article.

Conflicts of Interest
e authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.