Journal of Diabetes Research
Volume 2016 (2016), Article ID 2358321, 5 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2358321

Research Article

Fibrinogen: A Marker in Predicting Diabetic Foot Ulcer Severity

X. H. Li,¹ L. Y. Guan,¹ H. Y. Lin,¹ S. H. Wang,¹ Y. Q. Cao,² X. Y. Jiang,³ and Y. B. Wang²

¹Health Management Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
²Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
³Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China

Received 12 August 2016; Accepted 10 November 2016

Academic Editor: Andrea Flex

Copyright © 2016 X. H. Li et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Aims. To examine whether fibrinogen levels are a valuable biomarker for assessing disease severity and monitoring disease progression in patients with diabetic foot ulcer (DFU). Methods. A retrospective study was designed to examine the utility of fibrinogen in estimating disease severity in patients with DFU admitted to our hospital between January 2015 and January 2016. In total, 152 patients with DFU were enrolled in the study group, and 52 age and gender matched people with diabetes but no DFU were included as the control group. DFU severity was assessed using Wagner criteria. Results. Patients with DFU were divided into 2 subgroups based on the Wagner criteria. Mean fibrinogen values were significantly higher in patients with DFU grade ≧ 3 compared to those with DFU grades 1-2 (5.23 ± 1.37 g/L versus 3.61 ± 1.04 g/L). Using ROC statistic, a cut-off value of 5.13 g/L indicated the possible amputation with a sensitivity of 81.8% and a specificity of 78.9% (positive predictive value [PPV] 78.6%, negative predictive value [89.0%]). Fibrinogen values were found to be correlated with CRP levels, neutrophil, and WBC count. Conclusions. Fibrinogen levels might be a valuable tool for assessing the disease severity and monitoring the disease progression in patients with DFU.

1. Introduction

Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is the complication of diabetes that impacts heavily on cost and quality of life of the people with diabetes. It is known that DFU remains the most common cause of nontraumatic lower extremity amputation [1–3]. It has been reported that the prevalence of DFU in the hospitalized patients ranging is from 4 to 10% and the risk of patients with diabetes developing a foot ulcer in their lifetime could be as high as 25% [4]. Early assessment of DFU in people with diabetes is crucial and still remains a difficult challenge for clinician.

In DFU, inflammatory events impair the wound healing process and polymorph nuclear neutrophils proliferation enhances tissue damage until chronic wounds develop. A DFU characteristic feature is an acute-phase reaction prolongation [5]. Acute-phase reactants C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cell (WBC), neutrophil count, and platelet are commonly used as a predictor of amputation in the patients with DFU but have only modest accuracy in reflecting DFU disease severity [6, 7].

Another simple and effective marker of inflammation is acute-phase protein, fibrinogen, which has been estimated to be increased in patients with diabetic foot disease [8]. Although it has been demonstrated that patients with DFU have higher fibrinogen levels than those without ulcers [8, 9], more accurate investigation needs to be done to answer whether fibrinogen levels may be valuable to forecast the sequences in diabetic foot disease. The aim of this study was to examine the prognostic value of fibrinogen levels to monitor disease progression in the patients with DFU.

2. Methods

2.1. Study Participants

This retrospective study evaluated the diagnostic value of fibrinogen levels for disease severity in 152 DFU inpatients admitted to the Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University from January 2015 to January 2016. The control group consisted of 52 people with diabetes who were admitted for diabetic complication rather than DFU, age and gender matched participants (male/female: 33/19). Although 206 patients with DFU were retrospectively reviewed, only 152 met study inclusion criteria, as they had a completed blood count with leukocyte differential and fibrinogen performed before initialing any treatment and also had medical records available. All 152 patients with DFU also fulfilled the following criteria: no prior treatment with corticosteroids; no hematological or neoplastic disorders.

DFU were graded according to Wagner’s classification [10]. Grade 1: superficial ulcers not involving the tendon, capsule, or bone; grade 2: deep ulcers penetration to tendon or joint-capsule; grade 3: deep ulcers with abscess of osteomyelitis; grade 4: localized gangrene; grade 5: extensive gangrene requiring a major amputation.

2.2. Study Measurement

The data of age, sex, disease duration, and other medical history were extracted from hospital database. The physical examination comprised blood pressure (BP) and anthropometric measurements, including height, weight, and BMI. BMI was calculated as weight (kg) divided by height (m)². The venous blood was drawn after 12 hours overnight fasting for examining of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Completed blood count, fibrinogen, and CRP were also recorded for each participant once admitted in hospital. Plasma fibrinogen was measured by immunoturbidimetric assay, and all the completed blood counting analysis was performed in the hematology laboratory of our hospital.

2.3. Statistical Analysis

Data analysis was performed by using SPSS 19.0 for Windows. The distribution of the different variables was examined for normality by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Data are expressed as mean and standard error or percent. Variables with nonnormally distribution are expressed as geometric mean (95% confidence interval). All normally distributed data were analyzed using Student’s t-test to evaluate differences in mean and chi-square test to evaluate differences in proportions. Data found to be nonnormally distributed were analyzed using Mann–Whitney U test for independent subgroups and the Wilcoxon test for dependent subgroups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to identify optimal cut-off values of fibrinogen, CRP, WBC, and neutrophil of amputation in the patients with DFU. Spearman’s correlation analysis was done between fibrinogen and other inflammation markers. A value of less than 0.05 was deemed statistically significant.

3. Results

The demographic and laboratory features of our DFU population (95 males and 57 females) and control group (33 males and 19 females) are summarized in Table 1. The mean age of the DFU and control groups was years and years, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between the ages of the study participants. The mean fibrinogen values in patients with DFU and controls were  g/L and  g/L, respectively (). Inflammatory marker WBC and neutrophil were found to be significantly elevated in patients with DFU compared to controls. No significant differences were observed with respect to the levels of platelet between study group and control group.

Table 1: Demographic and laboratory features of patients with patients and controls.

DFU patients ()
Control group ()
value

Age (years)

62.0 ± 10.3
0.054

Gender (F/M)
57 (37.5%)/95 (62.5%)
19 (36.5%)/33 (63.5%)
0.902

Duration of diabetes (years)
12.8 (11.6, 14.1)
11.3 (8.8, 13.7)
0.249

Smoking (%)
37.40%
38.90%
0.781

Drinking (%)
35.00%
30.60%
0.7

BMI (kg/m²)
25.09 (24.28, 25.90)
25.21 (22.17, 28.25)
0.941

SBP (mmHg)
145.5 ± 22.7
140.8 ± 18.6
0.262

DBP (mmHg)
79.0 ± 15.8
83.7 ± 10.8
0.099

FBG (mmol/L)
7.6 (7.1, 8.1)
8.2 (7.2, 9.3)
0.277

HbA1c (%)
8.56 (8.18, 8.94)
8.54 (7.13, 9.95)
0.975

Hemoglobin (g/L)
123.4 ± 21.7
139.2 ± 18.3
<0.0001

WBC (×10⁹/L)
8.3 ± 3.8
6.7 ± 1.8
<0.0001

Neutrophil (×10⁹/L)
6.00 ± 3.61
3.79 ± 1.27
<0.0001

Platelet (×10⁹/L)
255.8 ± 79.5
233.5 ± 62.1
0.127

Fibrinogen (g/L)
4.50 ± 1.49
3.01 ± 1.07
<0.0001

Data were means ± SD or medians (interquartile range) or proportions for categorical variables. DFU: diabetic foot ulcer; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; BMI: body mass index; FBG: fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; WBC: white blood cell.

Table 2 shows mean fibrinogen values and the other inflammatory markers of study participants in the study. The total of 152 patients with DFU consisted of 80 with DFU grades 1-2 and 72 with DFU grade ≧ 3. In the group of DFU grade ≧ 3, fibrinogen values were found to be elevated compared to the group of DFU grades 1-2 and controls ( g/L,  g/L, and  g/L, resp.) () (Figure 1). Significant differences were observed with respect to the levels of CRP, WBC, and neutrophil count between study participants.

Table 2: Comparison of fibrinogen and other inflammation markers between patients with DFU (grades 1-2) and DFU (grade ≧ 3).

DFU1 ()
DFU2 ()
value

WBC (×10⁹/L)

<0.0001

Neutrophil (×10⁹/L)

<0.0001

CRP (mg/L)

<0.0001

Fibrinogen (g/L)

<0.0001

DFU1: diabetic foot ulcer (grades 1-2); DFU2: diabetic foot ulcer (grade ≧ 3); WBC: white blood cell; CRP: C-reactive protein.

Figure 1: Box-plot representation of fibrinogen in patients with DFU grades 0-1 (DFU1) and DFU grade ≧ 2 (DFU2) and patients without DFU (control).

Spearman correlation analysis indicated a significant correlation of fibrinogen with CRP (, ), neutrophil (, ), and WBC (, ) (Table 3). In patients with DFU grade ≧ 3, further analysis was also done between patients with CRP levels ≦ 10 mg/L and patient with CRP levels > 10 mg/L. A total of 21 patients with DFU grade ≧ 3 were found to have CRP levels ≦ 10 mg/L. Mean fibrinogen values of patients with DFU grade ≧ 3 and CRP levels > 10 mg/L () were found to be higher ( g/L) than those with DFU grade ≧ 3 and CRP ≦ 10 mg/L ( g/L). Both of these levels were significantly higher than the group of patients with DFU grades 1-2 ( g/L) ().

Table 3: Spearman correlation coefficients between fibrinogen and other inflammation markers in patients with DFU.

CRP
WBC
Neutrophil

Fibrinogen

0.705
0.616
0.614

<0.0001
<0.0001
<0.0001

WBC: white blood cells; CRP: C-reactive protein.

During study period, 37 patients with DFU grade ≧ 3 and higher fibrinogen level ( g/L) had to undergo major or minor amputation due to poor wound healing. ROC curve analysis suggested that the optimum fibrinogen cut-off point for amputation in the total of 152 patients with DFU was 5.13 g/L, with sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of 80.9%, 82.6%, 78.6%, and 89.0%, respectively (AUC: 0.858) (Figure 2). The overall accuracy of fibrinogen in the determination of amputation was 83.6%. The same analysis for CRP, neutrophil, and WBC is summarized in Table 4.

Table 4: Overall accuracy and ROC analyses of fibrinogen and other markers of inflammation to predict amputation from DFU.

Cut-off
AUC
Sensitivity (%)
Specificity (%)
NPV (%)
PPV (%)
ACC (%)

Fibrinogen
5.13
0.858 (0.767, 0.950)
80.9
82.6
89.0
78.6
83.6

CRP
28.18
0.812 (0.684, 0.941)
73.7
89.1
87.9
67.6
80.1

WBC
9.87
0.765 (0.643, 0.888)
57.9
84.8
78.2
41.9
70.2

Neutrophil
7.86
0.771 (0.653, 0.888)
52.6
89.1
78.6
50.0
73.8

AUC: area under curve; ACC: accuracy; NPV: negative predictive value; PPV: positive predictive value; WBC: white blood cells; CRP: C-reactive protein.

Figure 2: Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of fibrinogen versus other inflammation markers in predicting amputation for patients with DFU.

4. Discussion

In this study, we evaluated fibrinogen as a marker of disease severity in patients with DFU. Our findings revealed that people with diabetes and DFU have elevated fibrinogen in comparison with people with diabetes but no DFU. An elevated level of fibrinogen was found to give high sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values in patients with DFU, which suggests a superiority of fibrinogen to CRP. CRP levels > 10 mg/L may reflect acute inflammation [11]. In our study, elevated fibrinogen values found in both groups of DFU grade ≧ 3 with and without elevated CRP levels prove that fibrinogen can be considered as an independent diagnostic marker for estimating disease severity, irrespective of CRP levels. The predictive superiority of fibrinogen that was found in our study can be attributed to its more stable nature compared to CRP.

Complications of foot ulcers are the major cause of hospitalization and amputation in the people with diabetes leading to significant health care costs as evidenced by the fact that 20–40% of health care resources are spent on diabetes-related diabetic foot [12]. In this study, the length of hospital stay for the patients undergoing amputation ( days) was significantly longer than that for the DFU patients without amputation ( days) (data not shown). It is therefore crucial to find effective markers for the assessment of disease severity and also for the tailoring of therapy. Although clinical, radiologic, and laboratory indices are used to assess disease severity in patients with patients, a great number of methods have also been investigated for DFU diagnosis and determination of disease severity [6]. Moreover, despite the role of inflammatory reaction in DFU pathogenesis, few data exist on the role of systemic inflammation in patients with DFU [13]. This study was designed to evaluate the role of fibrinogen, an acute-phase protein, in estimating DFU severity in conjunction with other clinical and biochemical severity indices.

Although there is no ideal single serum marker for predicting disease severity, WBC count, neutrophils count, platelet count, and CRP levels are used in routine clinical practice for determining DFU disease procession [3, 14]. These parameters can change according to the degree of the inflammation state, but they do not adequately reflect disease severity because of lacking data on their sensitivity and specificity. CRP seems to be more promising for predicting DFU severity and the outcome of treatment. A study by Lin et al. [15] studied 85 people with diabetes and a total of 90 infected limbs treated by percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA). It has been found that limb salvage was successful in 66 cases while 24 underwent subsequent amputation. The study showed that the optimum cut-off CRP level in the major amputation group before PTA in patients with DFU was calculated to be 50 mg/L with a sensitivity and specificity of 70.7% and 81.8%, respectively, and concluded that the reduced CRP levels may serve as a major predictor of successful PTA outcome in people with diabetes and infected foot ulcers. More recent study reported that the cut-off CRP level in people with diabetes for the diagnosis of osteomyelitis is 14 mg/L with a sensitivity and specificity of 85% and 83% [3]. In the present study, the cut-off CRP level for estimating the amputation is 28.18 mg/L with overall accuracy of 80.1% (sensitivity 73.7%, specificity 89.1%).

Fibrinogen, an inflammatory marker, a major coagulation protein in the blood, and an important determinant of blood viscosity and platelet aggregation [16, 17], is a risk factor for vascular events [18]. Study by Kunutsor et al. [19] suggests that fibrinogen is positively, long-linearly, and independently associated with risk of sudden cardiac death. Apart from inflammatory processes, fibrinogen may also play a role in endothelial injury [20], the formation of low permeability fibrin clot [21], thrombosis [22], abnormalities of blood flow [23], and platelet hyperactivity [24] and contribute to the development of subclinical atherosclerosis [25]. Fibrinogen has recently been generally investigated in arterial coronary arterial disease and peripheral artery disease in people with diabetes [26, 27]. Data suggested that patients with diabetic foot disease have higher fibrinogen levels than those without ulcers [9]. Our data revealed a significant association between fibrinogen and DFU disease severity as reflected by amputation. Moreover, based on the finding of our study, we believe that a standardized cut-off value for fibrinogen in estimating DFU disease severity is crucial, as well as initial evaluation. Because of the need for starting an optimal treatment as soon as possible, elevated fibrinogen levels can give a significant clue to the clinician for estimating DFU disease severity.

Our study has several limitations. First, the present findings were based on analyses using a historical cohort; however, the patients were consecutively added to the cohort. Second, we did not evaluate time-dependent changes in plasma fibrinogen during the treatment period. Third, the number of the study subjects was relatively small. Fourth, this study was carried out in a single urban university hospital with limited representation, which may not be representative of the entire Chinese population with DFU.

In conclusion, the present study has demonstrated that fibrinogen levels are significantly elevated in patients with DFU and are correlated with clinical and laboratory indices. Fibrinogen in conjunction with other inflammatory markers may estimate DFU disease severity. If our data can be confirmed with further trials, we believe that a standardized cut-off value for fibrinogen would facilitate monitoring the disease progression. We therefore suggest that fibrinogen, as an inexpensive and easily applicable test, is a valuable tool for a rapid assessment of DFU disease severity to take timely and effective treatment.

Competing Interests

The authors certify that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this article.

Authors’ Contributions

X. H. Li and L. Y. Guan contributed equally to this study.

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