Implementation of Static Line Voltage Stability Indices for Improved Static Voltage Stability Margin

Nowadays, the changes of economic, environment, and regulations are forcing the electric utilities to operate systems at maximum capacity. +erefore, the operation and control of power system to improve the system stability has been receiving a great deal of attention. +is paper presents an approach for enhancing the static voltage stability margin and reducing the power losses of the system with voltage security-constrained optimal power flow (VSC-OPF) that is based on static line voltage stability indices. +e control approaches incorporate the voltage stability criteria into the conventional OPF.+eminimization of the summation of fast voltage stability index (FVSI), line stability index (Lmn), and line voltage stability index (LVSI) is used as the objective functions. +e performance and effectiveness of the proposed control approaches are evaluated on the standard IEEE 30-bus, 57-bus, and 118-bus test systems under normal and contingency conditions. +e comparison analysis is carried out with different cases including minimization of generation cost. +e proposed control approaches indicate the promising results and offer efficient countermeasures against the voltage instability of the system.


Introduction
Voltage instability is recognized as the major sources of power system insecurity, for which several partial or full power interruptions have been related to this problem.Nowadays, electric power systems have been operating closer to their stability limit.Hence, this problem is a great challenge for power system stability and control [1][2][3][4][5].e main factor causing instability is the inability of the power system to transfer reactive power to load, which can be avoided by enhancing the static voltage stability margin.One effective approach is to control the system parameters by formulating the voltage stability issue into the conventional optimal power flow (OPF) problem.us, there is renewed interest to develop the voltage security-constrained optimal power flow (VSC-OPF) approach, ensuring the system is operating at a secure level [4][5][6][7][8].
In the literature, the voltage stability criterion is incorporated into the OPF formulation with different approaches.
ese can be classified into two categories, i.e., voltage stability objective function and constraint.For the objective function to improve stability margin, several studies have introduced bus voltage indices into the OPF problem, which has been an efficient method for enhancing the voltage stability.One example is the objective function to minimize the sum of the squares of L-index, which can provide the optimal setting of various control devices against voltage collapse [8].e modified objective function based on the L-index enhances the voltage stability margin for normal and contingency conditions in some research studies [9][10][11][12][13]. e minimal eigenvalue of the nonsingular Jacobian matrix improves the voltage stability [14,15].e system loadability was formulated into a multiobjective optimization technique; the problem formulation is to minimize the generation cost and maximize the voltage security margin [16,17].Other voltage stability indicators have been proposed to approximate the distance to voltage collapse, and these were incorporated into the objective function [18][19][20].
With respect to incorporation of the voltage stability constraint, many other studies have reported that it can control the system in a secure manner.e reactive reservebased contingency constrained optimal power flow (RCCOPF) concept was formulated as the reactive reserve constraint to improve the voltage stability margin of postcontingency states [21].
e L-index was adapted as the voltage stability constraint to maintain the voltage level in an economical way [22,23].e voltage security-constrained OPF (VSC-OPF) formulation that incorporates margin enhancement constraints (MEC) was proposed in [24] to control the reactive power for the given voltage stability criteria.e minimum load increase for system instability was considered in terms of the voltage stability margin (VSM), which was used as the constraint for the OPF problem when rescheduling the generation and adjusting the contact transactions for an independent system operator (ISO) [25].Load impedance modulus margin (LIMM) was employed for the first time for VSC-OPF as a complementary voltage stability constraint [26].A minimum singular value (MSV) was developed into VSC-OPF model based on semidefinite programming (SDP) relaxation [27].e incorporation of line voltage collapse index (VCI) was proposed for line-wise optimal power flow as the set of voltage stability constraint and objective function [28].
Few studies have used the line voltage stability indices in the OPF problem.
e VSC-OPF approach based on the voltage collapse proximity indicator (VCPI) has been presented and included in OPF formulation in two ways, the proposed objective function and constraint [29].e fast voltage stability index (FVSI) was proposed as an objective function to identify the best location of an unified power flow controller (UPFC) with the goal of enhancing the voltage profile and minimizing system losses [30].e line stability index (LQP) was incorporated in the OPF formulation as an objective function for finding the optimal location of the static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) and static VAR compensator (SVC) [31].Line voltage stability index (LVSI), operating cost, and emission effects were proposed as the objective function of stochastic optimal power flow problem with the presence of uncertain wind power generations [32].Five voltage stability indices (VSIs), i.e., L-index, fast voltage stability index (FVSI), line stability index (L mn ), online voltage stability index (LVSI), and voltage collapse proximity indicator (VCPI), were employed in VSC-OPF to compare their performances [33].
As previously mentioned, incorporation of the static line voltage stability indices into the OPF problem has not extensively been investigated.Moreover, these indices provide accurate information about the proximity to voltage collapse.Both voltage variation and power are incorporated into the indices [29].For this reason, the strong performance of the static line voltage stability indices motivated the authors of this study to investigate the voltage securityconstrained optimal power flow (VSC-OPF) based on static line voltage stability indices.
is study is focused on incorporating the static line voltage stability indices into the conventional OPF formulation to improve the static voltage stability margin and power losses of the system.e fast voltage stability index (FVSI), line stability index (L mn ) and line voltage stability index (LVSI) are used for the proposed approaches.e OPF objective functions are based on the minimization of the total sum of the indices.e performance and effectiveness of the proposed control approaches are investigated under both normal and contingency conditions, and they are compared with different cases, including minimization of generation cost.Furthermore, this paper is organized as follows.Section 2 provides a description of the FVSI, L mn , and LVSI indices.
e OPF problem formulation with consideration of the voltage stability is given in Section 3.
e OPF computational algorithm is described in Section 4. Section 5 explains the implementation of the proposed algorithm.In Section 6, interesting results are presented and interpreted.Finally, major contributions and conclusions are stated in Section 7.

Static Line Voltage Stability Indices
Static line voltage stability indices are formulated based on the power transmission concept of a two-bus system.A single line of the two-bus system is illustrated in Figure 1.
ese indices incorporate the voltage stability index for each line connection between two bus bars.P r is the real power at the receiving end.Q r is the reactive power at the receiving end.V s and V r are the voltages at the sending and receiving ends.δ s and δ r are the phase angles at the sending and receiving buses.Z is the line impedance.R is the line resistance.X is the line reactance.θ is the line impedance angle.

Fast Voltage Stability Index (FVSI).
Musirin [34] proposed the fast voltage stability index (FVSI).is index is formulated from the voltage quadratic equation of the twobus system, as shown in Figure 1.FVSI is based on the concept of power flow through the line of the network and defined as follows: An FVSI less than 1.00 indicates a stable condition.If the FVSI is close to 1.00, the particular line is close to instability.If the FVSI goes beyond 1.00, the bus voltage will suddenly drop, resulting in system collapse.

Line Stability Index (L mn ).
e line stability index (L mn ) was proposed by Moghavvemi [35].It is derived from a concept that is similar to the FVSI as presented in Figure 1.
e value of the L mn index can be calculated as follows: It is defined δ � δ s − δ r .To identify the voltage stability of each line, the interpretation is similar to the FVSI.e line is close an unstable condition when the L mn index is close to 1.00.If the value is greater than 1.00, the system will experience voltage collapse.

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Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2.3.Line Voltage Stability Index (LVSI).Naishan et al. [36] formulated the line voltage stability index (LVSI).is index is similar to the L mn index, but it is derived from the relationship between the reactive power at the receiving end and voltage at the sending end.e LVSI formulation is given as follows: e LVSI is used to identify the system conditions that are similar to the FVSI and L mn index as previously mentioned.
All static line voltage stability indices use a combination of system variables and elements of the admittance matrix, which is simple and requires less computation.In addition, the limits of the system elements, such as the VAR limits of the generators, can be considered in the analysis.erefore, these indices are exible to simulate any type of load pattern and system network.One disadvantage of such indices is the limitation in the estimation accuracy.ey only express the critical lines.However, based on equations (1) to (3), if the total sum of the indices is formulated as the objective function of the OPF problem, the lower index values result in the better enhancement of voltage stability margin.

Problem Formulation
e optimal power ow (OPF) aims to identify the optimal solution for an objective function that is subject to several equality and inequality constraints, such as the power ow constraints, system operating limit constraints, and limits on equipment.e general OPF formulations are determined as follows [37]: minimize f(x, u), where f represents the objective function, g is the equality constraints, and h is the inequality constraints.x is a vector of state variables including slack bus active power, load bus voltages, generator reactive powers, and apparent power ows, which is expressed as follows: x P gslack , V d1 , . . ., V dN d , Q g1 , . . ., Q gN g , S l1 , . . ., S lN l , ( where P gslack is the active power generation at slack bus, V di is the load voltage at bus i. N d is the number of load buses, Q gi is the reactive power generation at bus i, N g is the number of total generators, S li is the apparent power ow at branch i, and N l is the number of transmission lines.
u is a vector of control variables consisting of active power generations except at slack bus, generator bus voltages, transformer tap ratios, and reactive powers of shunt compensation capacitors, expressed as u P gi , . . ., P gN g , V g1 , . . ., V gN g , T 1 , where P gi is the active power generation at bus i, V gi is the generator bus voltage at bus i, T i is the transformer tap ratio at bus i, N tran is the number of transformer taps, Q ci is the shunt compensation capacitor at bus i, and N cap is the number of compensation capacitors.

Minimization of the Total Fuel Cost for Active Power
Generation. is objective function aims to minimize the total fuel cost of active power injection.It is a simple summation of the individual polynomial cost functions of active power generation for each generator.And the power generation is the control variable for this function.It is de ned as follows: where f c (x) is the total fuel cost, n g is the number of generator buses; a i , b i , and c i are the ith generator cost coe cients; and P g i is the real power injection of the ith generator.

Voltage Stability Improvement Based on the Minimization of the Summation of the Static Line Voltage Stability
Indices. e static line voltage stability indices are incorporated into the conventional OPF problem as the objective functions.e purpose of objective functions is to minimize the summation of stability indices.e control variables involve active power generation except at slack bus and generator bus voltages.ree objective functions are proposed as follows: (i) Voltage stability margin enhancement based on the FVSI: where f FVSI (x) is the total sum of the FVSI.n l is the number of transmission lines of the system.FVSI i is the value of the FVSI for the ith transmission line.(ii) Voltage stability margin enhancement based on L mn : where f L mn (x) is the total sum of L mn .n l is the number of transmission lines of the system.L mn i is the value of L mn for the ith transmission line.
Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (iii) Voltage stability margin enhancement based on the LVSI: where f LVSI (x) is the total sum of the LVSI.n l is the number of transmission lines of the system.e LVSI i is the value of the LVSI for the ith transmission line.

System Constraints.
ere are three types of constraints of the OPF problem worth considering.Equations ( 11) to (20) describe all system constraints [37].

Equality Constraints.
ese equality constraints are the set of the real and reactive power balance equations: where P g i and Q g i are the real and reactive power injections of the ith generator.P d i and Q d i are the real and reactive power loads at bus i. V i and V j are the voltage magnitude at buses i and j.G ij and B ij are the transfer conductance and susceptance between buses i and j, respectively.θ ij is the phase angle difference between buses i and j.N is the total number of system buses.

Inequality Constraints.
where P min g i and P max g i are the minimum and maximum active power generations at bus i. Q min g i and Q max g i are the minimum and maximum reactive power generations at bus i. V min g i and V max g i are the minimum and maximum generator voltages at bus i. S L i and S max L i are the apparent power flow and its maximum at branch i. V min d i and V max d i are the minimum and maximum load voltages at bus i. Q min c i and Q max c i are the minimum and maximum shunt compensation capacitances at bus i. T min i and T max i are the minimum and maximum transformer tap ratios at bus i.

Constraint Handling.
e integration of inequality of dependent variables into the penalized objective function should be maintained within their limits to refuse infeasible solutions.
ese variables are including slack bus active power generation, load bus voltage magnitudes, reactive power generations, and apparent power flows.e penalty function can be expressed as follows [38]: where J(x, u) is the penalized objective function; K p , K Q , K V , and K s are the penalty factors; and x lim is the limit value of the dependent variables, determined as follows:

Computational Algorithm
e computational procedure of the VSC-OPF problem is presented in the flowchart of Figure 2.
e optimization algorithm of this study is a hybrid DA-PSO optimization algorithm.is hybrid algorithm was proposed by Khunkitti et al. [37].It is the combination of the exploration phase of the dragonfly algorithm (DA) and exploitation phases of particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm.Its performance is superior to other optimization algorithms for finding the optimal solution of the OPF problem.erefore, this study uses this technique to solve the VSC-OPF problem.
e explanation of related optimization algorithms and hybrid DA-PSO optimization algorithm is as follows.

Dragonfly Algorithm (DA).
e dragonfly algorithm is a metaheuristic algorithm.It was inspired by the static and dynamic swarming behaviors of dragonflies in nature [39].
e goals of swarming are hunting (static swarm) and migration (dynamic swarm).In the hunting, dragonflies move in larger swarms and along one direction, which is appropriated in the exploitation phase.In the dynamic swarm, when roaming over long distances and different 4 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering areas, many dragon ies will swarm which is suitable in the exploration phase.Separation, alignment, cohesion, attraction to a food source, and distraction of an enemy represent the behavior of dragon ies.e described and formulated of these behaviors are as follows: (i) Separation: it is the avoidance of the static crashing of individuals into other individuals in the neighborhood, which is formulated in the following equation: where S i is the separation of the ith individual.N is the number of neighboring individuals.X is the position of the current individual.X j is the position of jth neighboring individual.(ii) Alignment: it represents the velocity matching of individuals to the velocity of others in the neighborhood.It is able to compute by the following equation: where A i is the alignment of the ith individual and V j is the velocity of the jth neighboring individual.(iii) Cohesion: it is the proclivity of individuals to the center of mass of the neighborhood.It can be calculated by the following equation: where C i is the cohesion of the ith individual.(iv) Attraction to a food source: it should be the main objective of any swarm to survive.And it is computed by the following equation: where F i is the food source of the ith individual and X + is the position of the food source.(v) Distraction of an enemy: it is another survival objective of the swarm, which is formulated in the following equation: where E i is the position of enemy of the ith individual and X − is the position of the enemy source.Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering e movement of artificial dragonflies and updation of their positions are simulated by considering the step vector (ΔX) and position vector (X).e step vector demonstrates the direction of the movement of the artificial dragonflies, which is formulated in the following equation: where ΔX t+1 is the step vector at iteration t + 1. ΔX t is the step vector at iteration t; s, a, c, f, and e are the separation weight, alignment weight, cohesion weight, food factor, and enemy factor, respectively.ω t is the inertia weight factor at iteration t and is calculated by the following equation: where ω max and ω min are set to 0.9 and 0.4, respectively; Iter is the iteration; and Iter max is the maximum iteration.e position of the artificial dragonflies is able to be updated by the following equation: where X t+1 is the position at iteration t + 1 and X t is the position at iteration t.
In case the search space is not able to find a neighboring solution, stochastic behavior need to be improved by the moving of the artificial dragonflies around the search space with the application of random walk (Lévy flight).For this case, the position of the dragonflies can be calculated as follows: where Lévy is the Lévy flight which is computed by the following equation and d is the dimension of the position vectors: where r 1 and r 2 are the two uniform random values in a range of [0,1].σ is calculated by the following equation: where β is the constant.τ(x) � (x − 1)!.

Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO).
Particle swarm optimization is a population-based stochastic global optimization technique which was first introduced in [40].For this approach, each particle represents a possible solution with a movement of population around a multidimensional search space.e association of each particle and a fitness value can indicate the performance in the fitness space.Each particle i consists of its position X i � (x i,1 , x i,2 , . .., x i,Nvar ), where Nvar represents the number of control variables, velocity V i � (v i,1 , v i,2 , . .., v i,Nvar ) and personal best experience X pbesti � (x pbesti,1 , x pbesti,2 , . .., x pbesti,Nvar ), and a swarm has a global best experience X gbest � (x gbest1 , x gbest2 , . .., x gbest,Nvar ).For each iteration, the direction of each particle will be own personal best position.However, the direction of the global best position can be obtained by particles in the swarm.e operation of each particle is expressed as follows: where V t+1 i is the velocity of particle i at iteration t + 1. V t i is the velocity of particle i at iteration t.C 1 and C 2 are two positive acceleration constants.rand 1 and rand 2 are two uniform random values in a range of [0, 1].X t pbest i is the personal best position of particle i at iteration t.X t i is the position of particle i at iteration t.X t gbest is the global best position among all particles at iteration t.X t+1 i is the position of particle i at iteration t + 1.

Hybrid DA-PSO Optimization Algorithm.
e Hybrid DA-PSO algorithm combines the prominent points of the DA and PSO algorithms.At the beginning, the global solution is explored with the initialization of the dragonflies in DA.After obtaining the best position of DA, it will be substituted as the global best position in the PSO equation (equation ( 33)).Finally, in the exploitation phase, the PSO algorithm operates by using the global best position from DA, and the expected optimal solution can be obtained.To overcome this technique, the velocity and position equations of PSO should be modified as follows [37]: where X t+1 DA is the best position obtained from DA at iteration t + 1.
e application of the DA-PSO algorithm for solving the OPF problem can be described as follows [37]: Step 1. Initialize the system data including the parameters of DA and PSO, the number of dragonflies and particles, the number of iterations, and the archive size.
Step 2. Generate the initial population of dragonflies and particles.
Step 3. Convert the constrained multiobjective problem to an unconstrained one by using equation (20).
Step 4. Perform the power flow and calculate the objective functions for the initial population of dragonflies.
Step 5. Find the nondominated solutions and save them to the initial archive.
Step 6. Set the fitness value of the initial population as the food source.

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Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering Step 7. Calculate the parameters of DA (s, a, c, f, and e).
Step 8. Update the food source and enemy of DA.
Step 10.Check if a dragonfly has at least one neighboring dragonfly, then update step vector (ΔX) and the position of dragonfly (X DA ) by equations ( 27) and ( 29), respectively, and if each dragonfly has no neighboring dragonfly, then update X DA by using equation (30) and set ΔX to be zero.
Step 11.If any component of each population breaks its limit, then ΔX or X DA of that population is moved into its minimum/maximum limit.
Step 12. Set the best position obtained from DA as the global best of PSO (X gbest ).
Step 13.Update the velocity of the particle (V) and the position of the particle (X PSO ) by using equations ( 35) and ( 36), respectively.
Step 14.If any component of each population breaks its limit, then V or X PSO of that population is moved into its minimum/maximum limit.
Step 15.Calculate the objective functions of the new produced population.
Step 16.Employ the Pareto front method to save the nondominated solutions to the archive and update the archive.
Step 17.If the maximum number of iterations is reached, the algorithm is stopped; otherwise, go to Step 7.

Implementation of the Proposed Algorithm
e VSC-OPF algorithm is proposed in the previous section.
is algorithm is incorporated into the energy control center (ECC) as the preventive control scheme [8]. Figure 2 shows the schematic of a few functions performed in ECC, which the online state estimator provides the outputs for system status.Network security analysis is categorized into two schemes, i.e., corrective control and preventive control schemes.For the corrective control scheme, the state estimator output is checked to verify the system stability.If the system is operating in nonsecure operating point, the corrective control scheme has to be taken.
en, different control actions can be applied to move the system into the secure level.Furthermore, after the contingency study, the preventive control scheme is performed when the system status is in the instability level.
e proposed algorithm can be incorporated into ECC as the preventive control action for moving the operating point from the critical point and resulting in the adequate stability margin of the system.

Results and Discussion
is study is focused on incorporating the static line voltage stability indices into the conventional OPF formulation with the goal of enhancing static voltage stability margin and reducing power losses of the system.e IEEE 30-bus, 57bus, and 118-bus test systems are used to assess and verify the performance and effectiveness of the proposed control approaches.e detailed data are as follows: (i) e IEEE 30 transformers, and 186 transmission lines.e active and reactive power load demand of the system is 4242 MW and 1439 MVar, respectively.e complete data of these networks are given [43].
e results of this study are generated using a program developed in MATLAB [44].e power flow and continuation power flow processes are accomplished with the help of MATPOWER [45].e simulation results were generated to investigate the proposed control approaches for all the aforementioned test systems.Since the performance evaluation of the proposed VSC-OPF approach based on the line voltage stability indices is the main purpose of this study.Four different cases will be individually considered as part of the objective function in each system.e details of these cases are as follows: (i) Case 1: the minimization of the generation cost is the objective function as shown in equation ( 6). e coefficients of generation cost are defined as in [33]. is study uses the results of this case as the base case to compare the performance with proposed approaches.(ii) Case 2: the minimization of the total sum of FVSI in equation ( 8) is used as the objective functions.e lower the value of FVSI, the better the overall system voltage stability.(iii) Case 3: the minimization of the total sum of L mn in equation ( 9) is formulated as the objective functions of the OPF problem to enhance the voltage stability.(iv) Case 4: the minimization of the total sum of LVSI in equation ( 10) is formulated as the objective functions similar to Cases 2 and 3.

System Performance.
is section is to investigate the system performance of proposed approaches.For this study, the continuation power flow is used to determine the maximum loadability of the power system.e nose point of the P-V curve represents the maximum loadability; when the system reaches this point, any further increase in the active power transfer will lead to voltage collapse.
e system Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering performance of the IEEE 30-bus test system is shown in Table 1.e comparisons of reactive power generation, transmission loss, and generation cost are indicated in Figure 3.It is clear that reactive power generation and transmission loss are significantly reduced with the objective functions of the minimization of the total sum of stability indices compared with the minimization of generation cost (Case 1).
e reactive power generation of Case 1 is 87.46 MW, whereas Case 2, Case 3, and Case 4 perform better outcome with 83.33, 82.63, and 60.81 MVar, respectively.Case 4 is able to reduce 49.90% of loss compared with Case 1. Cases 2 and 3 also reduce the loss to 26.39% and 31.37%,respectively.e maximum and summation values of stability indices of Cases 2, 3, and 4 are also improved from Case 1. ese results follow the maximum loadability of the system.Case 4 provides the highest improvement in terms of the maximum loadability, which was 6.50% higher than Case 1. e maximum loadability values of Cases 2 and 3 are also increased from 856.92 MW (base case) to 895.64 MW and 872.74 MW, respectively.Total power generations are similar for all cases to meet the demand.All the proposed cases cost more than the base case.e total cost is increased from the base case by 3.35% for Case 2, 3.60% for Case 2, and 21.11% for Case 3. From the results, it can be observed that the proposed approach to incorporate LVSI index into objective function provides the best results because of its reduction of real power generation and loss, and its increase of system maximum loadability.But the high cost is the drawback of this case.e increment of fuel cost is imposed for the security cost.
e system performance of the IEEE 57-bus test system is indicated in Table 2, and Figure 4 shows the variable comparisons.e generation of real power is decreased from the base case by 17.93% for Case 2, 17.24% for Case 3, and 13.52% for Case 4. All the proposed cases also reduce the transmission loss with 14.77%, 20.15%, and 18.50% lower than the base cases for Case 2, Case 3, and Case 4, respectively.Moreover, Cases 2, 3, and 4 cost 0.70%, 0.60%, and 5.32% higher than the base cases, respectively.e maximum and summation values of FVSI, L mn , and LVSI for all the proposed cases are improved.Maximum loadability of the system is enhanced from 2,395.84MW for the base case to 2,441.80MW for Case 2; 2,416.11MW for Case 3; and 2,444.43MW for Case 4. According to the results of the IEEE 57-bus test system, the minimization of L mn case gives the best performance in terms of real power generation, loss, and cost.But the maximum loadability is highest in case of incorporation of LVSI.
e variable comparisons of the system performance for the IEEE 118-bus test system are shown in Table 3 and Figure 5.It is clear that the performance obtained in Cases 2, 3, and 4 is better than Case 1. e reactive power generation (Q g ) of Case 2 is 167.77MVar less by 32.89% compared with base case while the Q g values of Cases 3 and 4 are 232.22MVar and 183.09MVar.
e highest reduction of transmission loss is provided by Case 2, a reduction of about 13.17%.Cases 3 and 4 are able to decrease the loss to 5.21% and 4.01%, respectively.All the proposed cases are higher the cost of generation by 3.77% for Case 2, 7.45% for Case 3, and 3.60% for Case 4 compared with Case 1. Finally, incorporating the line voltage stability indices can give voltage stability margin due to the improvement of the maximum and summation values of indices, and the computed results are shown in Table 3. e loadability is also enhanced to more secure level with the increment of 10.45% for Case 2 and 5.06% for Case 3 compared with Case 1, but Case 3 can give only 1.11% increase.It is obvious that the incorporation of FVSI into objective function produces the best result for the IEEE 118-bus test system.

PV Curves at the Weakest Bus.
e PV curves at the weakest bus are also used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control approach.e weakest bus is identified using the tangent vector.e analyzed tool for this section is similar to that in the previous section.
e continuation power flow is employed to obtain the PV curves and tangent vector.Based on the simulation results, bus number 30 is the weakest bus of the IEEE 30-bus test system.e PV curves at the weakest bus for all case studies are shown in Figure 6.In the base case, the voltage collapses when the total load at bus number 30 reaches 1.3491 p.u.All proposed cases can improve the static voltage stability margin of the system.Case 4 gives the highest total load at 1.4801 p.u. (9.71% enhancement).Cases 2 and 3 are able to increase the total load to 1.4402 p.u. (6.75% enhancement) and 1.3863 p.u. (2.76% enhancement).
e PV curves at the weakest bus of the IEEE 57-bus test system are shown in Figure 7. Bus number 37 is the weakest bus.Total load of Case 1 (base case) is 0.6103 p.u., that is, lower than 4.01% compared with Case 2 (0.6348 p.u.).Case 3 also raises margin to 0.6211 p.u. Case 4 can increase the highest margin with 4.24% enhancement (4.24 p.u.).
Bus number 95 is the weakest bus of the IEEE 118-bus test system and shown in Figure 8. e highest improvement of total load compared to base case is provided by Case 2 (52.75% enhancement, 2.9639 p.u.).However, Cases 3 and 4 can increase margin to 2.6273 p.u. (35.41% enhancement) and 2.1511 p.u. (10.86% enhancement).
It can be observed that the voltage at the weakest bus of the IEEE 30-bus and 57-bus test systems is improved for all

Line Outage Contingencies.
Line outage contingencies generally change the system con guration, resulting in more stressful conditions.e power system may become less secure.Hence, the assessment of the contingency e ect is important to maintain the system security.For this study, the maximum value of line stability indices is used to determine the contingency ranking.e line with highest value is identi ed as the most critical line and therefore selected to assess the e ect of the contingency condition.e chosen buses for the IEEE 30-bus, 57-bus, and 118-bus test systems are line 30-27 (connecting buses 30 and 27), line 8-9, and line 38-65, respectively.
All proposed cases performed well in the line outage conditions.Table 4 shows the reactive power generation, power losses, generation cost, and maximum loadability.First, the reactive power generation is reduced for all the proposed cases compared with base case.For the IEEE  ird, the maximum loadability enhancement for the selected case studies is expressed.e percentage increase in the maximum loadability is compared to the postcontingency data.All the proposed cases signi cantly increased the margin compared to the base case.For the IEEE 30-bus test system, the simulation results indicated substantial improvement in   e loadability levels of Cases 3 and 4 are 21,671.22MW (30.64% enhancement) and 17,929.17MW (8.08% enhancement), respectively.As a result, the proposed control approaches are able to mitigate the voltage collapse, especially when the system is relieved from contingency conditions to a more secure level.
Fourth, the increase in the cost for all the proposed approaches is similar to the postcontingency cost, which is imposed for the security cost.e highest generation cost of the IEEE 30-bus test system is in Case 4 with 21.01% increase from base case.Cases 3 and 4 cost 2.87% and 5.25% higher than Case 1.For the IEEE 57-bus test system, costs of Cases 2, 3, and 4 are 6.07%, 7.13%, and 7.30% increase from the base case, respectively.e results of the IEEE 118-bus test system indicate that Case 3 imposes the highest cost with 14.18% greater than base case.Cases 2 and 4 give 8.45% and 5.22% increase in the generation cost.
Indeed, the incorporation of LVSI into objective function (Case 4) achieves the best reactive power generation, transmission loss, and maximum loadability for the IEEE 30-bus test system.Case 4 also provides the great results for the IEEE 57-bus test system.e use of FVSI summation as objective function (Case 2) is shown to be more efficient for the larger bus system as indicated in the IEEE 118-bus test system.Obviously, all proposed approaches demonstrate the effective improvement in both system stability and losses in the event of line outage contingencies.
erefore, all the proposed control approaches are potential countermeasures for relieving the stressful conditions.

Conclusions
In this paper, the voltage security-constrained optimal power flow (VSC-OPF) based on static line voltage stability indices is presented.e proposed control approaches are formulated into the conventional optimal power flow to enhance the static voltage stability margin and reduce the system losses.Minimization of the sums of fast voltage stability index (FVSI), line stability index (L mn ), and line voltage stability index (LVSI) is used to develop the objective functions.Lower values of the indices indicate higher levels of voltage stability improvement.
e performance and effectiveness of the proposed control approaches are investigated on the IEEE 30-bus, 57bus, and 118-bus test systems.e analysis is carried out with different cases including minimization of the generation cost.
e simulation results clearly indicate that all proposed control approaches increase the static voltage stability margin and minimize the system losses under normal and contingency conditions.For line outage contingencies, all the proposed control approaches significantly improved the static voltage stability margin and losses after contingencies.erefore, the proposed control approaches can be considered efficient preventive control measures for contingency conditions, preventing voltage collapse.However, these approaches need to be judiciously chosen because the performance of the approaches will depend on the situation and size of the system.
All proposed control approaches are based on the simple concept that the complexity of the problem can be reduced.ese approaches would be applicable for practical power system operation in today's competitive market.e multiobjective optimization problem approach that incorporates the static line voltage stability indices could be used in future studies on voltage stability improvement.

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: e schematic of a few functions performed in the energy control center (ECC).

Figure 3 :
Figure 3: Variable comparisons for the IEEE 30-bus test system.

Table 1 :
System performance of the IEEE 30-bus test system.
30bus test system, Case 4 provides the best improvement with 59.58 MVar less by 35.23% compared with 91.98 MVar obtained in Case 1 (base case).Reactive power generation of Cases 2 and 3 are 83.99MVar and 82.90 MVar, respectively.Q g of the IEEE 57-bus test system is 282.05MVar for Case 1.

Table 2 :
System performance of the IEEE 57-bus test system.Figure 4: Variable comparisons for the IEEE 57-bus test system.
the voltage stability margin for all the proposed control approaches.e maximum loadability of the system is enhanced to 608.28 MW for Case 2, 593.71MW for Case 3, and 611.49MW for Case 4, whereas the base case provides 593.44 MW.For the IEEE 57-bus test system, all the proposed control approaches enhanced the voltage stability margin.

Table 3 :
System performance of the IEEE 118-bus test system.Figure 6: PV curves at the weakest bus of the IEEE 30-bus test system.Figure 7: PV curves at the weakest bus of the IEEE 57-bus test system.Figure 8: PV curves at the weakest bus of the IEEE 118-bus test system.Journal of Electrical and Computer EngineeringBased on the simulated results, the maximum loadability of the base case is 2,374.60MW.Case 2 can increase loadability to 2,379.13MW.Cases 3 and 4 also provide the greater level of loadability at 46,344.09MW and 46,415.52MW, respectively.Furthermore, for the IEEE 118-bus test system, Case 2 is able to raise the highest loadability with 39.21% increase from the base case.

Table 4 :
System performance for line outage contingencies.