Journal of Environmental and Public Health
Volume 2021 (2021), Article ID 2917874, 8 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/2917874

Research Article

Utilization of Reproductive Health Services and Associated Factors among Secondary School Students in Woldia Town, Northeast Ethiopia

Teshome Gebremeskel Aragie and Biruk Beletew Abate

Woldia University College of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Anatomy, P.O. Box 400, Amhara, Ethiopia

Correspondence should be addressed to Teshome Gebremeskel Aragie; teshomefirst12@gmail.com

Received 29 February 2020; Revised 21 August 2020; Accepted 12 April 2021; Published 20 April 2021

Academic Editor: Jonathan Haughton

Copyright © 2021 Teshome Gebremeskel Aragie and Biruk Beletew Abate. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Background. Reproductive health is a universal concern but it has special importance for women particularly during the reproductive year. Although policy actions and strategic efforts made reproductive health service uptake of youths in Ethiopia, still its utilization remains low. Adolescence is not quite capable of understanding complex concepts. This makes them vulnerable to sexual exploitation and high-risk sexual behaviors and reproductive health problems. Objective. The aim of this study was to assess the utilization of reproductive health services and associated factors among adolescents in Woldia town secondary schools, Amhara, Ethiopia, 2019. Methods. An institutional-based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 420 secondary school students in Woldia Town from January to June 2019. A self-administered, structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. The samples were distributed proportionally, and participants in each school were selected by the systematic sampling technique. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression was carried out to assess the association between dependent and independent variables. Result. Out of 420 students participated in this study, 270 (64.3%) of the respondents utilize reproductive health service. Residence (AOR = 4.40, 95%CI (1.23, 9.362)), educational status of the partner (AOR = 2.66, 95%CI (2.35, 5.24)), presence of RHS facility in school (AOR = 2.53, 95%CI (1.57, 4.06)), and good knowledge level on reproductive health services (AOR = 1.77, 95%CI (1.14, 2.75)) were significantly associated with reproductive health service utilization. Conclusionand Recommendations. Knowledge of respondents on reproductive health utilization in the study area was found to be low. Students who were from rural families have low utilization of reproductive health services. This low service utilization in these students might be disposed to different reproductive health risks such as sexually transmitted infections, HIV/AIDS, and unwanted pregnancy, which in turn can increase the school dropout rate and have an impact on an individual’s future life. However, students who have good knowledge and were encouraged by their friends have good reproductive health service utilization. Therefore, it needs a great effort and attention of all concerned bodies including parents, school staff, and health professionals to improve service utilization in schools.

1. Introduction

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), reproductive health (RH) is defined as a state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity in all matters related to the reproductive system and its functions and process [1].

Reproductive health is a universal concern but it has special importance for women particularly during the reproductive year [2]. It addresses the human sexuality and reproductive processes at all stages of life and implies that people can have “a responsible, satisfying and safe sex life” and that they can reproduce and have the freedom to decide when and how often they can do so. Youth and adolescents are characterized by unique physical, psychological, social, and emotional changes that put their life at high risk [3].

The term Youth Friendly Reproductive Health Service (YFRHS) refers to those services that are accessible, acceptable, and appropriate for youths such as counseling, family planning, voluntary counseling and testing (VCT), and treatment of sexually transmitted infections [4]. The services are provided in line with the minimum health package and aim to increase the acceptability and use of health services by young people [5]. Currently, there is a low level of access to high-quality RH information and services, especially for adolescents [6]. In the past few years, the issues of RH have been increasingly perceived as a social problem; they have been emerging as a topic of increasing concern in both developed and developing countries [7].

Adolescence is not quite capable of understanding complex concepts. This makes them vulnerable to sexual exploitation and high-risk sexual behaviors and reproductive health problems [8]. Globally, 45 percent of all new HIV infections worldwide are occurring among young people aged 15 to 24 years. Over 500,000 young people are infected with STI per day; approximately 80 million women have unwanted pregnancies every year [9, 10]. HIV/AIDS prevalence data shows that 15- to 24-year-old people have the highest rates of new HIV infection, with adolescent girls being considerably more likely to be infected than adolescent boys [11]. This is because many adolescents are less informed, less experienced, and less comfortable accessing health services for RH than do adults [12]. Moreover, the magnitude of unsafe abortions in young women aged 15–24 reached 45 percent, and the level of comprehensive knowledge of AIDS is being 48% for young women aged 15–24 and 43% for young men aged 15–24 [13].

Young people in high schools are highly vulnerable and at risk of HIV infection due to various reasons such as unprotected casual sex relationships and multiple sexual partners, lack of comprehensive knowledge about HIV/AIDS, sexual and reproductive health, lack of access to HIV services, sexual experimentation, early sexual debut and peer pressure, and other related factors [14].

In Africa, 430,000 young people are infected with HIV per year, 2.6 million young people are living with HIV, teenage pregnancy rates remain high, and maternal mortality is among the leading causes of death for adolescent girls in this region [15]. There are also problems related to SRH services which include accessibility, availability, and quality. Moreover, secondary school students indicated that health providers in most of the HEIs are not trained to respond to the needs of young people [16]. The shortage of youth-friendly health services and counseling poses significant challenges to address SRH issues, including HIV prevention. In Ethiopia, educational institution-based RH services are often limited by restrictive policies, lack of private areas for counseling, and poor links to resources outside the institutions. Since adolescents have unique reproductive health risks of unplanned pregnancies, childbearing, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV and unsafe abortion [17, 18], and access and utilization of reproductive health services (RHS) are a primary concern for them surrounding the promotion of reproductive health rights [19, 20].

In addition to these, the response to deliver RHS for students has been fragmented, and Ethiopian schools have limited capacity in delivering health-related services for their students. As a result, a significant proportion of students are developing RH-related problems [20], and the available literature in Ethiopia was limited in addressing factors that influence the utilization of RHS among secondary school students. Hence, the aim of the study was to assess utilization and factors affecting RHS among secondary school students in Woldia town, Northeast Ethiopia.

2. Methods

2.1. Study Setting and Period

This study was conducted in Woldia town from January to June 2019. The town is located in Northeast Ethiopia Amhara regional state under the administration town of North Wollo Zone, located at about 521 km from Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. The town has nine kebeles and four secondary schools. The study was conducted in all secondary schools, namely, Woldia secondary school, Millennium secondary school, Selam secondary school, and Gubo secondary school.

2.2. Study Design

An institution-based descriptive cross-sectional study was employed.

2.3. Source of Population

All secondary school students in Woldia town were the source of population.

2.4. Study Population

Regular secondary school students of Woldia town were the study population.

2.5. Sample Size Determination

The sample size of the study was determined using single proportion population formula as n = [(Zα/2)² P (1−P)/d²)], where n is the sample size, p is the prevalence of sexual practice <18 years (taken as 53.3% according to the study on reproductive health service utilization in Mizan Tepi University students, Ethiopia, 2017 [21]), d is the margin of error (d = 0.05), and Z is the value of standard normal distribution at 95% confidence level (Z = 1.96). By adding a 10% nonresponse rate of 382(10% = 38), the final sample size was 420.

2.6. Sampling Techniques and Procedure

In the study area, from each school, sections were selected by using a simple random sampling method. The samples were distributed proportionally based on probability proportional to size (PPS). Participants from the selected section were selected by using a systematic random sampling technique after calculating sampling interval (K) for each section according to students’ roll number in the class and the first student was selected by lottery method.

2.7. Eligibility Criteria

Regular secondary school students who were attending their classes during the data collection period were included in this study. However, students who were not available during the data collection period and students who were physically and mentally not able to be interviewed were excluded from this study.

2.8. Operational Definitions

Good Utilization. Those students whose score was at the mean and above the mean score of practice questions were categorized as having good practice while those students whose score was below the mean score were categorized as having poor practice.

Good Knowledge. Those students whose score was at the mean and above the mean score of knowledge questions were categorized as knowledgeable while those students whose score was below the mean score were categorized as being under poor knowledge.

Good Attitude. Those students whose score was at the mean and above the mean score of attitude questions were categorized as having a good attitude while those students whose score was below the mean score were categorized as having a poor attitude.

2.9. Data Collection Tool and Procedure

Data was collected by using a self-administered structured questionnaire containing written consent, sociodemographic data, and reproductive health-related questions which were developed by adapting from different peer-reviewed studies. The questionnaire was first developed in English and translated to the Amharic language by an expert. It was translated back to English by an independent translator to check for consistency. The data was collected by four diploma clinical nurses and supervised by two master’s public health students.

2.10. Data Quality Control

For ensuring data quality, training about the purpose of the study, the questionnaire in detail, the data collection procedure, the data collection setting, and the rights of study participants was given to data collectors and supervisors. Pretest of the questionnaire was conducted on 5% of the sampled students in Dessie town secondary school a week prior to the actual survey, and necessary modification was done according to the gap identified. Besides, the completeness, accuracy, and consistency of the collected data were conducted by supervisors and principal investigators during the whole data collection process. Finally, the data were entered daily, and missing data were identified.

2.11. Data Analysis and Presentation

Data were entered by using EPI-data Version 4.2.0 and were exported to SPSS Version 24 for analysis. Frequencies were calculated to describe the study population in relation to relevant variables. Binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the crude association between dependent and independent variables. Finally, variables that show an association in binary logistic regression analysis and have a value less than or equal to 0.25 were entered into a multivariable logistic regression model to adjust the effects of possible confounders. Finally, the level of significance was approved at a value less than 0.05.

3. Results

All 420 respondents complete the questioner with a response rate of 100%. Among these, most of the respondents (304 (72.4%)) were from urban areas. About 204 (48.6%) were females. The majority of the respondents (238 (56.7%)) were within the age group of 15–19 years. Most of the respondents were single (384 (91.4%)), and 231 (55%) of the students have boy/girlfriends (Table 1).

Table 1: Sociodemographic characteristics of secondary school students in Woldia town Woldia, Amhara, Ethiopia.

Characteristics
Category
Frequency
Percent

Age
10–15
50
11.9

15–19
238
56.7

20–24
132
31.4

Sex
Male
216
51.4

Female
204
48.6

Marital status
Single
384
91.4

Married
21
5.0

Divorced
13
3.1

Widowed
2
.5

Residence
Urban
304
72.4

Rural
116
27.6

Wealth index
High
108
25.7

Medium
245
58.3

Low
67
16.0

Educational level
Grade 9
237
56.4

Grade 10
183
43.6

Presence of RHS in school
Yes
286
68.1

No
134
31.9

Handling of RHS providers
Good
192
45.7

Moderate
177
42.1

Bad
51
12.1

Missed RHS required
Yes
262
62.4

No
158
37.6

Reason for not getting RH
Lack of money
156
37.1

Neighbors felt ashamed
147
35.0

Service providers refused
77
18.3

Clinic was closed
40
9.5

Ever heard of YFRHS
Yes
261
62.1

No
159
37.9

Parents influence not to use RHS
Yes
270
64.3

No
150
35.7

The stigma attached to utilize RHS
Yes
268
63.8

No
152
36.2

Cultural and religious influence
Yes
248
59.0

No
172
41.0

Have a girl/boyfriend
Yes
231
55.0

No
189
45.0

Had sexual intercourse
Yes
150
35.7

No
270
64.3

Chew chat
Yes
103
24.5

No
317
75.5

Drink alcohol
Yes
122
29.0

No
298
71.0

3.1. Utilization of Reproductive Health Services

Out of 420 study participants, 270 (64.3%) utilized reproductive health services. About 266 (63.3) respondents utilized VCT while 190 (65%) respondents utilized family planning service. Nearly half of the respondents (225 (53.55%)) obtain the RHS from the hospital. Greater than half (56.7%) of the respondents have communication with their parents related to RH issues. In this study, most of the respondents (249 (59.3%)) prefer to discuss RH issues with their friends (Table 2).

Table 2: Utilization of RHS among secondary school students in Woldia Town, Amhara, Ethiopia.

Variables
Category
Frequency
Percent

Have you ever used any of the different RHS
Yes
335
79.8

No
85
20.2

Counseling service generally
Yes
217
51.70

No
203
48.3

VCT
Yes
266
63.3

No
154
36.7

Management of STI/HIV
Yes
171
40.7

No
249
59.3

Family planning
Yes
273
65

No
147
35.0

Place where the RHS obtained
Hospital
225
67.1

Clinic
49
14.3

Dispensary
13
3.88

Pharmacy
43
12.8

Others
5
1.5

Condom use
Yes
219
52.1

No
201
47.9

Currently using contraceptive
Yes
173
41.2

No
247
58.8

History of STI
Yes
181
43.1

No
239
56.9

Ever been pregnant
Yes
91
44.6

No
113
55.4

Ever had abortion
Yes
51
25

No
153
75

Parent-teen communication
Yes
238
56.7

No
182
43.3

Where abortion was conducted
Public health institution
19
37.2

Private clinic
24
47.0

Abortion house
6
11.7

Ingesting different drugs
2
3.92

With whom you prefer to discuss RH issues
Friends
249
59.3

Partners
106
25.2

Siblings
25
6

Partners
20
4.8

Professionals
14
3.3

Others
6
1.4

3.2. Reproductive Health Service Utilization and Associated Factors

In bivariable logistic regression analysis, age of the respondent, residence, sex of the respondent, educational level of the respondent, educational status of the partner, presence of RHS facility in school, reason for not getting RHS, encouragement by friends to use RHS, chat chewing, drinking alcohol, and good knowledge level on RHS were associated with the reproductive health service utilization. Those variables that have a value less than or equal to 0.25 were entered into a multivariable logistic regression model to adjust for possible confounders.

In multivariate logistic regression analysis, residence, educational level of the respondent, educational status of the partner, presence of RHS facility in school, the reason for not getting RHS, encouragement by friends to use RHS, and good knowledge level on RHS have been found to be significantly associated with the reproductive health service utilization. Accordingly, the odds of the utilization of reproductive health service among respondents from urban residence (AOR = 4.40, 95%CI (1.23, 8.36)) was higher compared to those respondents from rural residences. The odds of the utilization of reproductive health service among those who have RHS facility in school (AOR = 2.53, 95% CI (1.57, 4.06)) was higher compared to those respondents who have not RHS facility in their school. Regarding the grade level of students, the utilization of reproductive health services among grade 10 students was (AOR = 1.15, 95% CI (1.73, 4.80)) higher compared to grade 9 students.

The odds of RHS utilization among respondents whose partners’ educational status falls under secondary and above (AOR = 2.66, 95%CI (2.35, 5.24)) was higher compared to those whose partners’ educational status is unable to read and write. Respondents whose neighbors feel ashamed were (AOR = .24, 95% CI (.23, .27)) higher compared to those who have no money to get the service. The odds of RHS utilization among participants whose friends encouraged them to use RHS was (AOR = 1.46, 95%CI (1.87, 6.44)) higher compared to those whose friends did not encourage them to use RHS. Respondents who have good knowledge of RHS were (AOR = 1.77, 95%CI (1.14, 2.75)) higher compared to students who have poor knowledge to utilize reproductive health services (Table 3).

Table 3: Factors associated with the utilization of reproductive health services among secondary school students in Woldia, Amhara, Ethiopia.

Variables
Level of practice (N = 420)
Odds ratios

Good
Poor

270 (64.3)
150 (35.7)
Corollary (95% CI)
AOR (95% CI)
P value

Age

10–15
12 (2.9)
38 (9.0%)
0.43 (0.21,.90)
0.47 (.21, 1.03)
0.058

15–19
82 (19.5)
156 (37.1%)
0.71 (0.46, 1.104)
0.69 (.43,1.11)
0.127

20–24
56 (13.3)
76 (18.1%)
1
—
—

Residence

Urban
137 (32.6)
167 (39.8)
4.67 (1.08, 8.57)
4.40 (1.23, 9.362)
0.024

Rural
67 (16.0)
49 (11.7)
1
1
—

Sex

Male
70 (16.7)
146 (34.8)
1
1
—

Female
80 (19.0)
124 (29.5)
1.35 (0.90, 2.01)
1.14 (0.74,1.77)
0.555

Educational level

Grade 9
77 (18.3)
160 (38.1)
1
—
—

Grade 10
73 (17.4)
110 (26.2)
1.38 (0.92, 2.06)
1.15 (1.73, 4.80)
0.045

Educational status of the partner

Unable to read and write
27 (6.4)
69 (16.4)
1
1

Able to read and write
27 (6.4)
55 (13.1)
1.26 (0.66, 2.38)
0.64 (0.35, 1.17)
0.147

Primary school
26 (6.2)
51 (12.1)
1.30 (0.68, 2.49)
0.69 (0.38, 1.25)
0.221

Secondary and above
70 (16.7)
95 (22.6)
3.88 (1.10, 3.24)
2.66 (2.35, 5.24)
0.012

Youth-friendly RHS facility in schools

Yes
81 (9.3)
205 (48.8)
1
—
—

No
69 (16.4)
65 (15.5)
2.69 (1.76, 4.11)
2.53 (1.57, 4.06)
<0.001

Reason for not getting RHS

Had no money
52 (12.4)
104 (24.8)
1
1
—

Neighbors feel ashamed
23 (5.5)
17 (4.0)
0.34 (0.33, 0.50)
0.24 (0.23, 0.27)
0.032

Service providers refused to side the service
26 (6.2)
51 (12.1)
1.02 (0.57, 1.82)
0.84 (0.44, 1.60)
0.598

The clinic was closed
49 (11.7)
98 (23.3)
1.00 (0.62, 1.61)
0.95 (0.56, 1.62)
0.857

Did your friends encourage you to use RHS

Yes
48 (11.4)
124 (29.5)
1.81 (1.19, 2.74)
1.46 (1.87, 6.44)∗
0.005

No
102 (24.3)
146 (34.8)
1
1
—

Chat chewing

Yes
74 (17.6)
29 (6.9)
1
1
—

No
196 (46.7)
121 (28.8)
1.58 (.97, 2.56)
1.08 (.56,2.06)
0.820

Drink alcohol

Yes
36 (8.6)
86 (20.5)
1
—
—

No
114 (27.1)
184 (43.8)
1.48 (0.94, 2.33)
1.17 (0.63,2.17)
0.621

Knowledge level

Good knowledge on RHS
86 (20.5)
118 (28.1)
1.73 (1.16, 2.59)
1.77 (1.14, 2.75)∗
0.011

Poor knowledge on RHS
64 (15.2)
152 (36.2)
1
1
—

Attitude level

Good attitude
63 (15.0)
119 (28.3)
1.29 (1.72, 3.63)
1.14 (2.73, 5.80)
0.05

Poor attitude
87 (20.7)
151 (36.0)
—
—
—

Note: value <0.05, CI = Confidence Interval, COR = Crude Odds Ratio, AOR = Adjusted Odds Ratio.

4. Discussion

The overall utilization of RHS among secondary school youths in Woldia town was found to be 64.3%; the finding was comparable with the study conducted in Nigeria [22] and Harar in which 63.8% of youths utilize reproductive health services [23]. However, it was higher than the study conducted in Jimma [24], Nekemet [25], Madawalabu University [26], Mekele [27], and Mechakel, East Gojjam [8], in which 21.2%, 27.7%, 23%, and 21.5% of participants utilized RHS, respectively. The possible reason for this difference might be due to the participants’ sociodemographic characteristics, duration of time reference used in the definition of RHS utilization, and socioeconomic variation. Furthermore, this discrepancy might be due to differences in the availability or accessibility of youth-friendly health facilities or youth centers in the school, educational status/level, socioeconomic status, urban-rural residence, transportation, and cultural variations. The odds of the utilization of reproductive health service among respondents from the urban residence was higher compared to those respondents from rural residences. This finding was supported by other studies in Ethiopia [20, 28]. This might be because the accessibility of RHS in the urban area and the availability of media in urban areas will facilitate the information transmission regarding the benefit of utilizing RHS. The odds of the utilization of reproductive health service among those who have RHS facility in school was higher compared to those respondents who have not RHS facility in the school. This finding was supported by other studies in Ethiopia [20, 28, 29]. This might be due to the fact that those school-based RHS facilities will deliver services like counseling and easily accessing the facility students need timely.

In this study, the odds of RHS utilization among respondents whose partners’ educational status falls under secondary and above was higher compared to those whose partners’ educational status is unable to read and write. This finding was supported by other studies [29–31]. Those families with higher educational status are more likely to be familiar with RHS-related issues. Respondents whose neighbors feel ashamed were 0.24 times utilize RHS compared to those who have no money to get the service. This finding was supported by other studies [31, 32]. This might be because of the stigma due to the utilization of RHS, which will result in isolation from their peers and society as a whole. To prevent this discrimination, they prefer not to use RHS.

The odds of RHS utilization among respondents whose friends encourage them to use RHS was higher compared to those whose friends did not encourage them to use RHS. Other studies also support this finding [31, 33]. This shows the influence of peer pressure on the utilization of RHS. In this study, respondents who have good knowledge of RHS were in a good stance to utilize reproductive health services compared to nonknowledgeable respondents. A similar finding has been reported in other studies [8, 34–36]. The possible justification for this might be the fact that those respondents with a good level of knowledge regarding RHS will understand the benefit of using RHS and the consequence of not using RHS. In this study, a good attitude regarding RHS was 1.14 times at a higher level to utilize reproductive health services. This finding was comparable with the study conducted by Tegegn et al. in southwest Ethiopia [36].

5. Conclusions and Recommendations

Knowledge of respondents on reproductive health utilization in the study area was found to be low. Students who were from rural families have low utilization of reproductive health services. This low service utilization in these students could dispose them to different reproductive health risks such as sexually transmitted infections, HIV/AIDS, and unwanted pregnancy, which in turn can increase the school dropout rate and have an impact on an individual’s future life. However, students who have good knowledge and were encouraged by their friends have good reproductive health service utilization. Therefore, special attention is needed for students from rural families regarding their parent-adolescent open communication, school staff involvement in their relationship, and open discussion on their sexual and reproductive health issues, and stakeholders should work to scale up the service utilization in schools by considering the students’ background.

Abbreviations

RH: | Reproductive health
RHS: | Reproductive health services
STI: | Sexually transmitted infections
VCT: | Voluntary counseling and testing
YFRHS: | Youth-Friendly Reproductive Health Services.

Data Availability

The data are available and can be accessed from the corresponding author when asked with a reasonable inquiry.

Ethical Approval

Ethical approval was obtained from the research ethics review board of the Woldia University College of Health Science. An official letter of permission was obtained from Woldia University College of Health Science and was submitted to the respective administrative bodies of Woldia town secondary school directors; permission from these administrative bodies was also obtained. Confidentiality was ensured throughout the research process.

Consent

The purpose of the study was explained to the participants; the data were collected after fully informed written consent was obtained; and confidentiality of the information was also maintained by omitting their names and personal identification. Written informed consent for participation in the study was obtained from their parent or guardian where participants are children (under 16 years old).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Authors’ Contributions

Teshome Gebremeskel and Biruk Beletew designed the study and were involved in the writing of the methodology of the proposal, research work, statistical analysis, and the writing of the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final paper. Then, the authors had reviewed and approved the submission of the paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank data collectors and supervisors who fully participated in data collection, and they are also grateful to the students for their voluntary participation in their study. Lastly, the authors would like to thank all high schools for their cooperation from the beginning till the end of this study.

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