Journal of Food Quality
Volume 2017 (2017), Article ID 6738137, 8 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6738137

Research Article

Use of Lactobacillus plantarum as Starter Culture and Its Influence on Physicochemical, Microbiological, and Sensory Characteristics of Kunnu-Aya Produced from Sorghum and Tigernut

O. A. Olaoye, J. Ndife, and V. I. Raymond

Department of Food Science and Technology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria

Correspondence should be addressed to O. A. Olaoye; olaayosegun@yahoo.com

Received 4 October 2017; Accepted 15 November 2017; Published 25 December 2017

Academic Editor: Elena González-Fandos

Copyright © 2017 O. A. Olaoye et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Kunun-aya is a traditional nonalcoholic beverage in the northern part of Nigeria, normally prepared from cereals. In this investigation Lactobacillus plantarum, isolated from fermenting kunun, was applied as starter culture during production of kunun-aya from varying combinations of sorghum and tigernut. The quality attributes of the product indicated increase in ash and protein contents of product inoculated with starter culture (PISC) over the uninoculated control sample (UCS). The highest values of 4.43% and 6.95% were recorded for ash and protein, respectively, in the product from fifty percent each of sorghum and tigernut (50SOR/50TIG). Titratable acidity was higher in PISC compared to UCS; the 50SOR/50TIG sample had the highest value of 0.92. The PISC recorded reduced counts of Salmonella, coliforms, and Staphylococci. The SCIS were preferred by panellists in the sensory attributes of appearance, aroma, taste, mouthfeel, and general acceptability. It was concluded that the use of L. plantarum as starter culture in the production of kunun-aya was advantageous as a result of enhanced nutritional, sensory, and microbial qualities recorded compared to UCS. Reduction in Salmonella, coliforms, and Staphylococci in PISC may be of public health significance. This on quality improvement of the traditional beverage has not been previously reported.

1. Introduction

Kunun is a traditional fermented nonalcoholic cereal beverage widely consumed in Northern Nigeria and other countries of West Africa, which can be produced from either millet, sorghum, or maize [1]. When the beverage is produced from any of the cereals along with tigernut (called aya in Hausa, a language commonly spoken in the northern parts of Nigeria), the name could be qualified and called kunun-aya. The beverage is believed to be of immense social, economic, nutritional, and medicinal importance to consumers. It is generally regarded as a refreshing drink during the dry season because of its thirst quenching properties [2]. The process of production involves wet milling of the cereal, wet sieving, partial gelatinization of the slurry, mild fermentation, sugar addition, and bottling. Olaoye et al. [2] investigated the microbial composition of kunun enriched with tigernut milk extract; the authors reported that the associated bacteria and yeast and molds in the beverage ranged from 2 to 3 log CFU/g.

The occurrence of Lactobacillus plantarum in cereals and fermented cereal products has been reported by many research investigators. Okoronkwo [3] reported the isolation and identification of L. plantarum during fermentation of millet and sorghum into burukutu and kunun-zaki. In another study, Adeyemo and Onilude [4] isolated and identified L. plantarum from ogi, a fermented cereal product from maize and sorghum, during fermentation. It has thus become important that the occurrence of L. plantarum in cereals, especially during production of fermented products from them, may be very significant as the organism has been noted to play vital roles in fermentation stages [3, 4].

Tigernut (Cyperus esculentus L.) belongs to the family Cyperaceae and has been identified as a cosmopolitan and perennial crop. The tubers are about the size of peanut and are abundantly produced in Nigeria and other countries in West Africa. In Nigeria, the Hausas call it aya, Yoruba imumu, and Igbo aki Hausa while it is called offio in Southern Nigeria. Tigernut has been cultivated since early times in South Europe and West Africa for its small tuberous rhizomes which are eaten raw or roasted or pressed to extract juice in making beverage. Tigernut is valued for its dietary fibre content, protein, and also mineral content [5]. As a result of its high dietary fibber content, tigernut could be effective in the treatment and prevention of many diseases such as colon cancer, coronary heart disease, obesity, diabetes, and gastrointestinal disease. It is rich in protein, reducing sugar and soluble polysaccharides.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are important group of microorganisms which can secrete antimicrobial substances in foods, some of which may have antagonistic activities against foodborne pathogens and spoilage organisms [6]. According to Calo-Mata et al. [7], LAB may be used to promote food safety, preserve food quality, develop characteristic new flavors, and improve the nutritional qualities of foods. Some strains of LAB belonging to genera Leuconostoc, Lactococcus, Pediococcus, and Lactobacillus have been used as starter cultures (and are still being exploited) in the processing of many fermented food products [8].

Many research investigations have been reported on the use of LAB as starter cultures in the processing and preservation of meat [6, 9–11], vegetables [12–14], and dairy [15]. However, research is limited on the use of LAB cultures in the Nigerian traditional vegetable kunun-aya and therefore more research investigations are required in possible quality improvement of the product with the use of biological agents. The present report was therefore aimed at investigating the influence of Lactobacillus plantarum as starter culture some quality characteristics of kunun-aya produced from sorghum and tigernut.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Sources of Raw Material

The sorghum grains (Sorghum bicolor) used in this study were obtained from National Stored Products Research Institute (NSPRI), Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria; and sweet potatoes (Ipomoea botatas) was procured from the National Root Crop Research Institute (NRCRI), Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria. Tigernuts (Cyperus esculentus), date palm fruit (Phoenix dactylifera), spices (ginger and pepper), and sugars were purchased from a local market in Umuahia Township, Abia State, Nigeria.

2.2. Isolation of Lactobacillus plantarum and Culture Conditions

The LAB strain, Lactobacillus plantarum used as starter culture in the present report was isolated from fermenting kunun which had been spontaneously initiated using the method described in previous studies [2, 16]. Ten millilitres (10 ml) of the fermenting medium was homogenized in 90 ml sterile distilled water (SDW) in a stomacher (Standard Bags, Stomacher LAB System, Seward Circular 400, UK) for about 2 min. A further tenfold dilution was the resulting homogenate which was made by mixing 1 ml with 9 ml SDW, from which 1 ml was pour plated in MRS agar media (Oxoid, UK) and incubated in anaerobic jar at 37°C for 48–72 h. Resulting colonies were screened by microscopic examination, after which successful ones were subjected to biochemical tests including sugar fermentation and catalase and oxidase tests among others. Lactobacillus plantarum was identified from the screened pure colonies with reference to Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (Sneath et al., 1986). The culture was screened for ability to produce considerate quantities of lactic and acetic acids using the method described in a previous study [6]. Pure culture of Lactobacillus plantarum was routinely maintained in MRS broth medium (Oxoid, UK) containing 20% glycerol at −20°C as working culture; while, for long-term storage, it was maintained in the same medium at −80°C.

2.3. Production of Kunun-Aya

Kunun-aya was produced using the method described by Olaoye et al. [2], with some modification as represented in Figure 1. Weighed quantities of healthy sorghum grains (1 kg) were washed to remove stones and other dirt; they were thereafter steeped in clean water for 48 h to soften the testas. The grains then were wet milled along with spices (65 g ginger, 10 g red pepper, and 15 g sweet potatoes) into a slurry, to which three parts of boiled water (~40°C) were added and thoroughly mixed. The resulting solution was sieved using a muslin cloth to obtain sorghum extract (SE).

Figure 1: Flow chart for production of starter culture inoculated and uninoculated kunun-aya.

Healthy tigernuts (1 kg) were washed to remove dirt. They were subjected to blanching (75°C, 30 min) and then washed in clean water. The nuts were then boiled in 0.2% (w/v) solution of sodium bicarbonate for 30 min to reduce objectionable flavor. They were drained, mixed with water (ratio 1 : 4), and milled (Philips-Kenwood, UK). The homogenous slurry was filtered using a muslin cloth to obtain tigernut milk extract (TME).

SE and TME were mixed in respectively 90 : 10, 80 : 20, 70 : 30, 60 : 40, and 50 : 50. Each mixture was divided into two equal parts; one part was inoculated with 1 × 10⁴ CFUs/ml of L. plantarum as starter culture while the other part was not inoculated with the starter culture. The two parts were fermented for 12 h and then pasteurized (75°C for 15 min) to terminate the fermentation process. The resulting liquid was kunun-aya which was sweetened by the addition of sucrose (5% w/v).

2.4. Determination of Proximate Composition of Kunun-Aya

The proximate composition of the kunun-aya samples, including moisture, ash, fat, and protein contents, was carried out using the methods of Association of Official Analytical Chemists [17]. Carbohydrate was determined by difference.

2.5. Determination of Physicochemical Properties of Kunun-Aya

The total soluble solids (TSS) in the kunun-aya samples were determined by slight modification of the method described by Olaoye et al. [2]. Exactly 25 ml of sample was measured into porcelain of known weight and evaporated over boiling water in a water bath. The evaporated sample was dried to constant weight in an oven at °C for 3 h

Specific gravity (SG), pH, and titratable acidity (TTA) of the samples were determined according to the methods of AOAC [17].

2.6. Determination of Microbiological Properties

A tenfold dilution of kunun-aya was made by taking ten milliliters and thoroughly mixing it in 90 ml of sterile distilled water (10⁻¹ dilution); from this, further dilutions were made. One milliliter (1 ml) of appropriate dilutions was mixed with appropriate sterile molten media (45°C); potato dextrose agar (PDA) for molds; malt extract agar (MEA) supplemented with streptomycin for yeast; MacConkey agar for coliforms; plate count agar (PCA) for total bacteria count; deMan Rogosa Sharpe agar (MRS) for LAB; xylose lysine deoxycholate (XLD) for Salmonella; and Mannitol salt agar for Staphylococcus.

Incubation period was 48 h at 37°C, except for yeast and molds (25°C, 72 h). Determinations were carried out in triplicate and counts were expressed in logarithmic of colony forming unit per milliliter of sample (i.e., log CFUs/ml).

2.7. Determination of Sensory Properties

The sensory properties, including appearance, aroma, taste, mouthfeel, and general acceptability, of kunun-aya samples were determined using a semitrained fifty-member panel ranging between twenty and fifty years of age and composed of 31 males and 19 females. The panelists were asked to allocate scores to each attribute based on a 9-point hedonic scale ranging from 1 (dislike extremely) to 9 (like extremely). Data collected were subjected to statistical analysis to determine possible differences among samples.

2.8. Statistical Analysis

The emanating data which depended on inoculation of starter culture on kunun-aya were analyzed according to a completely randomized design with three replicates. Data were subjected to variance analyses and differences between means were evaluated by Duncan’s multiple range test using SPSS statistic programme, version 10.01 [18]. Significant differences were expressed at .

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Lactobacillus plantarum Used as Starter Culture

In the present study, a LAB strain Lactobacillus plantarum used as starter culture during fermentation process in the production of kunnu-aya was isolated from fermenting kunun. The isolation and identification of the L. plantarum were done following methods which had been previously reported by other research investigators [2, 16]. The subsequent selection of this LAB strain as starter culture was due to its ability to produce considerable concentrations of lactic and acetic acids during preliminary experiments. Olaoye et al. [2] also reported the ability of the LAB strain to produce considerate quantities of lactic and acetic acids. According to the authors, L. plantarum produced 27.99 and 3.48 g/10⁷ CFUs of the respective acids, giving it an advantage to be used as starter culture. This observation was similar to those observed in the present study where L plantarum produced lactic and acetic acid concentrations of 27.07 and 3.36 g/10⁷ CFUs, respectively. The concentration of lactic acid produced by LAB could contribute to preservation of food products by bringing about antagonism against food spoilage organisms [2, 8, 19]. The L. plantarum was noted to produce reduced concentration of acetic acid (<4 g/10⁷ CFUs), and this may be advantageous in food preservation as high concentration of acetic acid has been noted to be undesirable as it can impart negatively on sensory qualities [20].

3.2. Proximate Composition of Kunun-Aya

Presented in Table 1 is the result of proximate composition of starter culture inoculated samples (SCIS) and uninoculated samples (US) of kunnu-aya. The fat and carbohydrate contents were lower than 4.0% in all samples. It was also shown that the SCIS had higher contents of ash than their US counterparts; the highest content of 4.43% was recorded for SCIS made from fifty percent each of sorghum and tigernut (50SOR/50TIG) while the lowest (2.05%) was obtained for the USS from one hundred percent sorghum (100SOR/0TIG). The enhanced values of ash contents noted in kunnu-aya samples inoculated with L. plantarum as starter culture in this study corroborate previous reports in which different foods were inoculated with cultures of LAB [21–23]. The trend of protein contents in the kunun-aya samples was similar to that of ash contents; the SCIS had higher contents than their US counterparts. There was significant difference in the values of ash and protein between the inoculated and uninoculated samples (). In a research investigation reported by Maiangwa et al. [22] on a food product (masa) inoculated with LAB starter cultures, higher values of protein contents were observed in the inoculated product than the uninoculated control sample. In another report, Akabanda et al. [23] investigated the effect of inoculating nunu (a fermented milk product in Ghana) with cultures of LAB and concluded that there was increased content of protein in inoculated samples over their uninoculated control counterparts. The enhanced contents of ash and protein recorded in the kunun-aya samples inoculated with L. plantarum may therefore be nutritionally advantageous to consumers of the product. This could constitute an economically viable approach towards promoting food security in developing countries such as Nigeria, where food sources of protein are hardly affordable by the majority of people due to prevailing high poverty level. The possible nutritional benefit inherent in food products inoculated with lactic acid bacteria was also demonstrated in the research finding of Agarry et al. [21] where kunun-zaki (produced from millet) was inoculated with LAB cultures. The ash and protein contents of the uninoculated kunun-aya samples were similar to those reported by Olaoye et al. [2] in a recent report on kunun-zaki produced from millet, with inclusion of tigernut milk extract.

Table 1: Proximate composition of starter culture inoculated and uninoculated kunnu-aya.

Samples
Proximate parameters

Moisture
Ash
Fat
Protein
Carbohydrate

Inoculated samples

100SOR/0TIG
86.80 ± 0.01
2.91 ± 0.22
2.32 ± 0.02
5.01 ± 0.01
2.96 ± 0.08

90SOR/10TIG
85.44 ± 0.01
3.18 ± 0.21
2.91 ± 0.10
5.35 ± 0.06
3.12 ± 0.33

80SOR/20TIG
84.33 ± 0.01
3.74 ± 1.23
2.88 ± 0.69
5.58 ± 0.09
3.47 ± 0.01

70SOR/30TIG
83.31 ± 0.01
3.99 ± 0.42
2.93 ± 0.07
5.83 ± 0.18
3.94 ± 0.16

60SOR/40TIG
83.40 ± 0.00
4.28 ± 0.17
3.39 ± 0.07
6.06 ± 0.06
2.87 ± 0.16

50SOR/50TIG
82.26 ± 0.01
4.43 ± 0.55
3.37 ± 0.01
6.95 ± 0.14
2.99 ± 0.01

Uninoculated samples

100SOR/0TIG
88.93 ± 0.00
2.05 ± 0.75
2.29 ± 0.89
4.40 ± 0.01
2.33 ± 0.01

90SOR/10TIG
87.40 ± 0.28
2.12 ± 0.07
2.83 ± 0.53
4.72 ± 0.11
2.93 ± 0.08

80SOR/20TIG
86.76 ± 0.01
2.24 ± 0.01
2.67 ± 1.01
4.93 ± 0.03
3.40 ± 0.06

70SOR/30TIG
86.03 ± 0.32
2.38 ± 0.04
2.68 ± 0.74
5.03 ± 0.03
3.88 ± 0.07

60SOR/40TIG
86.78 ± 0.37
2.41 ± 0.85
3.33 ± 0.82
5.21 ± 0.03
2.27 ± 0.03

50SOR/50TIG
86.22 ± 0.07
2.48 ± 0.34
3.35 ± 0.25
5.64 ± 0.09
2.31 ± 0.08

Values are means of three replicated samples. Means with different superscript letters across columns are significantly different ; 100SOR/0TIG, 100% sorghum and 0% tigernut; 90SOR/10TIG, 90% sorghum and 10% tigernut; 80SOR/20TIG, 80% sorghum and 20% tigernut; 70SOR/30TIG, 70% sorghum and 30% tigernut; 60SOR/40TIG, 60% sorghum and 40% tigernut; 50SOR/50TIG, 50% sorghum and 50% tigernut.

3.3. Physicochemical Properties of Kunnu-Aya

Table 2 shows the results of the physicochemical properties of the kunun-aya samples. pH value below 5.0 was recorded for SCIS, whereas US samples had pH values higher than 5.0. There was significant difference () between the pH of both SCIS and US samples. The lower pH in SCIS could be as a result of production of organic acids by L. plantarum used as starter culture, leading to lowering in pH. LAB cultures are known to produce organic acids which bring about lowering of pH in foods inoculated with them [11, 21]. The higher content of titratable acidity recorded in SCIS compared to US is a justification of the lower pH noted in the former than in the latter samples. Titratable acidity of a food product is a measure of lactic acid in it, and this has a direct effect on pH. The values recorded for titratable acidity and pH of the kunun-aya samples in the present study were supportive of those reported in separate findings by Agarry et al. [21] and Olaoye et al. [2] in kunun-zaki. The values recorded for specific gravity (SG) and total soluble solids (TSS) of the kunun-aya samples did not show any significant difference (); that is, SCIS and US samples did not differ significantly from one another. The TSS was highest in the whole sorghum sample (100SOR/0TIG), having the value of 9.80 while the lowest value (9.35) was obtained for sample produced from fifty percent each of sorghum and tigernut (i.e., 50SOR/50TIG). The TSS of the kunun-aya samples in this study were similar to those reported by Akoma et al. [1]; according to the author, a value of 9.07 was obtained as TSS for kunun-zaki produced from millet. The values of SG obtained in the present report were lower than those reported in a study reported by Olaoye et al. [2] from kunun-zaki produced from millet. The authors reported values lower than 1.0 g/cm³, whereas values were higher than 1.0 in the present study; this could be attributed to the difference in cereal types and methods adopted during production of the nonalcoholic drink.

Table 2: Physicochemical properties of starter culture inoculated and uninoculated kunnu-aya.

Samples
Physicochemical properties

pH
TTA
SG
TSS

(% lactic acid)
(g/cm³)
()

Inoculated samples

100SOR/0TIG
4.62 ± 0.01
0.61 ± 0.15
1.02 ± 0.03
9.80 ± 0.08

90SOR/10TIG
4.56 ± 0.21
0.68 ± 0.32
1.04 ± 0.06
9.72 ± 0.02

80SOR/20TIG
4.59 ± 0.17
0.65 ± 0.61
1.03 ± 0.05
9.69 ± 0.07

70SOR/30TIG
4.51 ± 0.43
0.62 ± 0.43
1.04 ± 0.09
9.63 ± 0.14

60SOR/40TIG
4.32 ± 0.47
0.68 ± 0.36
1.03 ± 0.22
9.51 ± 0.21

50SOR/50TIG
4.45 ± 0.81
0.92 ± 0.71
1.05 ± 0.11
9.35 ± 0.09

Uninoculated samples

100SOR/0TIG
5.83 ± 1.01
0.41 ± 0.23
1.01 ± 0.31
9.52 ± 0.33

90SOR/10TIG
5.79 ± 0.99
0.44 ± 0.35
1.04 ± 0.17
9.45 ± 0.36

80SOR/20TIG
5.74 ± 1.28
0.40 ± 0.35
1.03 ± 0.04
9.53 ± 0.12

70SOR/30TIG
5.62 ± 0.51
0.35 ± 0.39
1.04 ± 0.08
9.61 ± 0.07

60SOR/40TIG
5.66 ± 0.53
0.55 ± 0.44
1.05 ± 0.14
9.43 ± 0.26

50SOR/50TIG
5.78 ± 0.61
0.38 ± 0.46
1.07 ± 0.11
9.51 ± 0.25

Values are means of three replicated samples. Means with different superscript letters across columns are significantly different ; TTA, total titratable acidity; SG, specific gravity; TSS, total soluble solids; 100SOR/0TIG, 100% sorghum and 0% tigernut; 90SOR/10TIG, 90% sorghum and 10% tigernut; 80SOR/20TIG, 80% sorghum and 20% tigernut; 70SOR/30TIG, 70% sorghum and 30% tigernut; 60SOR/40TIG, 60% sorghum and 40% tigernut; 50SOR/50TIG, 50% sorghum and 50% tigernut.

3.4. Microbial Counts of Kunnu-Aya

The microbial counts (log CFUs/ml) of the kunun-aya samples are shown in Table 3. Values of total bacteria count (TBC) were higher in the USA in comparison with SICS, suggesting possible antimicrobial effect of L. plantarum on the microflora of the product. The highest TBC of 5.8 was recorded for the uninoculated sample made from fifty percent each of sorghum and tigernut while the lowest (2.2) was obtained for 90SOR/10TIG (i.e., sample made from 90% sorghum and 10% tigernut). A similar trend to those of TBC was observed for the yeast and mold (Y & M) count in the nonalcoholic beverage. Although the antimicrobial activities of the L. plantarum used as starter culture were not demonstrated in this study, the lower counts of TBC and Y & M recorded in the product may be attributed to production of antimicrobial agents by the LAB strain. This was because production of antimicrobial agents such as lactic acid, diacetyl, hydrogen peroxide, and bacteriocin by LAB such as L. plantarum against other microorganisms has been demonstrated in other research investigations [24–26]. The L. plantarum was also believed to display antimicrobial activity against Salmonella spp. in the beverage, as lower counts were recorded in samples inoculated with the starter culture than their uninoculated counterparts. Similar observations were recorded for coliforms and Staphylococci; the two groups of organisms were not detected in inoculated samples, unlike in uninoculated samples where counts were recorded. The antimicrobial activities of L. plantarum against Salmonella, coliforms, and Staphylococci in this study are in support of previous reported research investigations. For example, Akabanda et al. [23] reported antimicrobial activity of some strains of Lactobacillus against Staphylococcus typhi and S. aureus (members of Staphylococci) in nunu, a fermented milk product. Olanrewaju [27] and Okereke et al. [28] also demonstrated the antimicrobial activities of some LAB cultures against Escherichia coli (a member of coliforms) and S. aureus in in vitro experiments. Many members of Salmonella, coliforms, and Staphylococci are known to be associated with food-borne illness [23, 27–29] and are therefore of public health importance. The antimicrobial activities displayed by L. plantarum against these organisms could be very helpful in promoting safety and public health among consumers of the traditional food beverage, kunun-aya.

Table 3: Microbial counts (log CFUs/ml) of starter culture inoculated and uninoculated kunnu-aya.

Samples
Microorganisms enumerated

TBC
Y & M
Salmonella
Coliforms
Staphylococci
LAB

Inoculated samples

100SOR/0TIG
2.8
1.5
2.8
ND
ND
6.8

90SOR/10TIG
2.2
2.0
2.5
ND
ND
7.2

80SOR/20TIG
2.7
2.7
2.7
ND
ND
7.4

70SOR/30TIG
2.9
2.2
2.0
ND
ND
6.9

60SOR/40TIG
2.8
2.4
2.9
ND
ND
7.8

50SOR/50TIG
2.5
2.9
2.3
ND
ND
8.5

Uninoculated samples

100SOR/0TIG
3.9
3.3
3.7
2.7
3.1
5.4

90SOR/10TIG
3.6
3.9
3.5
3.1
3.7
5.1

80SOR/20TIG
5.3
3.7
3.2
3.4
4.0
5.2

70SOR/30TIG
5.5
3.5
3.9
2.8
3.5
4.9

60SOR/40TIG
4.9
3.2
4.0
3.0
4.2
5.3

50SOR/50TIG
5.8
3.0
4.2
3.2
4.4
5.6

Values are means of three replicated samples. Means with different superscript letters across columns are significantly different ; CFUs, colony forming units; TBC, total bacteria count; Y & M, yeasts and molds; LAB, lactic acid bacteria; 100SOR/0TIG, 100% sorghum and 0% tigernut; 90SOR/10TIG, 90% sorghum and 10% tigernut; 80SOR/20TIG, 80% sorghum and 20% tigernut; 70SOR/30TIG, 70% sorghum and 30% tigernut; 60SOR/40TIG, 60% sorghum and 40% tigernut; 50SOR/50TIG, 50% sorghum and 50% tigernut.

3.5. Sensory Evaluation of Kunnu-Aya

The result of the sensory evaluation of the kunnu-aya samples (Table 4) showed that the inoculated samples had higher mean scores than the uninoculated control counterparts in most of the sensory properties that were evaluated. The inoculated 100SOR/0TIG sample had highest mean scores of 8.30, 7.90, 8.25, and 8.50 in the sensory properties of appearance, aroma, taste, and general acceptability. The highest score of 8.05 was however recorded for inoculated 90SOR/10TIG sample in the sensory attribute of mouthfeel.

Table 4: Mean sensory scores of starter culture inoculated and uninoculated kunnu-aya.

Samples
Sensory properties

Appearance
Aroma
Taste
Mouth feel
G. acceptability

Inoculated samples

100SOR/0TIG
8.30 ± 0.66
7.90 ± 0.79
8.25 ± 0.64
7.85 ± 0.88
8.50 ± 0.61

90SOR/10TIG
7.60 ± 0.60
7.85 ± 0.59
8.00 ± 0.46
8.05 ± 0.76
8.25 ± 0.44

80SOR/20TIG
8.15 ± 0.75
7.70 ± 0.47
7.90 ± 0.72
7.80 ± 0.70
8.20 ± 0.52

70SOR/30TIG
7.70 ± 0.73
7.55 ± 0.51
7.95 ± 0.51
7.95 ± 0.76
8.20 ± 0.52

60SOR/40TIG
7.85 ± 0.67
7.70 ± 0.66
8.10 ± 0.64
8.15 ± 0.67
8.40 ± 0.50

50SOR/50TIG
7.85 ± 0.75
7.70 ± 0.57
8.15 ± 0.67
7.75 ± 0.64
8.05 ± 0.39

Uninoculated samples

100SOR/0TIG
7.90 ± 1.62
7.80 ± 1.06
7.75 ± 1.74
7.65 ± 1.42
7.85 ± 1.90

90SOR/10TIG
7.05 ± 1.36
6.90 ± 1.33
6.60 ± 1.43
7.30 ± 1.42
7.00 ± 1.30

80SOR/20TIG
7.75 ± 1.12
7.10 ± 1.07
6.85 ± 1.39
7.25 ± 1.29
7.60 ± 1.14

70SOR/30TIG
7.25 ± 1.21
6.25 ± 1.29
6.65 ± 1.93
7.15 ± 1.42
7.00 ± 1.72

60SOR/40TIG
7.10 ± 1.37
7.15 ± 1.18
7.30 ± 1.53
7.20 ± 1.61
7.40 ± 1.50

50SOR/50TIG
7.20 ± 1.51
6.70 ± 1.26
7.60 ± 1.14
7.00 ± 1.30
7.15 ± 1.14

Values are means of three replicated samples. Means with different superscript letters across columns are significantly different ; G. acceptability, general acceptability; 100SOR/0TIG, 100% sorghum and 0% tigernut; 90SOR/10TIG, 90% sorghum and 10% tigernut; 80SOR/20TIG, 80% sorghum and 20% tigernut; 70SOR/30TIG, 70% sorghum and 30% tigernut; 60SOR/40TIG, 60% sorghum and 40% tigernut; 50SOR/50TIG, 50% sorghum and 50% tigernut.

4. Conclusion

It was concluded that the use of L. plantarum culture in the production of kunun-aya gave enhanced nutritional quality especially in terms of ash and protein which may be beneficial to consumers of the product. The LAB culture displayed antagonistic activity against Staphylococci and Salmonella, and this is of public health significance in Nigeria where the beverage is normally consumed by a vast majority of the populace, especially in the northern part of the country.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

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