Microencapsulation of Essential Oils by Spray-Drying and Influencing Factors

Department of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ha Noi, Vietnam Department of Advanced Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ha Noi, Vietnam NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat &anh University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam Center of Excellence for Biochemistry and Natural Products, Nguyen Tat &anh University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam College of Agriculture, Can &o University, Can &o, Vietnam Institute of Biotechnology and Environment, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma &uot, Dak Lak, Vietnam


Introduction
Essential volatile oils, which are commonly known as essential oils (EOs), are one of the secondary compounds naturally synthesized in various organs of aromatic plants, including fruits, leaves, flowers, bark, stalks, and roots [1,2]. Among over 300 different compounds identified in EOs, terpenoids (e.g., isoprenoids, monoterpenoids, diterpenoids, and sesquiterpenoids) are the major constituents, followed by oxygenated derivatives (e.g., alcohols, esters, aldehydes, phenols, and ketones) as well as phenylpropanoids (e.g., eugenol and cinnamaldehyde) [1,3,4]. Despite accounting for less than 5% of the dry basis of raw materials, EOs are essentially involved in (1) protection against herbivores and pathogen attack, (2) signaling regulation, and (3) responses to environmental stimulation. It is believed that most aromatic EOs were firstly extracted by ancient Egyptians dated back to 4500 B.C. [5]. Down the centuries, the demand for EOs has extended across the Middle East, North Africa, and Europe [6]. A tremendous amount of EOs was utilized by the ancient civilizations in Egypt, China, and India for traditional remedies, perfume production, and home cooking [7].
To date, the international market of EOs has reached over $17 billion (2019), mainly distributed in food (as natural flavors, preservatives, and edible packages), pharmaceutical (functional properties), and home (as fragrance and cleaning products) segments [8,9]. ese industries have recognized EOs as a promising alternative for synthetic chemicals, providing valuable health benefits to global consumers as well as minimizing environmental impacts. e health-promoting benefits of EOs are given by their biological activities, which have been intensively exploited over the past few decades. Specifically, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammation, anticancer, insecticidal [9], antipigmentation [10] and antiviral [11] properties have been recognized as highlighted properties of EOs. Firstly, the antioxidant activity of EOs is derived from their content of phenolic compounds (e.g., β-pinene, sabinene, c-terpinene, limonene, and myrcene), targeting to free-radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation which could either prevent or cure various cell damage and diseases [12][13][14][15]. ese phenolic compounds also take the main responsibility in the antimicrobial activity of EOs against a wide array of Gramnegative and Gram-positive bacteria such as E. coli [10], P. aeruginosa [14], Streptococcus spp. [16], and Lactobacillus spp. as well as many yeast and mould [17]. Due to natural lipophilicity, EOs molecules were able to penetrate through the lipids of the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane, disrupting the membrane structure and causing the loss of cell constituents [12]. EOs have also been employed in clinical treatment to treat inflammatory diseases [18]. e biologically active compounds of EOs contribute to restricting the histamine formation or diminishing the production of inflammation mediators [1]. Recently, these biological activities of EOs have even been taken to the next level by combination therapy and nanotechnology development [19,20]. Combinations of EOs with other EOs or with synthetic chemical agents (e.g., commercial antibiotics and antimicrobial peptide) have exerted synergistic effects towards multiple targets at a lowered dose of the individual compounds and less administration times, thus minimizing possible adverse effects as well as resistance development [21][22][23][24]. Meanwhile, the use of numerous nanomaterials as a delivery system for EOs has been shown to significantly improve EOs stability and controlled release and bioavailability while extending their efficacy and shelf-life over a prolonged period of time, thereby successfully counteracting antibiotic-resistant microbial biofilm formation and their associated chronic diseases in human, animals, and plants [25][26][27].
As the yield and quality of EOs are highly prone to environmental conditions, an effective extraction method is in high demand [28][29][30]. For this reason, an encapsulation method has been proposed to enhance the EOs stability and controlled release [31]. e process involves emulsifying core materials (e.g., EOs) with coating materials (e.g., carbohydrates or proteins) and then cooling or drying the resulted emulsion [32]. Encapsulation provides a firm protection against moisture, oxygen, light, and undesirable interactions with insects, thus minimizing their effects on the EOs shelf-life and activities [33][34][35][36]. e final products of the microencapsulation process are microcapsules with various sizes ranged from a few micrometers to a few millimeters, in the form of particles, capsules, droplets, or complexes [37].
Currently, encapsulation is performed via emulsification, coacervation, spray-drying, complexation, and nanoprecipitation methods [38,39]. Selection for an appropriate encapsulation method is entirely dependent on the wall material. An emulsion-based encapsulating method, which is commonly used to pack poorly water-soluble ingredients, results in discrete droplets or capsules after removing the organic solvent [40]. e coacervation technique is applied to encapsulate hydrophobic molecules, based on the electrostatic interaction between colloids that gives rise to spontaneous liquid-liquid phase separation [41]. e nanoprecipitation method, which is commonly known as solvent displacement, is relatively similar to the emulsification method. e nanoprecipitation results in the formation of nanoparticles suspension in water after solvent evaporation. Complexation is the process of adding EOs to an aqueous solution and then applying certain heat to obtain desired complexes. All four mentioned techniques present disadvantages with regards to high cost, high solvent consumption, and highly complex industrial scale [42].
erefore, due to cost-effective operation, high retention of core materials, and effortlessly convenient equipment, spray-drying is commonly used in food as well as flavoring industries [35,36]. is technique physically converts EOs from a hydrophobic liquid into a more convenient lowmoist powder form, which contributes to promote the alternative use of EOs [43,44]. e present review aims to discuss about the spraydrying process applied in EO encapsulation, focusing on (1) the factors which influence the spray-drying encapsulation efficiency as well as (2) encapsulated EOs uses in food, pharmaceutical, and textile industries.

Material Preparation and Process Mechanism.
Spray-drying is a known a common encapsulation technique and has been well developed in pharmaceutical, chemical, food, and flavor industries [45]. Since its discovery in 1937 by A. Boake Roberts, the technique of spray-drying has played a significant role in producing various powdered flavors and encapsulating aromatic EOs [46,47], vitamins [48], minerals [49], colorants [50], fat [51], aroma compounds [34], oleoresins [52], and enzymes [53][54][55][56]. In general, spray-drying is a flexible and low-cost method for protecting core biomaterials using spray-drying readily available equipments [44]. Materials for spray-drying are prepared by firstly dissolving the wall or coating material made from maltodextrin, modified starch, gum, or their combination and then allowing them to completely saturate in a refrigerator overnight [43]. e addition of emulsifiers may depend on emulsifying properties of the wall materials. e wall matrix: core material ratio is varied according to different experimental conditions. e prepared oil-in-water emulsion is then speedily homogenized to produce emulsions with smaller oil globules, thus reducing the attractive forces between the globules and stabilizing infeed emulsions [54].
e mixing time at high speed is maintained. e emulsion once formed when contacted with heated air under high pressure would form a mist spread in the drying chamber ( Figure 1). ree basic types of atomizers which have been broadly utilized are the high pressure nozzles, the double piston, and the spinning wheel [46]. e atomizers are responsible for producing uniform-sized, homogeneous, and smooth spray-dried particles. Next, inside the drying chamber, the hot air steam encounters the atomized droplets and dehydrates the solvent, producing dried particles which are small droplets of the core ingredient covered in a wall matrix [43]. Finally, the dried particles travel through the cyclone to the collecting jar where they are finally collected.
As a result, the spray-drying process produces highly fine discrete particles with a variety of sizes depending on the type of wall matrix material. Each particle contains a complex matrix in which EO globules are freely dispersed. As previously mentioned, the low-cost processing, available industrial-scale production, diverse encapsulating matrices, high volatile compounds retention, readily available equipment, and good quality of spray-dried particles are some significant advantages of microencapsulation by spraydrying [36,43]. Apart from these advantages, the main limitation is that the obtained microcapsules are partially present in an agglomerated form, which is due to fiber formation between polymeric chains [36]. Hence, this phenomenon requires the wall materials to be carefully selected in the case of liquid application [42,43]. Overall, spray-drying encapsulation is a low-cost and energy-efficient technology that can be applied to various food ingredients, enabling encapsulation of thermolabile compounds with low degradation risk, high encapsulation efficiency, and prolonged shelf-life.

Factors Which Affect the Efficiency of Spray-Drying Encapsulation of EOs.
Successful EO encapsulation is expected to bring about high efficiency, minimum amount of unencapsulated material, and maximum retention of encapsulated powder. For this reason, a significant number of research studies have been conducted over the past few years to optimize the retention of volatile compound content in encapsulated EOs [33,37,51]. According to King and Hecht [57,58], the volatile compounds can be lost through (1) flowing of atomized emulsion during atomization; (2) water diffusion of an unstable selective membrane, and (3) water interference towards morphological development. It is at the third stage that a greater amount of volatile compounds is lost, as compared to the others.
For a highly efficient spray-drying process, at least four criteria should be taken into consideration: (a) the type and concentration of wall materials; (b) the concentration of core materials and their composition retention; (c) the characteristics of infeed emulsion; and (d) the spray-drying conditions ( Figure 2).

2.2.1.
e Attributes of Wall Materials. Currently, wall materials derived from numerous natural and synthetic polymers have been employed as encapsulating agents of volatile compounds and oils. Selecting an appropriate material is an important step in infeed emulsion specification prior to spray-drying, as well as chemical interactions and volatile compounds retention throughout the process [42]. e choice of wall material is based on a number of factors regarding to the physicochemical properties of the core (e.g., solubility and porosity), the wall (e.g., molecular weight, viscosity, mechanic properties, film-forming, and emulsifying properties), compatibility, control mechanism, and economic factors [46]. erefore, the favorable wall materials are carbohydrates such as modified and hydrolyzed starches, cellulose derivatives, gums, and cyclodextrins [32]. Among the available ingredients, maltodextrin, gum Arabic, and their combination have been commonly used due to excellent emulsifying capacities and volatile compounds retention [33,34,37] (see Table 1).
Maltodextrin (MD) [(C 6 H 12 O 5 ).nH 2 O] is a nonsweet polysaccharide which is made of multiple D-glucose units linked by α-1,4-glycosidic bonds. It normally presents as a white hygroscopic spray-dried powder or concentrated solution resulted from partial hydrolysis of corn starch with acids and/or enzymes [38]. MD is rapidly digested and absorbed as glucose and has been used as a food additive for a long time. e hydrolysis level of starch which is termed dextrose equivalent (DE) is directly associated with the degree of core material protection against oxygen penetration [39]. Using MD as the wall material is considered as inexpensive (one-third of the cost of modified starch), almost flavorless, less viscous, less hygroscopic, highly soluble in cold water, and excellently protectable for EOs, milk fat, soy oil, and fish oil [63]. MD is commonly combined with Arabic gum, modified starches, or proteins in a fixed ratio to improve the emulsifying stabilization. uong Nhan et al. [34] used MD and MD-gum mixture to carry out microencapsulation for lemongrass EO by spray-drying. e tested concentrations of wall material ranged from 15 to 30%, and the mixture ratio was 4 : 1. Tween 80 acted as an emulsifier to improve the stabilization of infeed emulsion.

Journal of Food Quality
Results have shown that lemongrass EOs (1.5%) had been encapsulated by MD (30%) at significant efficiency (84.75%) without interfering most of the Eos' chemical composition and product quality. MD has also been blended with whey protein isolate (MD-PI), octenylsuccinic anhydride (MD-OSA), and their combination (MD-OSA-PI) for avocado EO encapsulation. e MD-OSA blend produced homogenoussized microcapsules which maintained EO stability for three weeks after the experiment, yet the encapsulation efficiency was the lowest, due to the sensitiveness of OSA to light and oxidation [61,64]. Another work conducted by Asensio et al. [59] had successfully microencapsulated oregano EO by spray-drying using combinations of MD with hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) and colloidal silicon dioxide at 1 : 1:0 and 2 : 1:1 ratios as wall materials. Interestingly, the oregano EO microcapsules without CSD exhibited high antioxidant activity and lowered release of volatile compounds after 90 days of storage.
Gum Arabic (GA) obtained from the Acacia stems and branches mainly consists of complex polysaccharides (approximately 500 kDa), along with their potassium, calcium, and magnesium salts. Up to the present, GA is commercially    Lemon EO 30% available in various forms, ranging from white to yellowishwhite flakes, granules, powder, roller-dried, or spray-dried material [39]. GA is commonly employed as an emulsifier, stabilizer, and thickener in the production of confectionery and beverage industries due to high solubility, high oxidative stability, and excellent emulsification in a wide range of pH [65,66]. Regarding EO encapsulation by spray-drying, GA is a common wall material due to high retention of many volatile compounds during the process. However, GA application faces difficulties in high cost, limited availability, and contamination. erefore, researchers have made an attempt to either combine GA with different materials or to exploit for other alternatives [32].
Rajabi et al. [67] described the use of three types of wall materials (maltodextrin, gum Arabic, and gelatin) alone or in combinations for the microencapsulation of saffron extract by the spray-drying technique. As seen from the concerned blends, the stability of saffron bioactive compounds increased as the quantity of gelatin decreased in its blend with maltodextrin and gum Arabic up to 1% (w/w). e microencapsulation process was optimized at 40% total solids, consisting of maltodextrin, gum Arabic, and gelatin in the w/w ratio of 0.94 : 0.05 : 0.01.
Guergoletto et al. [68] invested a study on, in vitro, the antioxidant capacity and prooxidant effects of juçara pulp fermented with two bacterial strains before and after spraydrying with maltodextrin, gum Arabic, or gelatin and storage at 25°C for 90 days. e reduction in total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity was recorded when the samples were dried with maltodextrin (24% decrease of total phenolic content and 19% of DPPH scavenging), followed by gum Arabic (decrease of 50.7 and 69%) and gelatin (decrease of 61 and 78%).
Flores-Belmont et al. [69] evaluated the survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus in model gastrointestinal conditions through microencapsulation by simple or double spray-drying using chitosan-inulin or chitosan-maltodextrin (1 : 15 or 1 : 25) solutions. A microbial reduction of 7 log cycles was obtained for the simple microencapsulated probiotic and only 3 log reductions for the double microencapsulated probiotic. e double microencapsulated probiotic, thus, demonstrated greater resistance to simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Kausadikar, Gadhave, and Waghmare [62] have used native MD, native GA, native modified starch (MS), GA mixed with MD (the ratios of 3 : 1, 1 : 1, 1 : 3), and GA mixed with MS (the ratios of 3 : 1, 1 : 1; 1 : 3) as the wall materials for the encapsulation of lemon oil by spray-drying. e result showed that the encapsulation efficiency ranged from 50.52% to 83.60% with the highest value obtained from 1 : 1 GA-MS and the lowest value obtained from native MD. e encapsulation efficiency of GA was the highest, followed by MS and MD. Moreover, GA was recommended to blend with MD and MS to reduce production costs.
Wall materials made of GA-MD combination were used to encapsulate the lavender EO liquid into a solid powdered form using the spray-drying method. e optimal ratio of GA, solid concentration, and oil loading was found as 25 w/ w%, 30 w/w%, and 16.67 w/w%, respectively, producing lavender oil microencapsulates at high encapsulation efficiency (77.89%) and remaining stable for up to 1 month of storage. However, once the content of either solid concentration or GA outweighed each other, such protective effect would suffer from high viscosity, delayed particle formation, and reduced solubility, which lead to low powder yield as well as EO volatilization and loss during the drying process. In general, these studies have proposed that a suitable wall material plays a key role in protecting the loaded active compounds and maintaining the microencapsulates' stability for use and storage in a long run. Beside the favorable use of MD and GA, the disadvantages of each individual compound should be improved via new formulation and strategies to enable clinical and industrial applications. In addition, the search for alternative materials and combinations, as well as optimization work, should be further extended to construct a specifically effective spraydrying encapsulation process for each EO.

e Properties of Core Material.
Over the years, EOs from lemongrass [34], thyme [33], lavender [37], oregano [59], avocado [61], lemon [62], and cinnamon [70] have been successfully encapsulated by spray-drying. ese studies reported in general that the spray-drying encapsulation acted as a protective barrier for the EO during processing, storage, and transport, thereby actively preventing the loss, volatilization, and degradation of EO as well as their chemical modification [71].
Despite the fact that spray-drying microencapsulation would mainly attempt to restrain the volatile compounds loss, the retention is also affected by the molecular weight, polarity, and relative volatility of the volatile compounds [32]. Firstly, the molecular weight of volatile compounds is the primary factor which determines their diffusion rate. A high molecular weight allows the compounds to have more interaction time with the atomized droplet surface during the drying process, thus increasing the volatile retention. e second factor that determines volatile retention is the relative volatility [72]. For instance, the retention of octanol, octenol, octanon, and octanal was correlated with their relative volatility when they were encapsulated with maltodextrin before spray-drying [72]. As a result, the higher the relative volatility was, the lower the retention was. e third factor is the polarity of volatile compounds. Studies have shown that the volatile compounds would become more polar when dissolving in water for a long time. Water fractions when passing through the selective membrane even at the late stage of the drying process enhance the volatile polarity, thus promoting volatile compounds loss [73]. Next, volatile compounds retention can also be varied according to their chemical composition. Goubet et al. [74] proved the retention of aromatic compounds increased proportionally with the functional group polarity. Besides, the retention of volatile compounds may indirectly depend on the physicochemical properties of the volatiles [75].
Particularly, the concentration of core materials or EOs significantly influences the volatiles retention as well as encapsulation efficiency. Optimally, the concentration Journal of Food Quality should provide high core retaining content and drying yield at a lowered cost and energy consumption. For example, upon encapsulation into GA wall material via the spraydrying method, increasing concentrations of lemon EO from 10% to 20% reduced the encapsulation efficiency of approximately over 10% [62]. Similarly, Frascareli et al. [76] and uong Nhan et al. [34] found that the total retention of coffee and lemongrass EO was dramatically dropped when an excessive concentration of these oils was loaded into the encapsulating particle. A possible explanation could be that the high oil concentration would enhance the emulsion viscosity which limits the oil diffusion to the drying particle surface.

2.2.3.
e Characteristics of Infeed Emulsion. Encapsulation efficiency of EO and volatile retention by using the spray-drying method are solely dependent on the infeed emulsion. In order to prepare an effective infeed emulsion, the following parameters are taken into consideration: (1) total solid content, (2) emulsion stability, viscosity, size, and method, and (3) homogenization pressure. e total content of solids determines the EOs encapsulation efficiency during spray-drying by regulating the emulsion viscosity and modulating the droplets circulation, leading to rapid semipermeable crust formation [32]. Estimating an optimum total solid content could prevent wasting wall materials and maintain the emulsion viscosity as well as stability at an appropriate level for better retention. Homogenization pressure could also affect the emulsion properties and encapsulation efficiency of spray-drying. In a study conducted by Frascareli et al. [76], the effect of various homogenization pressure (0-100 MPa) on the droplet size, emulsion viscosity, and the oil retention of microencapsulated basil EO was evaluated. Results have shown that increasing the pressure up to 50 MPa could break down the emulsion droplet to smaller sizes. In contrast, as the pressure continued to rise beyond 85 MPa, Brownian motion of the droplets and performance of emulsifiers are increased [77], causing the droplets to become thermodynamically unstable and coagulate with other droplets [72]. Homogenization pressure had no significant effect on viscosity, yet positively affected the oil retention.
Jafari et al. [73] completely discussed about the influence of infeed solid concentration on the rapid formation of crust on the surface of the droplet. As infeed solids concentration as well as emulsion viscosity increased up to an optimum point, the internal circulations and oscillations inside the droplets will be reduced. At the optimum viscosity, the atomization process will be easy to perform; thus, rapid a semipermeable membrane and reasonably spherical particles will be formed. In parallel, the selective diffusion will be put into action earlier, the volatile compounds will be rapidly trapped, and the retention will be improved. However, the viscosity beyond its optimum limit will produce larger droplet sizes. During atomization, larger droplet sizes cause the larger exposures and the slow formation of discrete particles. e more thermal exposure leads to a rational decrease of the retention.

Temperature and Feed Flow Rate.
Apart from initial emulsion, selection for an appropriate feed flow rate and the inlet and outlet drying air temperatures also contributes to maximize the encapsulation efficiency.
Numerous studies have reported the influences of drying temperature on coffee EO [76], fish EO [77], mandarin EO [78], and lemon EO [60,62]. ese studies proposed that the optimal range of inlet temperature for effective spray-drying encapsulation was between 160°C and 220°C, at which rapid semipermeable membrane formation and high flavor retention occurred [32]. e feed flow rate also significantly affects the physical properties of microencapsulates. Fernandes et al. [79] investigated the influence of various feed flow rates (0.5-1.0 L h −1 ) and inlet air temperatures (135-195°C) on rosemary EO microencapsulation. Results showed that high temperature combined with slow rate of feed flow resulted in lowered particle moisture content, hygroscopicity, and wettability of the powders. is study suggested that the best spray-drying conditions included the wall material concentration of 24%, the inlet temperature of 135°C, and the feed flow rate of 0.7 L h −1 . Another work has been carried out by Maskat et al. [80] to determine the effects of inlet air temperature (150, 160, and 170°C) and feed rate (280, 350, and 420 mL h −1 ) on encapsulating roselle extract by spray-drying. ese two factors significantly affected yield, color, moisture, and anthocyanin content of spray-dried roselle, whereby increasing feed flow rate would reduce the moisture content and promote anthocyanin degradation.

Applications of Microencapsulated EOs
As compared to other microencapsulation methods, spraydrying has shown several dominant advantages such as equipment availability, materials diversity, and large-scale production of microencapsulates with high retention and stability and low processing cost, hence their favorable use for numerous EOs [81]. EOs encapsulated by spray-drying is applied in foods, pharmaceuticals, textiles, and footwear products (see Table 2).

Food Sector.
Food spoilage and decay caused by bacteria and fungi during postharvest, processing, and storage stages results in tremendous economic losses and consumer dissatisfaction [109][110][111]. As applications of food preservatives and fungicides may unexpectedly increase the toxicity level of the food, as well as trigger resistance development [42,112]. Consumer preferences have shifted towards natural-based alternatives (i.e., biopreservatives or "green" preservatives) which appear to be healthier and more ecofriendly and cost effective [113]. In this regards, EOs have been favorably employed.
Kringel et al. [84] carried out a work to demonstrate the strong antifungal activity of orange EO in bakery products. e EO was loaded into a zein and β-cyclodextrin combination and inhibited the growth of A. terreus, A. Niger, and A. fumigatus. In the presence of encapsulated orange EO, the Riquelme et al. [89] Journal of Food Quality Wadhwa et al. [96] Rosemary EO Anti-inflammatory Nanoemulsion containing rosemary EO was confirmed to inhibit the inflammatory process in zebrafish Borges et al. [97] Citronella EO Mosquito repellent e efficiency of applying β-cyclodextrin containing the citronella oil system as repellent against Aedes aegypti was 84.67% after 5 minutes Pujiastuti et al. [98] Cardamom EO Antimicrobial Cardamom-oil-loaded chitosan nanoparticles combatted β-lactamaseproducing E. coli and MRSA Jamil et al. [99] 8 Journal of Food Quality microbiological spoilage was restrained up to 5 months, indicating its potential to extend the shelf-life of bakery products. In another study conducted by Alikhani [46], rosemary EO coated by mucilage was able to maintain the ascorbic acid content and customer satisfaction, while decreasing the rate of peroxidase activity and microbial growth. e results indicated that application of mucilage encapsulated rosemary EO effectively prolonged the quality and extended the storage period of sliced mango. Overall, the strong inhibitory activity against fungi and bacteria of encapsulated EOs applied in food products has been well documented in several reports [85][86][87][114][115][116].
In addition to antimicrobial activity, the insecticidal effect of encapsulated lemongrass EO against Phthorimaea operculella was investigated by Jovanović et al. [83]. e release of the citral compound present in the encapsulated EO has caused a lethal effect to the potato tuber moth for seven days as compared to the nonencapsulated one. Recently, the use of encapsulated EOs has emerged in food industry as a safe and high-quality packaging for food products [117]. Nanoencapsulation is reported to improve EOs' solubility, stability, and volatilization, thereby maintaining their biological activities during transport and storage. For example, according to Hadian et al. [87], the Ghayempour et al. [108] chitosan-benzoic acid nanogel has improved the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, as well as stability of rosemary EOs. e nanoencapsulated rosemary EOs could be used as an effective tool to reduce Salmonella spp. and extend the shelf-life of meat.

Pharmaceutical Sector.
Regarding the pharmaceutical field, EOs are firstly considered as an effective alternative for conventional antibiotics to combat multidrug-resistant pathogens, whose development is derived from indiscriminate use of antibiotics [118]. Indeed, Khezri et al. [93] have investigated the antimicrobial activity and wound-healing capacity of rosemary EO loaded into lipid nanocarriers (REO-NLCs). Results have shown that, in addition to in vitro antibacterial activity against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, REO-NLCs also promoted wound healing in mice by reducing bacterial density, vascularization, and re-epithelialization. A similar observation was reported by Ghodrati et al. [95]. By loading onto NLCs, peppermint EO exhibited antibacterial activity and in vivo wound-healing effect. Meanwhile, according to Jamil et al. [99], cardamom EO encapsulated into chitosan nanoparticles was able to combat β-lactamase-producing multidrug-resistant E. coli.
Secondly, the applications of encapsulated EO have been branched towards mosquito-borne diseases and anti-inflammation. For instance, Pujiastuti et al. [98] have reported the mosquito-repellent action of citronella EO contained in β-cyclodextrin. e liquid microcapsules upon application onto the mice skin showed repellency percentage of 84.67% after 5 min. Along with the mosquito-repellent activity, the encapsulated oil had a lowered volatility rate. In terms of antiinflammatory activity, Wijayadi and Rusli [119] revealed that encapsulating lime EO into chitosan nanoparticles improved the inhibitory activity of the EO against Propionibacterium acnes with minimal side effects. Wadhwa et al. [96] has formulated Babchi EO encapsulated in ethyl cellulose microsponges for dermatological treatment. e formulation effectively inhibited P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and E. coli. e safety and stability of the prepared microsponges on dermal cells were also enhanced, as compared to the nonencapsulates. Furthermore, Ali et al. [94] developed a polymeric encapsulation system for vetiver EO. e presence of SA and gellan gum as wall material allowed EO release in a sustained manner and exhibited a sedative-hypnotic activity in an animal model. Notably, thyme EOs and lauric acid were loaded into alginate microparticles to maintain the oil stability during processing, showing a controlled release profile in a simulated intestinal tract environment. Encapsulation of EO has also been applied in fabrication of anticancer delivery systems. For instance, jasmine EO encapsulated into pectin/chitosan composite nanoparticles has been shown to exhibit anticancer activity approximately 13 times higher than the nonencapsulated EO and enhanced normal cell viability [91].

Textile Sector.
During the past few decades, mosquitoborne diseases such as dengue fever and malaria have vastly caused severe harm to millions of people worldwide [120].
Hygiene has, therefore, become one of the major concerns among the world population. To date, the use of EOs has emerged in textile industry as a revolutionary alternative for synthetic repellents, taking advantage of their natural antimicrobial ability, nontoxicity, nonirritation, and environment friendliness [121,122]. With the advances in microencapsulation techniques, the loss and deterioration of EO-based mosquito repellents due to oxidation and volatilization can be prevented throughout a long period of time [123][124][125]. According toÖzyildiz et al. [126], the disposable nonwoven fabrics containing ozonated red pepper seed EO microcapsules actively reduced up to 5 log of antibioticresistant micro-organisms in 1 h. In another work conducted by Kim and Sharma [75], the application of microcapsules made of red thyme EOs combined with clove bud into fabrics has helped in getting rid of 94% of harmful household dust mites. Meanwhile, Türkoglu et al. [100] have used limonene and permethrin capsules to provide mosquito-repellent activity for cotton fabrics. e treated fabrics were protected from mosquitoes, with mortality rates of 41% and 54% for limonene and permethrin, respectively. e repellent efficiency of fabrics remained after 20 washing cycles. Antimicroorganism textile has also been exploited to prevent colonization of skin pathogenic as well as odorgenerating bacteria and fungi [127]. Beşen et al. [101] attempted to produce disposable fabric (100% viscose nonwoven) containing tea tree EO microcapsules. e fabric exhibited antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli. Meanwhile, Wijesirigunawardana et al. [24] demonstrated that cotton fabric carrying lime EO microcapsules effectively inhibited E. coli, B. cereus, S. typhimurium, and S. aureus even after washing. Similarly, antimicrobial effects against S. aureus, E. coli, and C. albicans were observed when applying gelatin-gum Arabic thyme EO microcapsules at different concentrations onto fabrics [102]. e encapsulated EO also produced scent and UV protection. Bezerra et al. [105] carried out production of fragrant textile using encapsulated citronella EO. e cotton fiber formed a hydrogen bond with the microcapsules, aiding in controlled release of EO from the cellulose matrix. Geethadevi and Maheshwari [106] reported the UV protection of bamboo/tencel fabric containing encapsulated thyme EO, cypress EO, and grapefruit EO.
ese EOs formed a firm layer on the fabric surface to prevent sunray penetration. e fabric durability of UV protection was enhanced up to 30 washes.

Conclusions and Future Perspectives
For centuries, the diversity of composition and biological activities have made EOs a crucial provider of health benefits to the global population. Up to the present time, EOs have been employed in various industries as a natural and healthy alternative for synthetic chemicals. However, the stability of EOs against adverse conditions during manufacturing, storage, and transport raises a major concern about their quality degradation and concentration loss as well as nontarget delivery. erefore, encapsulation via the spray-drying method has been widely proposed to effectively overcome these limitations, producing EO powder with extended longevity at a relatively low cost. Furthermore, the biological activity, controlled release, and quality of EOs can also be maintained.
Regarding the spray-drying encapsulation method, four parameters related to the process itself and emulsion properties would be taken into consideration: the attributes of wall materials, the profiles of core materials, the characteristic of infeed emulsion, the inlet/outlet temperature, and the feed flow rate of the pump. Optimization work for each of these parameters is required to continue to provide optimal conditions in order to (1) achieve maximum encapsulation efficiency and oil retention and (2) maintain controlled release and efficacy of encapsulated EOs, thereby extending their use and applications. Numerous studies have shown that food, pharmaceutical, and textile are among the segments in which EO encapsulation is most commonly applied. In the food industry, the presence of microencapsulates plays a crucial role in preventing food degradation by taking advantage of antimicrobial and insecticidal activities over a prolonged storage time. In the pharmaceutical industry, release of encapsulated EOs in a sustained manner effectively targeted multidrug-resistant bacteria, skin inflammation, and cancer cells in animal models. In the textile industry, the fabrics containing encapsulated EOs exhibited remarkable repellent activity against mosquitos and micro-organisms and UV damage after multiple washing times. is evidence has again highlighted the essential role of EO encapsulation and provided helpful insights for further exploitation in the future. e potential application of EO microencapsulation has been investigated under various environmental conditions. Based on the current insights, it is recommended to investigate the effects of storage time and handling practices on the encapsulated EO retention. Further studies on sensorial analysis of encapsulated EOs could be conducted to improve consumer satisfaction and economic profits. In addition, evaluation of the product hygroscopicity under different humid conditions is required to support the storage time prediction as well as selection for compatible packaging materials. Finally, the exploration for new wall materials should also be in demand to extend the use of encapsulated EOs toward environmental sustainability and cost efficiency.

Data Availability
No data were used to support this study.

Conflicts of Interest
e authors declare no conflicts of interest.