Journal of Function Spaces and ApplicationsVolume 2012 (2012), Article ID 643135, 22 pagesdoi:10.1155/2012/643135

Research Article

Smoothness and Function Spaces Generated by Homogeneous Multipliers

Konstantin Runovski¹ and Hans-Jürgen Schmeisser²

¹Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics, Taurida National V. I. Vernadsky University, 95007 Simferopol, Ukraine²Mathematical Institute, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, 07737 Jena, Germany

Received 23 March 2010; Accepted 30 April 2010

Academic Editor: V. Stepanov

Copyright © 2012 Konstantin Runovski and Hans-Jürgen Schmeisser. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Differential operators generated by homogeneous functions of an arbitrary real order (-derivatives) and related spaces of -smooth periodic functions of variables are introduced and systematically studied. The obtained scale is compared with the scales of Besov and Triebel-Lizorkin spaces. Explicit representation formulas for -derivatives are obtained in terms of the Fourier transform of their generators. Some applications to approximation theory are discussed.

1. Introduction

Smoothness is one of the basic concepts of analysis, having a long history. A fundamental observation is its strong connection with the decay of the Fourier coefficients of a given function. This paved the way to apply methods of Fourier analysis to the further development of smoothness concepts. Let us consider two directions of the Fourier analytic approach to describe the differentiability properties of functions. The first one is related to the scales of Besov spaces and Triebel-Lizorkin spaces which are constructed by means of decomposition of the Fourier series into dyadic blocks with the help of an appropriate resolution of unity (see, e.g., [1–5] for periodic and nonperiodic setting). The second direction is based on the interpretation of a derivative as an operator of multiplier type. In this case one also deals with the Fourier coefficients, but not with decomposition into blocks. Following this way the concept of classical derivative was essentially extended to fractional derivatives such as Riesz and Weyl derivatives (see, e.g., [6]) and later on to the concept of generalized derivatives and the corresponding scale of the Stepanets classes in the one-dimensional case (see [7, 8]).

Both the theory of function spaces as it has been developed by the Russian (S. M. Nikol'skij) or German (H. Triebel) school and the theory of generalized smoothness elaborated by Stepanets and his coworkers have found many applications in various fields of modern mathematics. More precisely, the first direction is mainly applied to the theory of (partial) differential equations, computational mathematics, stochastic processes, and fractal and nonlinear analysis. The second one turned out to be important for many problems of approximation theory, in particular, constructing optimal linear approximation methods on various classes of smooth functions and obtaining approximation relations with (asymptotically) sharp constants.

It is well known (see [5], Ch. 3, or [4], Ch. 2, in the nonperiodic case), for and , that the space coincides with the (fractional) Sobolev which is related to the operator , where is the Laplace operator and is the identity operator. Here “relation to operator” means that consists of periodic functions in such that belongs to as well. In other words, we have which means that is characterized as the image of by the operator . With this exception both Besov spaces and Triebel-Lizorkin spaces are not related to any operator acting on in general. For this reason the scales of Besov and Triebel-Lizorkin are not well adapted to the study of problems which are directly connected with concrete operators. In contrast to these function spaces, the classes of Stepanets are related to certain operators of multiplier type which are connected to the so-called -derivatives; see, for example [7]. In Stepanets' theory the one-dimensional case is considered only. The smoothness generator is an arbitrary function satisfying some natural conditions. On the one hand, it gives quite a lot of freedom and allows the description of many interesting properties of functions which are smooth in this sense. On the other hand, such a “poor” information on does not enable us to obtain explicit representation formulas for related derivatives in terms of the functions under consideration itself in place of their Fourier coefficients. This fact prevents the application of this approach to many important problems of numerical approximation.

In the present paper, we will introduce and study operators of multiplier type generated by homogeneous functions and related spaces of periodic functions of variables. On the one hand, homogeneity seems to be a rather general assumption. Practically all known differential operators as, for instance, the classical derivatives, Weyl and Riesz derivatives, mixed derivatives, and the Laplace operator and its (fractional) powers are generated by homogeneous multipliers. On the other hand, taking into account that the Fourier transform (in the sense of distributions) of a homogeneous function of order is also a homogeneous function of order (see, e.g., [9, Theorem  7.1.6]), one can derive quite substantial statements concerning the corresponding operators and related function spaces. In particular, we will prove that there is unique space which coincides with the fractional Sobolev space if is homogeneous of degree and (Theorems 3.1 and 4.1). However, we get infinitely many new spaces in the cases and (Theorem 3.4). Moreover, we find an explicit representation formula for for functions belonging to the periodic Besov space if is homogeneous of degree (Theorem 5.1).

Let us also mention that it is aimed to extend the approach to generalized smoothness based on the introduction of operators and spaces in further works by(i)finding representation formulae for operators generated by homogeneous functions of degree using higher-order differences, (ii)studying generalized -functionals and their realizations, (iii) constructing new moduli of smoothness related to , (iv)studying the same concept in nonperiodic case, (v)investigating generalized differential equations.

The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 deals with notations and preliminaries. The basic properties of operators and spaces are described in Section 3. Some relations between spaces and Besov and Triebel-Lizorkin spaces are discussed in Section 4. Finally, Section 5 is devoted to the derivation of an explicit formula for in terms of the Fourier transform of the generator .

2. Notations and Preliminaries

2.1. Numbers and Vectors

By the symbols , , , , , , , and we denote the sets of natural, nonnegative integer, integer, real and complex numbers, -dimensional vectors with non-negative integer, integer and real components, respectively. The symbol is reserved for the -dimensional torus . We will also use the notations for the scalar product and the -norm of vectors and for the open and closed balls, respectively.

2.2. -Spaces

As usual, , where , , is the space of measurable real-valued functions , which are -periodic with respect to each variable satisfying In the case , we consider the space () of real-valued -periodic continuous functions equipped with the Chebyshev norm For -spaces of non-periodic functions defined on a measurable set we will use the notation .

2.3. Fourier Coefficients and Fourier Transform

The Fourier coefficients of are defined by Let and be the space of infinitely differentiable periodic functions and its dual the space of periodic distributions, respectively. The Fourier coefficients of are given by where, as usual, means the value of the functional at .

The Fourier transform and its inverse are given by For an element belonging to the space of tempered distributions , which is the dual of the Schwartz space of rapidly decreasing infinitely differentiable functions, the Fourier transform is defined by setting

2.4. Trigonometric Polynomials

Let be a real nonnegative real number. By we denote the space of all real-valued trigonometric polynomials of (spherical) order . It means where is the complex conjugate to . Further, stands for the space of all real-valued trigonometric polynomials of arbitrary order. Let . As usual, we put for the best approximation of in ( if ) by trigonometric polynomials of order at most in the metric of .

2.5. Homogeneous Functions

A complex-valued function defined on is called homogeneous of order if for and . An element of the space is called homogeneous distribution of order (see, e.g., [9, Def. 3.2.2, page 74]) if for any It is well known (see, e.g., [9, Theorem  7.1.16, page 167]) that the Fourier transform of a homogeneous distribution of order is also a homogeneous distribution of order .

Let now . By the symbol we denote the class of functions satisfying the following conditions: (i) is continuous on and complex valued; (ii) is infinitely differentiable on ; (iii) is homogeneous of order ; (iv) for each ; (v) for .

It follows that and that the restriction of to belongs to ) (see [9, Theorem  7.1.18, page 168]).

2.6. Periodic Besov and Triebel-Lizorkin Spaces

The Fourier analytical definition is based on dyadic resolutions of unity (see, e.g., [5, Chapter 3], or [4] for the nonperiodic case). Let be a real-valued centrally symmetric ( for all ) infinitely differentiable function satisfying We put Clearly, these functions are also centrally symmetric and infinitely differentiable with compact support. We have By (2.14) we obtain Combining (2.13) and (2.16), one has In view of (2.15) and (2.17), the system is called a smooth dyadic resolution of unity.

Let , , and . The periodic Besov space and the periodic Triebel-Lizorkin space are given by (cf., [5, Chapter 3]) if , and by if , if , where the function, , are defined by and , , are given by (2.13) and (2.14). It is well known that Definitions (2.18)–(2.21) are independent of the choice of the resolution of unity . The associated norms are mutually equivalent. Therefore, we do not indicate in the notation of norms and spaces. For the details, further properties, and natural extensions to parameters , we refer to [5, Chapter 3].

2.7. Fourier Means

Let be a real-valued centrally symmetric continuous function with a compact support. It generates the operators which are given by for . The function is called Fourier mean of generated by . The functions in (2.23) are defined as The Fourier means describe classical methods of trigonometric approximation which are well defined for functions in , where . They are well studied and investigated in detail in many books and papers on approximation theory; see, for example, [6, 10]. Let us also mention [5, Chapter 3], for a treatment within the framework of periodic Besov and Triebel-Lizorkin spaces. Following [11], we recall and state the following properties. (i)The set of the norms of operators defined on by (2.23) is uniformly bounded, and we have for , or for all if and only if belongs to ; (ii)for it holds that (iii)if and , then the Fourier means converge in for all , and we have (iv)if and for some , then for where the positive constant does not depend on and .

If is given by (2.14), then in view of (2.13) and (2.27) the functions which are well defined for by (2.22) can be represented as Moreover, using (2.16) and (2.27) we get for . Taking into account that , we obtain therefrom by the convergence property (2.28) of the Fourier means the decomposition into a series of trigonometric polynomials being convergent in the space .

2.8. Inequalities of Multiplier Type for Trigonometric Polynomials

Let for some . It generates the family of operators defined by on the space of trigonometric polynomials. We have proved in [12, 13] that the inequality where is generated by and is generated by , is valid for all and with a certain constant independent of and for all if . If , then (2.35) is valid for and for arbitrary generators . If and or , then the validity of (2.35) implies that the functions and are proportional.

3. -Smoothness and Basic Properties

Let for some . It generates an operator by setting which is initially defined on the space of trigonometric polynomials. The domain of definition can be extended within the spaces , . To this end we introduce the space which consists of functions in having the property that the set is the system of the Fourier coefficients of a certain function in. This function will be called -derivative of in the following. By this definition we have for the Fourier coefficients of the-derivative of . Its uniqueness follows from the well-known fact that each -function is uniquely determined by the set of its Fourier coefficients. If , then the series in (3.1) with in place of converges in (see the proof of Theorem 3.1). In this sense we can reformulate

We give some examples. Let , , , and . Then, is the operator of the usual derivative of order. In this case is the Sobolev space of -times differentiable functions such that is absolutely continuous, exists almost everywhere and belongs to . If , , and , then is the Weyl derivative of fractional order and is the corresponding Weyl class. For and , the operator is the Riesz derivative . Taking into account that it is the composition of the usual derivative of the first order and the operator of conjugation, we see that in this case coincides with the space of those functions where both the function itself and its conjugate belong to . It is well known that this space coincides with if and only if . For more details concerning the derivatives and spaces mentioned above, we refer to [5–8].

In the multivariate case () the classical Laplace operator and its (fractional) power , , are operators of type associated with and , respectively. In this case coincides with the periodic version of the Bessel-potential space (the (fractional) Sobolev space if ) considered in [14, Chapter 5] (see also the next subsection).

Now we study the properties of the spaces . Recall that we have to replace by if .

Theorem 3.1. Let , , and . Then, (i) is a Banach space with respect to the norm (ii) is dense in ; (iii)all spaces with coincide and their norms are equivalent if .

Proof. In order to prove (i) we only have to check completeness because all other properties of Banach space are obviously fulfilled. Let be a Cauchy sequence in . In view of (3.5) By completeness of there exist functions, such that Using (3.3) and Hölder's inequality, we get for any and . In view of (3.7) the right-hand side of this inequality tends to if . This implies Hence, is -differentiable, , and completeness is proved.In order to show part (ii) we consider the Fourier means of type (2.23)-(2.24), where satisfies the conditions described in Section 2 (see, in particular, (2.13)). Let . Taking into account that by (2.27) and (3.3) we get for . The terms on the right-hand side tend to 0 if by (2.28). This yields the desired density of in .Now we prove part (iii). Let , , and let be an arbitrary function in . First we observe that in view of (2.34) and (3.1), inequality (2.35) can be rewritten as It is valid for (see the comment at the end of Section 2). Therefore, we obtain for . Hence, is a Cauchy sequence in by (2.28), and there exists such that By the help of (3.3), (2.27), and (3.14) we get For each . Hence, belongs to and . In order to prove that the embedding is continuous, it is enough to notice that as a consequence of (2.35). This completes the proof.

In other words part (iii) of the theorem means that in the case there is only one space of -smooth functions. It can be characterized as and may be equipped with the norm

Theorem 3.2. Suppose , , and . If , then and this embedding is continuous.

Proof. Let . In view of (2.15) the function , where is given by (2.14), is infinitely differentiable on and has compact support. Hence, its Fourier transform belongs to and the operators are uniformly bounded in as stated in Section 2. Using this fact as well as (3.3), (2.31), and the homogeneity property of and , we get for . Here, , has the meaning of (2.22). Because of the sequence of the partial sums of the series is fundamental in and there exists such that By (2.13) we have only for . Thus, we obtain for any in analogy to (2.32). Considering the limit process we find for any with the help of (2.13) and (3.22). Hence, belongs to and . In order to prove that embedding (3.20) is continuous, it is enough to put in estimate (3.21) and to consider to . This completes the proof.

Theorem 3.3. Let and , . Then, is a surjective mapping.

Proof. Let . We introduce functions , , by setting where has the meaning of (2.14), and we put . By the same arguments as in the proof of Theorem 3.2 (see, in particular, (3.21)) we get for . Hence, there exists such that Taking into account that only for in view of (2.13), we obtain analogously to (2.32) by (3.26). As a consequence of (3.28) and (3.29) we get for . Finally, because of we obtain From (3.30). Hence, , , and the proof is complete.

Theorem 3.3 shows that for any an operation which is inverse to is well defined on . The operator is called operator of -integration. The Fourier series of the function , , is given by As it follows from the proof of Theorem 3.3 the series (3.33) converges in the sense of (3.26) and (3.28). Taking in (3.27) and considering to , we obtain the boundedness of the operator in .

With the help of Theorem 3.3 we will see that in contrast to the case , where in view of part (iii) of Theorem 3.1 only one space of -smooth functions exists, in the cases there are infinitely many ways to define smoothness spaces of order associated with homogeneous generators by means of operators of multiplier type.

Theorem 3.4. Suppose that and are linear independent homogeneous functions belonging to , . Then,

Proof. We consider the case . For the proof is similar. Let us assume (to the contrary) that Then, by Theorem 3.3 the operators where has the meaning of Section 2 (see also (2.13)), are well defined on the space . The operator acts in accordance with the following chain of mappings and inclusions: By (2.23), (2.27), (3.3), and (3.33) we get for . Here, In view of (3.38) each operator is bounded in . Moreover, the boundedness of (see Section 2) yields for any . Applying now the Banach-Steinhaus principle we conclude that the operators are uniformly bounded in . This leads to the estimate where the constant does not depend on and . Let now be an arbitrary trigonometric polynomial. We choose . Then, it holds that for in view of (2.13). Applying (3.41) to , we obtain This contradicts the statement on the nonvalidity of inequality (2.35) for pointed out at the end of Section 2. Changing the roles of and completes the proof.

4. -Smoothness and Besov and Triebel-Lizorkin Spaces

The aim of this section is to compare the spaces , with periodic Besov and Triebel-Lizorkin spaces. As we have seen already in part (iii) of Theorem 3.1 there is a unique space if which has been characterized in (3.18) and (3.19). The following theorem shows that it coincides with the classical fractional Sobolev space defined by () and equipped with the norm Note that if (all derivatives in the sense of periodic distributions, see [5, Subsection 3.5.4]).

Theorem 4.1. Let , and let . Then, one has with equivalence of norms.

Proof. Both statements are known. The second identity can be found in [5, Theorem  3.5.4, page 169]. To prove the first identity and to show the equivalence of norms one can use the Fourier multipliers and the theorem of Mikhlin-Hörmander (see, e.g., [15, Theorem  5.2.7, page 367], for the non-periodic version) which can be transferred to the periodic case using [16, Chapter 7, Theorem  3.1]. The arguments are similar to [17, Subsections  6.2.2, 6.2.3], or [18, Theorem  6.3.2], where equivalent characterizations and connections between nonperiodic homogeneous and inhomogeneous Sobolev spaces are treated. We omit the details.

Next we consider the cases and .

Theorem 4.2. Let , and let for some . Then, and these embeddings are continuous.

Proof. Let be an infinitely differentiable positive function defined on such that We put . By (2.15) we have where is given by (2.14).Let be an arbitrary function in , and let , , be given by (2.22). Using (4.7), the homogeneity property of , and (2.27) and applying a Fourier multiplier theorem which can be found in [5, Theorem  3.3.4, page 150], we obtain for . In view of (2.18) and (4.8) we can conclude that the series converges in . Now, by standard arguments we see as in the proof of Theorem 3.1 that belongs to and that the first embedding in (4.5) is continuous.In order to prove the second embedding we introduce an infinitely differentiable function which coincides with for and which is not equal to 0 on . By (2.15) we have where has the meaning of (2.14).Let be an arbitrary function in , and let , , be given by (2.22). Applying (4.9), the homogeneity property of , and (2.27), we obtain for any . The right-hand side can be estimated again by means of the Fourier multiplier theorem which can be found in [5, Theorem  3.3.4, page 150]. Using in addition the uniform boundedness of the Fourier means in , we obtain the inequalities for from (4.10). Obviously, Hence, by (4.11) and (3.5) for some constant and all . This completes the proof.

Having in mind Theorem 4.1 the embeddings (4.5) are well known in the case . Even a better result holds. This follows also from Theorem 4.1 and the elementary embeddings (see [5, Remark  3.5.1/4, page 164]).

5. A Representation Formula for -Derivatives

The following observations give some motivation and pave the way to find explicit representations of the operator in terms of the Fourier transform of its generator . For the sake of simplicity we restrict ourselves to the case .

Let . Recall that if and only if for each and note that by homogeneity. Hence, it makes sense to consider the periodic distribution (convergence in ). Let . Expansion into the Fourier series leads to the representation (convergence in ). By definition of the Fourier coefficients, the definition of the -derivative and, (5.3) we get Using (5.4) and (5.5), we see, at least formally, that We claim that the integral on the right-hand side of (5.6) exists for all . To this end we first recall that (see Section 2) is a homogeneous distribution of order . Its restriction to can be identified with a function by [9, Theorem  7.1.18]. Hence, we have the estimate For brevity we use the standard notation . Now, we split The second summand is finite because of (5.7) and the boundedness of on . As for the first one we use the estimate and (5.7) to see that The above arguments suggest that formula (5.6) might be true in a stronger sense. Indeed, the following theorem shows that the representation for the derivative holds pointwise almost everyone under much weaker assumptions with respect to .

Theorem 5.1. Suppose and , where . Then, for almost all (for all, if ).

Proof. First we recall that by Theorem 4.2. Hence, the left-hand side of (5.11) makes sense. Let . As is well known (see, e.g., [5, Theorem  3.5.4]), is an equivalent norm in the Besov space . Using (5.7), (5.12), and the generalized Minkowski inequality we obtain for the integral at the right-hand side of (5.11) the estimates Hence, the function belongs to . To prove (5.11) it is sufficient to show that the Fourier coefficients of the functions on both sides coincide. We have by Fubini's theorem. It remains to show that This is obvious if because of . If , we have to use appropriate limiting arguments to circumvent the difficulty caused by the fact that is not integrable in a neighbourhood of 0. We do not go into details.

We give some remarks. It is known (see [15, Theorem  2.4.6, page 128]) that for any , the restriction of the Fourier transform of to can be identified with combining (5.7) with (5.16) in the one-dimensional case, we obtain the well-known formula for the Riesz derivative (see, e.g., [6]) which is valid for and . In the multivariate case we get under the same conditions with respect to and the representation formula for the fractional power of the Laplace operator.

Let us mention that formulas for -derivatives with can be achieved using differences of higher order. Suppose, for example, that and, in addition to the previous conditions, that is real valued. Analogously to (5.6) we find and, in particular, for . Similarly to the proof of Theorem 5.1 one can show that formulas (5.19) and (5.20) are valid at least for functions belonging to the Besov spaces .

Acknowledgment

This paper was partially supported by the DFG-project SCHM 969/10-1.

References

S. M. Nikol'skiĭ, Approximation of Functions of Several Variables and Embedding Theorems, Nauka, Moscow, Russia, 2nd edition, 1977.

H. Triebel, Interpolation Theory, Function Spaces, Differential Operators, Wissenschaften, Berlin, Germany, 1st edition, 1977.

H. Triebel, Interpolation Theory, Function Spaces, Differential Operators, Johann Ambrosius Barth, Heidelberg, Germany, 2nd edition, 1995.

H. Triebel, Theory of Function Spaces, Monographs in Mathematics, Geest & Portig, Leipzig, Germany; Birkhäuser, Basel, Switzerland, 1983.

H.-J. Schmeisser and H. Triebel, Topics in Fourier Analysis and Function Spaces, Geest, Leipzig, Germany; John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, 1987.

P. L. Butzer and R. J. Nessel, Fourier Analysis and Approximation, vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, NY, USA, 1971.

A. I. Stepanets, “Methods of approximation theory I,” in Proceedings of Institute of Mathematics of NAS of Ukraine: Mathematics and its Applications, vol. 40, Kiev, Ukraine, 2002.

A. I. Stepanets, “Methods of approximation theory II,” in Proceedings of Institute of Mathematics of NAS of Ukraine: Mathematics and its Applications, vol. 40, Kiev, Ukraine, 2002.

L. Hörmander, The Analysis of Linear Partial Differential Operators I, vol. 256 of Fundamental Principles of Mathematical Sciences, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 2nd edition, 1990.

R. A. DeVore and G. G. Lorentz, Constructive Approximation, vol. 303 of Fundamental Principles of Mathematical Sciences, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 1993.

K. Runovski and H.-J. Schmeisser, “On the convergence of Fourier means and interpolation means,” Journal of Computational Analysis and Applications, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 211–227, 2004.

K. Runovski and H.-J. Schmeisser, “Inequalities of Calderon-Zygmund type for trigonometric polynomials,” Georgian Mathematical Journal, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 165–179, 2001.

K. Runovski and H.-J. Schmeisser, “On some extensions of Bernstein's inequality for trigonometric polynomials,” Functiones et Approximatio, vol. 29, pp. 125–142, 2001.

E. M. Stein, Singular Integrals and Differentiability Properties of Functions, Princeton Mathematical Series, no. 30, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA, 1970.

L. Grafakos, Classical Fourier Analysis, vol. 249 of Graduate Texts in Mathematics, Springer, New York, NY, USA, 2nd edition, 2008.

E. M. Stein and G. Weiss, Introduction to Fourier Analysis on Euclidean Spaces, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA, 1971, Princeton Mathematical Series, no. 3.

L. Grafakos, Modern Fourier Analysis, vol. 250 of Graduate Texts in Mathematics, Springer, New York, NY, USA, 2nd edition, 2009.

J. Bergh and J. Löfström, Interpolation Spaces, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 1971.