Journal of Function Spaces and Applications

Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 815475, 18 pages

doi:10.1155/2012/815475

Research Article

New Classes of Weighted Hölder-Zygmund Spaces and the Wavelet Transform

Stevan Pilipović,¹ Dušan Rakić,² and Jasson Vindas³

¹Department of Mathematics and Informatics, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 4, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia

²Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia

³Department of Mathematics, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 Gebouw S22, 9000 Gent, Belgium

Received 14 November 2011; Accepted 27 May 2012

Academic Editor: Hans G. Feichtinger

Copyright © 2012 Stevan Pilipović et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

We provide a new and elementary proof of the continuity theorem for the wavelet and left-inverse wavelet transforms on the spaces and . We then introduce and study a new class of weighted Hölder-Zygmund spaces, where the weights are regularly varying functions. The analysis of these spaces is carried out via the wavelet transform and generalized Littlewood-Paley pairs.

1. Introduction

The purpose of this article is twofold. The main one is to define and analyze a new class of weighted Hölder-Zygmund spaces via the wavelet transform [1–3]. It is well known [1, 4–6] that the wavelet transforms of elements of the classical Zygmund space satisfy the size estimate , which, plus a side condition, essentially characterizes the space itself. We will replace the regularity measurement by weights from the interesting class of regularly varying functions [7, 8]. Familiar functions such as , are regularly varying.

The continuity of the wavelet transform and its left inverse on test function spaces [9] play a very important role when analyzing many function and distribution spaces [1], such as the ones introduced in this paper. Our second aim is to provide a new proof of the continuity theorem, originally obtained in [9], for these transforms on the function spaces and . Our approach to the proof is completely elementary and substantially simplifies the much longer original proof from [9] (see also [1, Chapter 1]).

The definition of our weighted Zygmund spaces is based on the useful concept of (generalized) Littlewood-Paley pairs, introduced in Section 4.1, which generalizes the familiar notion of (continuous) Littlewood-Paley decomposition of the unity [5]. In addition, an important tool in our analysis is the use of pointwise weak regularity properties vector-valued distributions and their (tauberian) characterizations in terms of the wavelet transform [10, 11]. Even in the classical case , our analysis provides a new approach to the study of Hölder-Zygmund spaces. It is then very likely that this kind of arguments might also be applied to study other types of smooth spaces, such as Besov-type spaces.

Our new classes of spaces and , the -Hölder and -Zygmund spaces of exponent that will be introduced in Section 5, contribute to the analysis of local regularity of functions or distributions by refining the regularity scale provided by the classical Hölder-Zygmund spaces. In fact, as explained in Section 5, they satisfy the following useful inclusion relations:

Situations in which these kinds of refinements are essential often occur in the literature, and they have already shown to be meaningful in applications. The particular instance has been extensively studied (see, e.g., [1, page 276]). Our analysis will treat more general weights, specifically, the important case when is a slowly varying function [7, 8].

The paper is organized as follows. We review in Section 2 basic facts about test function spaces, the wavelet transform, and its left-inverse, namely, the wavelet synthesis operator. In Section 3, we will provide the announced new proof of the continuity theorem for the wavelet and wavelet synthesis transforms when acting on test function spaces. We then explain in Section 4 some useful concepts that will be applied to the analysis of our weighted versions of the Hölder-Zygmund spaces; in particular, we will discuss there the notion of (generalized) Littlewood-Paley pairs and some results concerning pointwise weak regularity of vector-valued distributions. Finally, we give the definition and study relevant properties of the new class of Hölder-Zygmund spaces in Section 5.

2. Notation and Notions

We denote by the upper half space. If and , then denotes the euclidean norm, ,  ,   and . If the th coordinate of is one and the others vanish, we then write . The set is the euclidean ball in of radius . In the sequel, we use and to denote positive constants which may be different in various occurrences.

2.1. Function and Distribution Spaces

The well-known [12] Schwartz space of rapidly decreasing smooth test functions is denoted by . We will fix constants in the Fourier transform as . The moments of are denoted by , .

Following [1], the space of highly time-frequency localized functions is defined as ; it is provided with the relative topology inhered from . In [1], the topology of is introduced in an apparently different way; however, both approaches are equivalent in view of the open mapping theorem. Observe that is a closed subspace of and that if and only if , for all . It is important to point out that is also well known in the literature as the Lizorkin space of test functions (cf. [13]).

The space of highly localized functions on the half space [1] consists of those for which

for all , and . The canonical topology on is induced by this family of seminorms [1]. For later use, we will denote by the corresponding seminorms in , namely,

The corresponding duals of these three spaces are , , and . They are, respectively, the spaces of tempered distributions, Lizorkin distributions, and distributions of slow growth on . Since the elements of are orthogonal to every polynomial, can be canonically identified with the quotient space of modulo polynomials.

Finally, we will also make use of spaces of vector-valued tempered distributions [14, 15]. If is a locally convex topological vector space [15], then the space of -valued tempered distributions is , namely, the space of continuous linear mappings from into .

2.2. Wavelet Transform

In this paper a wavelet simply means a function that satisfies .

The wavelet transform of with respect to the wavelet is defined as

where . The very last integral formula is a formal notation which makes sense when is a function of tempered growth. Notice that the wavelet transform is also well defined via (2.3) for if the wavelet . The wavelet transform can be defined exactly in the same way for vector-valued distributions.

2.3. Wavelet Synthesis Operator

Let . The wavelet synthesis transform of with respect to the wavelet is defined as

Observe that the operator may be extended to act on the space via duality arguments, see [1] for details (cf. [10] for the vector-valued case). In this paper we restrict our attention to its action on the test function space .

The importance of the wavelet synthesis operator lies in fact that it can be used to construct a left inverse for the wavelet transform, whenever the wavelet possesses nice reconstruction properties. Indeed, assume that admits a reconstruction wavelet . More precisely, it means that the constant

is different from zero and independent of the direction . Then, a straightforward calculation [1] shows that

It is worth pointing out that (2.6) is also valid [1, 10] when and act on the spaces and , respectively.

Furthermore, it is very important to emphasize that a wavelet admits a reconstruction wavelet if and only if it is nondegenerate in the sense of the following definition [10].

Definition 2.1. A test function is said to be nondegenerate if for any the function of one variable is not identically zero, that is, , for each .

3. The Wavelet Transform of Test Functions

The wavelet and wavelet synthesis transforms induce the following bilinear mappings:

Our first main result is a new proof of the continuity theorem for these two bilinear mappings when acting on test function spaces. Such a result was originally obtained by Holschneider [1, 9]. Our proof is elementary and significantly simpler than the one given in [1].

Theorem 3.1. The two bilinear mappings

(i), (ii)

are continuous.

Proof. Continuity of the Wavelet Mapping. We will prove that for arbitrary , there exist and such that

We begin by making some reductions. Observe that, for constants which do not depend on and ,

where and . It is therefore enough to show (3.2) for and . Next, we may assume that is even. We then have, for constants independent of and ,

where and . Thus, it clearly suffices to establish (3.2) for and . We may also assume that .

We first estimate the term . Since for every , we can apply the Taylor formula to obtain

Hence,

It remains to estimate . We will now use the fact that all the moments of vanish. If we apply the Taylor formula, we have, for some in the line segment ,

The result immediately follows on combining the previous two estimates.

Continuity of the Wavelet Synthesis Mapping. We should now prove that for arbitrary and there exist and such that

Since , it is enough to prove (3.8) for . We denote below the partial Fourier transform of with respect to the space coordinate, that is, . We may assume that is even. We then have

This completes the proof.

Remark 3.2. It follows from the proof of the continuity of that we can extend the bilinear mapping to act on

and it is still continuous.

4. Further Notions

Our next task is to define and study the properties of a new class of weighted Hölder-Zygmund spaces. We postpone that for Section 5. In this section we collect some useful concepts that will play an important role in the next section.

4.1. Generalized Littlewood-Paley Pairs

In our definition of weighted Zygmund spaces, we will employ a generalized Littlewood-Paley pair [16]. They generalize those occurring in familiar (continuous) Littlewood-Paley decompositions of the unity (cf. Example 4.3 below).

Let us start by introducing the index of nondegenerateness of wavelets, as defined in [10]. Even if a wavelet is nondegenerate, in the sense of Definition 2.1, there may be a ball on which its Fourier transform “degenerates.” We measure in the next definition how big that ball is.

Definition 4.1. Let be a nondegenerate wavelet. Its index of nondegenerateness is the (finite) number

where are the functions of one variable .

If we only know values of at scale , then the wavelet transform can be blind when analyzing certain distributions (cf. [10, Section 7.2]). The idea behind the introduction of Littlewood-Paley pairs is to have an alternative way for recovering such a possible lost of information by employing additional data with respect to another function (cf. [16]).

Definition 4.2. Let , . Let be a nondegenerate wavelet with the index of nondegenerateness . The pair is said to be a Littlewood-Paley pair (LP-pair) of order if for and for all multi-index with .

Example 4.3. Let be a radial function such that is nonnegative, for and for . Set . The pair is then clearly an LP-pair of order . Observe that this well-known pair is the one used in the so-called Littlewood-Paley decompositions of the unity and plays a crucial role in the study of various function spaces, such as the classical Zygmund space (cf., e.g., [5]).

We pointed out above that LP-pairs enjoy powerful reconstruction properties. Let us make this more precise.

Proposition 4.4. Let be an LP-pair, the wavelet having index of nondegenerateness and being a number such that for . Pick any in between and . If is a reconstruction wavelet for whose Fourier transform has support in and is such that for and , then, for all and

where and .

Proof. Observe that

It is therefore enough to assume that so that . Our assumption over is that , , and

does not depend on the direction . We remark that such a reconstruction wavelet can always be found (see the proof of [10, Theorem 7.7]). Therefore, for all . Exactly as in [1, page 66], the usual calculation shows that

Furthermore, since (cf. Theorem 3.1), the last integral can be expressed as the limit in of Riemann sums. That justifies the exchange of dual pairing and integral in

4.2. Slowly Varying Functions

The weights in our weighted versions of Hölder-Zygmund spaces will be taken from the class of Karamata regularly varying functions. Such functions have been very much studied and have numerous applications in diverse areas of mathematics. We refer to [7, 8] for their properties. Let us recall that a positive measurable function is called slowly varying (at the origin) if it is asymptotically invariant under rescaling, that is,

Familiar functions such as , , , , are slowly varying. Regularly varying functions are then those that can be written as , where is slowly varying and .

4.3. Weak Asymptotics

We will use some notions from the theory of asymptotics of generalized functions [10, 17–19]. The weak asymptotics of distributions, also known as quasiasymptotics, measure pointwise scaling growth of distributions with respect to regularly varying functions in the weak sense. Let be a Banach space with norm and let be slowly varying. For , we write

if the order growth relation holds after evaluation at each test function, that is,

for each test function . Observe that weak asymptotics are directly involved in Meyer's notion of the scaling weak pointwise exponent, so useful in the study of pointwise regularity and oscillating properties of functions [3].

One can also use these ideas to study exact pointwise scaling asymptotic properties of distributions (cf. [10, 17, 18, 20]). We restrict our attention here to the important notion of the value of a distribution at a point, introduced and studied by Łojasiewicz in [21, 22] (see also [23–25]). The vector-valued distribution is said to have a value at the point if , distributionally, that is, for each

In such a case, we simply write , distributionally.

4.4. Pointwise Weak Hölder Space

An important tool in Section 5 will be the concept of pointwise weak Hölder spaces of vector-valued distributions and their intimate connection with boundary asymptotics of the wavelet transform. These pointwise spaces have been recently introduced and investigated in [10]. They are extended versions of Meyer's pointwise weak spaces from [3]. They are also close relatives of Bony's two-microlocal spaces [2, 3]. Again, we denote by a Banach space, is a slowly varying function at the origin.

For a given and , the pointwise weak Hölder space [10] consists of those distributions for which there is an -valued polynomial of degree less than such that (cf. Section 4.3)

Observe that if , then the polynomial is irrelevant. In addition, when , this polynomial is unique; in fact (4.11) readily implies that the Łojasiewicz point values exist, distributionally, for and that is the “Taylor polynomial”

The pointwise weak Hölder space of second type is defined as follows: if (4.9) is just assumed to hold for each satisfying the requirement for all multi-index . Naturally, the previous requirement is empty if , thus, in such a case, . One can also show that if , the equality between these two spaces remains true [10]. On the other hand, when , we have the strict inclusion (cf. comments below Theorem 4.5). The usefulness of lies in the fact that it admits a precise wavelet characterization. The following theorem is shown in [10], it forms part of more general tauberian-type results that will not be discussed here.

Theorem 4.5 (see [10]). Let and let be a nondegenerate wavelet with for . Then, if and only if there is such that

It is worth mentioning that the elements of for can be characterized by pointwise weak-asymptotic expansions. We have [10] that if and only if it admits the following weak expansion:

where are interpreted in the Łojasiewicz sense and the are continuous functions. Comparison of this weak expansion with (4.11) explains the difference between the two pointwise spaces when .

5. New Class of Hölder-Zygmund Spaces

Throughout this section, we assume that is a slowly varying function such that and are locally bounded on .

5.1. -Hölder Spaces

We now introduce weighted Hölder spaces with respect to . They were already defined and studied in [10]. Let . We say that a function belongs to the space if has continuous derivatives up to order less than and

When , we replace the previous requirement by

The space is clearly a Banach space with the above norm. The conditions imposed over ensure that depends only on the behavior of near 0, thus, it is invariant under dilations. When , this space reduces to , the usual global (inhomogeneous) Hölder space [2, 3, 5]. Consequently, as in [10], we call the global Hölder space with respect to . Note that, because of the properties of [7, 8], we have the following interesting inclusion relations:

5.2. -Zygmund Spaces

We now proceed to define the weighted Zygmund space . Let and fix an LP-pair of order . A distribution is said to belong to the -Zygmund space of exponent if

Observe that we clearly have , for . We will show that if , we actually have the equality . When is a positive integer, we have in turn . As in the case of -Hölder spaces, our -Zygmund spaces refine the scale of classical Zygmund spaces; more precisely, we have again the following inclusions:

The definition of can give the impression that it might depend on the choice of the LP-pair; however, this is not the case, as shown by the ensuing result.

Proposition 5.1. The definition of does not depend on the choice of the LP-pair. Moreover, different LP-pairs lead to equivalent norms.

In view of Proposition 5.1, we may employ an LP-pair coming from a continuous Littlewood-Paley decomposition of the unity (cf. Example 4.3) in the definition of . Therefore, when , we recover the classical Zygmund space [5]. Proposition 5.1 follows at once from the following lemma.

Lemma 5.2. Let , then for every there holds

where is given by (5.4). Furthermore, if is a bounded set such that for all and all multi-index , then

Proof. The estimate (5.6) easily follows from the representation (4.2) of from Proposition 4.4. Let us show (5.7). We retain the notation from the statement of Proposition 4.4. In view of (4.2), a quick calculation yields

where

with and . To estimate , we first observe that if , then

because slowly varying functions satisfy the estimates for any exponent [7, 8]. When , we have that is a -function with bounded derivatives of any order. Then, by the Taylor formula, (5.6) (with ), and the assumption for , we obtain

We now bound and . If , Potter's estimate [7, page 25] gives the existence of a constant such that

Thus,

Notice that is a bounded set in because the derivatives of are supported in . Thus, due to the continuity of (cf. Theorem 3.1), is a bounded set in . This implies that the integrals involved in the very last estimate are uniformly bounded for and . Consequently, we obtain that

Next, for , we have

As in the proof of Theorem 3.1, the above integrand can be uniformly estimated by . This completes the proof of (5.7).

We obtain the following useful properties.

Corollary 5.3. The following properties hold:

(i) is continuous, for any ,(ii)if and for , then ,(iii)the mapping is an isomorphism of the space onto , for arbitrary .

Proof. (i) It is enough to consider . We have that and . Thus, the result follows at once by applying (5.6) with and (5.7) with .

(ii) If is an LP-pair, so is . Note that our assumption and (i) imply that . In view of Proposition 5.1, it remains to observe that

(iii) Since is the inverse of , it suffices to show that maps continuously into . Using (5.6) with , we obtain that . We also have

Finally, we can apply (5.7) because is a bounded set in and for each multi-index .

We can also use Proposition 4.4 to show that is a Banach space, as stated in the following proposition.

Proposition 5.4. The space is a Banach space when provided with the norm (5.4).

Proof. Let ,  ,  ,   be as in the statement of Proposition 4.4. Suppose that is a Cauchy sequence in . Then, there exist continuous functions and defined on such that in and

We define the distribution whose action on test functions is given by

Since the have the representation (4.2), we immediately see that in . Thus, pointwisely,

This implies that , and so is complete.

We have arrived to the main and last result of this section. It provides the -Hölderian characterization of the -Zygmund spaces of positive exponent. We will use in its proof a technique based on the Tauberian theorem for pointwise weak regularity of vector-valued distributions, explained in Section 4.4. We denote below by the Banach space of continuous and bounded functions.

Theorem 5.5. Let .

(a)If , then . Moreover, the norms (5.4) and (5.1) are equivalent. (b)If , then consists of functions with continuous derivatives up to order such that

In addition, (5.21) produces a norm that is equivalent to (5.4).

Proof. Observe that the -Hölderian type norm (resp. (5.21)) is clearly stronger than (5.4). Thus, if we show the equality of the spaces in (a) and (b), the equivalence of norms would be a direct consequence of the open mapping theorem.

Suppose that . Consider the -valued distribution given by , that is, the one whose action on test functions is given by

It does take values in because of (5.6). Clearly, . By (5.4) and Potter's estimate [7, page 25], we have that

Therefore, the Tauberian Theorem 4.5 yields . Now, the Łojasiewicz point values exist, distributionally, for . It explicitly means that for all

where . If we now take with , we then conclude that for each . It remains in both cases to deal with the estimates for ; notice that when and when . We now divide the proof into two cases.

Case . Fix a multi-index . It suffices to show

We had already seen that , that is,

in the space , for each . Hence, if , we choose as before (), and we use the fact that is compact in ; we then have

and this completes the proof of (a).

Case . The proof is similar to that of (a). Fix now . We now have , which, as commented in Section 4.4, yields the distributional expansion

in , where the are continuous -valued functions in . We apply (5.28) on a test function , with , and for , so we get

uniformly in . Since is compact in and for , the relations (5.28) and (5.29) give

as claimed.

Acknowledgments

S. Pilipović acknowledges support by Project 174024 of the Serbian Ministry of Education and Sciences. D. Rakić acknowledges support by Project III44006 of the Serbian Ministry of Education and Sciences and by Project 114-451-2167 of the Provincial Secretariat for Science and Technological Development. J. Vindas acknowledges support by a postdoctoral fellowship of the Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO, Belgium).

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