Journal of Function Spaces
Volume 2020 (2020), Article ID 5854674, 10 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5854674

Research Article

Fixed Point Results of a General Class of Monotone Nonexpansive Mappings in Hyperbolic Metric Spaces

Rida Outass, Karim Chaira, El Miloudi Marhrani, and Nour-eddine El Harmouchi

Laboratory of Algebra, Analysis and Applications (L3A), Hassan II University of Casablanca, Faculty of Sciences Ben M’Sik, Avenue Cdt Driss El Harti, B.P 7955, Sidi Othmane, Casablanca, Morocco

Correspondence should be addressed to El Miloudi Marhrani; marhrani@gmail.com

Received 9 January 2020; Revised 24 March 2020; Accepted 6 April 2020; Published 21 July 2020

Academic Editor: Pasquale Vetro

Copyright © 2020 Rida Outass et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

In this paper, we introduce and study some properties of a new class of generalized monotone nonexpansive mappings in hyperbolic metric spaces. Further, we give some results on the convergence of the Mann iterative process for this class of mappings in hyperbolic ordered metric spaces with some interesting examples.

1. Introduction

Nonexpansive mappings appear in many nonlinear problems modeled by integral equations arising from different scientific fields as mechanics, electricity, and population dynamics. Recall that a nonexpansive mapping is 1-Lipschitzien mapping.

The study of the existence of fixed points for nonexpansive mappings was initiated by Browder [1, 2], Gôhde [3], and Kirk [4]. In the last few years, a number of extensions and generalizations of nonexpansive mappings in different spaces were obtained by many mathematicians. In 2008, Suzuki [5] introduced a generalized definition of nonexpansive mappings, named condition or Suzuki generalize nonexpansive mapping, as follows:

Definition 1. Let be a subset of a Banach space . A mapping is said to satisfy condition if for all ,

He proved also some existence and convergence results for such type of mappings. Patir et al. [6] defined the following general class of nonexpansive-type mappings, and they presented some fixed point results for this class of operators.

Definition 2. Let be a nonempty subset of a Banach space . Let and such that . A mapping is said to satisfy the condition on if for all

Otherwise, the structure of spaces plays an important role in the study of the existence of fixed points. It is well known in the literature that Banach spaces have been studied extensively, because Banach spaces always have convex structures. However, metric spaces do not naturally benefit from this structure. Therefore, there is a need to introduce and define convex structures.

The study of fixed point theory for nonexpansive mappings in the framework of hyperbolic metric spaces was initiated by Takahashi [7]. He formulated some fixed point results in convex metric spaces. Goebel and Kirk [8] used hyperbolic-type spaces, which contain hyperbolic metric spaces (see also [9]).

Reich and Shafrir [10] introduced hyperbolic metric spaces as an appropriate background to study the existence and the approximation of fixed points for nonexpansive mappings. Accommodating previous definitions of hyperbolic metric spaces, Kohlenbach [11] introduced a more general definition of hyperbolic metric spaces and he proved the existence of fixed points for nonexpansive mappings. This class of spaces includes all normed linear spaces and Busemann spaces [12]. Leustean [13] showed that CAT(0) spaces are uniformly convex hyperbolic metric spaces. In 2016, Bin Dehaish and Khamsi [14] gave an analogue theorem to Browder and Göhde’s fixed point theorem for monotone nonexpansive mappings in uniformly convex hyperbolic metric spaces. Recently, Shukla et al. [15] present some existence and convergence results for a monotone mapping satisfying condition in partially ordered hyperbolic metric spaces.

Motivated by all these facts, we introduce in this paper a general class of nonexpansive-type mappings. We prove some fixed point existence results in uniformly convex hyperbolic metric spaces. Further, we study the approximation of fixed points for such type of mapping using the Mann iterative process defined in hyperbolic metric spaces with some illustrative examples. The results obtained in this work extend and generalize corresponding results on uniformly convex Banach spaces and CAT(0) spaces and many other results in this direction.

2. Preliminaries

Let be a metric space. A path joining to is a map from a closed interval to such that , , and for all . In particular, is an isometry and . The image of is called a metric segment joining and . When it is unique, the metric segment is denoted by . We shall denote by the unique point of which satisfies

Such metric spaces are usually called convex metric spaces (see Takahashi [7])

Let us recall the following definition which is due to Kohlenbach [11].

Definition 3 (see [11]). A triplet is said to be a hyperbolic metric space if is a metric space and is a function such that for all and , the following hold:

(i)(ii)(iii)(iv)

The set is called the metric segment with endpoints and . Now onwards, we write . A subset of is said to be convex if for all and .

When there is no ambiguity, we write for .

Let be a partially ordered set with a partial order “”, and let be a partially ordered hyperbolic metric space. We say that are comparable whenever or . Throughout, we will assume that order intervals are closed convex subsets of hyperbolic metric space . We denote these intervals as follows:

for any .

Definition 4 (see [16, 17]). Let be a hyperbolic metric space. We say that is uniformly convex if for any , and :

Proposition 5 (see [18]). Let be a uniformly convex hyperbolic metric space and be a decreasing sequence of nonempty closed, bounded, and convex subsets of X. Then,

Lemma 6 (see [19]). Let be a uniformly convex hyperbolic metric space with a monotone modulus of uniform convexity . Let and be a sequence such that . If and are two sequences in such that , , and , for some , then

Definition 7. Let be a metric space endowed with a partial order. A mapping is said to be monotone nondecreasing, if satisfies

for all .

Definition 8 (see [14]). Let be a partially ordered metric space. A mapping is called monotone nonexpansive, if is monotone and

for all such that and are comparable.

Definition 9 (see [14]). Let be a nonempty subset of a hyperbolic metric space . A function is said to be a type function, if there exists a bounded sequence in such that

for any .

Lemma 10 (see [14]). Let be a uniformly convex hyperbolic metric space and a nonempty closed convex subset of . Let be a type function. Then, is continuous. Moreover, there exists a unique minimum point such that .

3. Main Results

Before we give the existence and convergence theorems, we present a class of monotone nonexpansive mappings and some auxiliary results.

Definition 11. Let be a partially ordered metric space, and let and such that . Let be a monotone mapping. Then, is said to satisfy the condition on if for all such that ,

Clearly, this class includes the class of monotone nonexpansive mappings (for ).

Example 1. Let be equipped with the usual ordering and the distance . Let and be a mapping defined by

(1) is not a monotone nonexpansive mapping(2) is monotone and satisfies condition

Setting and , we obtain

However, is not a nonexpansive mapping. Now, we show that is monotone and satisfies condition with and . In fact, we have the following three cases:

(i)Let such that , and we have

(ii)Let such that , and we have

(iii)Let and , and we have

Otherwise, we have

since . From (19) and (20), we have

Since , then

Note that there is no relationship between the condition and the class of mapping satisfying the condition , which contradicts with the statement of Patir et al. in the paper [6]. To justify this, we give the following example.

Example 2. Define the mapping by

The monotone mapping satisfies the condition (for details, see [5]) but does not satisfy the condition for . In fact, for and , we have

Therefore, the condition is not satisfied.

The Mann [20] iterative scheme has been used to study the approximation of fixed points of nonexpansive mappings by many authors [21–26]. Following the same line, we define the Mann process in the framework of hyperbolic metric spaces in order to prove its convergence to fixed points for monotone mapping satisfying condition .

Definition 12. Let be an ordered hyperbolic metric space. Let be a nonempty convex subset of and a nondecreasing mapping on . Fix . The Mann iteration process is the sequence defined by

for all , where .

Proposition 13 (see [8]). Let be an ordered hyperbolic metric space. Let and be two sequences in and which satisfy for all ,

(i) with (ii)

Then, for all and ,

The next lemma is a technical tool which will be used to prove that is an almost fixed point sequence.

Lemma 14. Let be a nonempty closed convex subset of a partially ordered hyperbolic metric space and be a monotone mapping satisfying the condition on , with . Assume that there exists such that . Let be the Mann iterative sequence defined by (25) such that with and . Then, for any and , we have

Proof. Let such that . Using the convexity of the order interval and the monotonicity of , we obtain

Thus, by induction, we get

for any . On the other hand, we have

Since for all , we have

By the condition , for and , we have

Since , then . Hence,

for all . According to (29), (30), and (33), it is concluded that all the assumptions of Proposition 13 are satisfied, where , which implies

for any and .

Theorem 15. Let be as above. Let be a nonempty, closed, convex, and bounded subset of and be a monotone mapping satisfying the condition on , with . Assume that there exists such that and the sequence defined by (25) such that , with and . Then, we have

Proof. First we show that the sequence is decreasing. Indeed, by the triangle inequality, we have

From the proof of Lemma 14, we have

for all . Hence,

for all . Consequently, is a decreasing and bounded sequence in . Thus, there exists such that

On the other hand, we have

since and for all . Therefore, the inequality obtained in Lemma 14 implies

for all and . If we let , we get , for any . Then,

holds for all . Clearly, this is possible only for . Thus,

Lemma 16. Let be a partially ordered hyperbolic metric space and a nonempty subset of . Let be a monotone mapping which satisfies the condition. If is a fixed point of , then for all , ,

Proof. Let be a fixed point of and such that .
We have

By the condition ,

Hence,

which implies

Since , then

In the sequel, we will use the fixed point set with the partial orders given by

Definition 17. Let be a partially ordered set and be a sequence in . The sequence is said to be -bounded if there exists a point such that , for all .

Lemma 18. Let be a nonempty closed and convex subset of a partially ordered hyperbolic metric space . Let be a monotone mapping satisfying the condition on , for such that and is nonempty. Let be a sequence defined by (25). Then, the following assertions hold:

(i)The sequence is -bounded(ii) exists for , and exists, where denotes the distance from to

Proof.

(i)Let , and fix . From the proof of Lemma 14, we have

Since is monotone and , we have

So, . By monotonicity of ,

Applying the same argument, we get

Thus, is -bounded.

(ii)By Lemma 16, we have

Hence,

for all . Consequently, is a decreasing and bounded sequence in . Thus, exists. For each and we have

Taking infimum over all , we get

for all . So the sequence is bounded and decreasing. Therefore, exists.

Theorem 19. Let be a nonempty closed convex and bounded subset of a hyperbolic ordered metric space and be a monotone mapping satisfying the condition on , with . Assume that there exists such that and is nonempty. Let be a sequence defined by (25) where , with and . Then, converges to a fixed point of .

Proof. Assume that is nonempty, and let . Then, from the proof of Lemma 18, we have

By Lemma 18, there exists such that

Assume that . By Theorem 15, one has

This leads to , for large sufficient . Then,

By the condition , we get

Otherwise,

Taking limit as goes to infinity, we get

Since , we get a contradiction. Therefore, converges to .

Example 3. Let . Define by

such that and , for all . It is obvious to see that is a metric space.
First step. Let . We can easily verify that is a nonempty, bounded, and convex subset of . We show that is closed in . Indeed, let be a sequence in and such that

Then, for all , there exists an such that

This implies

Thus,

Using (69), it is easy to verify that

On the other hand, fix , and we have

Since and , for all , then

By (70) and (71), we conclude that

Therefore, .
Second step. Define a function by

for all and in . We show that is a hyperbolic metric space. For , , , , and , , we have the following:

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

Consider the partial ordering defined on as follows:

where and in .
Thus, is a partially ordered hyperbolic metric space, but not a normed space.
Third step. Let be a mapping defined by

where and designate constant functions, such that

It is obvious that the mapping is monotone.

(i) is not nonexpansive. In fact, for and , we have

(ii) satisfies the condition for and . In fact, for and such that , we have

Therefore,

Otherwise, if and (or equal to (1/2, 0)), it is quite easy to verify that the mapping satisfies the condition for and .
Therefore, is monotone and satisfies the condition and has a unique fixed point .
Fourth step. Suppose that and , then and

where , for all . Indeed, assume that (82) is true for and let us prove it for . We have

Since , then

Since is monotone and satisfies condition and there exists such that , then all the conditions of Theorem 19 are satisfied. Consequently, it is obvious to see that

Thus, converges to the fixed point .

Theorem 20. Let be a nonempty closed convex and bounded subset of a uniformly convex partially ordered hyperbolic metric space and be a monotone mapping satisfying the condition on , with . Assume that there exists such that and the sequence defined by (25) be -bounded such that with and . Then, has a fixed point , , and .

Proof. As is -bounded, then there exists a point such that , for all .
Let for all . It is clear that is nonempty, since , and is a closed and convex subset of , for all , and the sequence is decreasing, since for all . Hence, by Proposition 5,

is a nonempty, closed, and convex subset of . Let ; then, by the definition of and the monotonicity of , we get

Hence, . Consider the type function generated by , that is, , for all From Lemma 10, there exists a unique element such that

Moreover,

We assert that . Assume that this is not the case.
By Theorem 15, we have then

Since , then for all . By the condition , for and , we have

By the triangle inequality,

we obtain

which implies

Hence,

By the uniqueness of the minimum point, we conclude a contradiction with our hypothesis . Then, we have .
is nonempty, because it contains . Following the same proof of Theorem 15, we obtain .

Data Availability

No data were used to support this study.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

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