Journal of Mathematics
Volume 2021 (2021), Article ID 5510384, 8 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5510384

Research Article

Some Indices over a New Algebraic Graph

Nurten Urlu Özalan

Engineering Faculty, KTO Karatay University, Konya 42020, Turkey

Correspondence should be addressed to Nurten Urlu Özalan; nurten.ozalan@karatay.edu.tr

Received 4 February 2021; Revised 12 March 2021; Accepted 3 April 2021; Published 17 April 2021

Academic Editor: Kinkar Chandra Das

Copyright © 2021 Nurten Urlu Özalan. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

In this paper, we first introduce a new graph over an extension of semigroups and after that we study and characterize the spectral properties such as the diameter, girth, maximum and minimum degrees, domination number, chromatic number, clique number, degree sequence, irregularity index, and also perfectness for . Moreover, we state and prove some important known Zagreb indices on this new graph.

1. Introduction and Preliminaries

Semigroups are one of the types of algebra to which the methods of universal algebra are applied. During the last three decades, graph theory has established itself as an important mathematical tool in a wide variety of subjects. One of the several ways to study the algebraic structures in mathematics is to consider the relations between graph theory and semigroup theory known as algebraic graph theory. Cayley graphs of semigroups have been extensively studied, and many interesting results have been obtained (see [1].) On the other hand, zero-divisor graph of a commutative semigroup with zero has also been studied by many authors (for example, see [2]). These developments of algebraic structure indicate that it is important to study the graph of a semigroup.

When a new structure appears, it is necessary to investigate the properties. For example, in [3], the author considered a new product and gave some properties on a special product of semigroups (and monoids). Similarly, in [4], we established a new class of semigroups based on both Rees matrix and completely 0-simple semigroups. We further presented some fundamental properties and finiteness conditions for this new structure. Furthermore, we first showed that satisfies two important homological properties, namely, Rees short exact sequence and short five lemma. In addition, by defining inversive semigroup varieties of , we proved that strictly inverse semigroup is isomorphic to the spined product of (C)-inversive semigroup and the idempotent semigroup of . Moreover, we gave some consequences of the results to make a detailed classification over . On the other hand, we proved Green’s theorem over by showing the existence of Green’s lemma. In this paper, we more deeply investigate the place of in the literature by means of graph theory. In [5], the authors presented similar study on semidirect products of monoids.

Some basic preliminaries, useful notations, and valuable mathematical terminologies needed in what follows are prescribed. Note that a graph is an order pair of a nonempty vertex set and an edge set . For all undefined notions and notations, we refer the reader to [6].

Recall that the girth of a graph is the length of the shortest cycle in , if has a cycle; otherwise, we say the girth of is . The distance between vertices and , denoted by , is the length of a minimal path from to . If there is no path from to , we say that the distance between and is . The diameter of a connected graph is the maximum distance between two vertices, and it is denoted by .

Rees matrix semigroups were first introduced by Rees [7], although they were implicitly present in Suschkewitsch. Let S be a semigroup, let and be two index sets, and let be a matrix with entries from S. The set

with multiplication defined by

is a semigroup. This semigroup is called a Rees matrix semigroup. Now, it is known that the form of elements of the semigroup is as follows:

Let us write in more detail.

Here, every and are elements of Rees matrix semigroup () and completely 0-simple semigroup (), respectively. Actually, we know that the semigroup consists of the semigroup and the group (see [4] for more details). Moreover, we can keep in our mind the diagram in Figure 1 for the semigroup .

Figure 1: The diagram for the semigroup .

We note that index sets mentioned in are assumed to be single elements and , . Now we give the description of the graph focused in this paper. Let be graph for the semigroup .

The vertices are all elements of , and any two distinct vertices and are adjacent in case of

(i) and or(ii) and or(iii)

Example 1. If and , then we have

where , and are Rees matrix semigroups created by and index sets and the semigroup . On the other hand, is a completely simple semigroup created by and index sets and the group . The graph of is as drawn in Figure 2.
One may address three major problems related to graph theory when a new structure emerges: definition, spectral properties for classification, and topological indices of the graph. In this paper, we focus on all of those for the graph .

Figure 2: An example of the graph .

2. Spectral Properties of

In this section, by considering the graph defined in the first section, we will mainly deal with the graph properties, namely, diameter, girth, maximum and minimum degrees, domination number, irregularity index, chromatic number, and clique number.

Theorem 1. If and , then the diameter of the graph is 2.

Proof. In the graph of the semigroup , it is clear that the vertex is adjacent to every vertex. So, the diameter can be figured out by considering the distance between this vertex and one of the other vertices in the vertex set. Therefore, by calculating the eccentricity, any vertex with another neighborhood of a vertex is absolutely considered. We finally get , as required.

Theorem 2. For the semigroup , the girth of the graph is 3.

Proof. By considering the definition of , the length of the shortest cycle in is 3. So, the girth of the graph is 3.

The degree of a vertex is the number of edges incident to , and it is denoted as . Among all degrees, the maximum degree and the minimum degree of are the number of the largest degree and the number of the smallest degree in , respectively.

Theorem 3. For the semigroup , the maximum and minimum degrees of the graph are

Proof. Let us consider the vertex of . Firstly, we deal with the vertex . Since this vertex is adjacent to every vertex, the degree of is . By considering the definition of , degrees for the both of the vertices and are . Moreover, the degree of is . Therefore, the maximum degree of the graph is and the minimum degree of the graph is .

The degree sequence is the list of degree of all the vertices of the graph. This sequence is denoted by for the graph . In [8], the author defined a new parameter for graphs which is called irregularity index of and denoted by . In fact, irregularity index is the number of distinct terms in the list of degree sequence.

Theorem 4. Let and be the orders of the group and the semigroup , respectively. The degree sequence and irregularity index of are given by

and , respectively.

Proof. The main idea of the proof is to consider whether the degree of each vertex is the same. In accordance with definition of the graph , the answer is clearly no. We know that the vertices of are of the form , and . Firstly, we consider the vertex . By definition of , the vertex is adjacent to every vertex. So, the degree of vertex is . Similarly, we consider the vertex types of and . The degrees of these vertices are same and . Finally, the degree of is via the definition of . Therefore, we have and the number of distinct terms in the list of is 3. So, .

A subset of the vertex set of a graph is called a dominating set if every vertex is joined to at least one vertex of by an edge. Additionally, the domination number is the number of vertices in the smallest dominating set for (see [6]).

Theorem 5. For the semigroup , .

Proof. Let us consider the graph . The vertex is adjacent to every vertex. So, the domination number of this graph is 1.
Graph coloring is an assignment of labels, called colors, to the vertices of a graph such that no two adjacent vertices share the same color. The chromatic number of a graph is the minimal number of colors for which such an assignment is possible. On the other hand, a clique is a subset of vertices of an undirected graph such that every two distinct vertices in the clique are adjacent. A maximum clique of a graph is a clique, such that there is no clique with more vertices. Moreover, the clique number of a graph is the number of vertices in a maximum clique in . Clearly, for every graph , but equality need not hold. For example, if is an odd hole (i.e., a hole with an odd number of vertices), then . A graph is perfect if for every induced subgraph of ; that is, the chromatic number of is equal to the maximum size of a clique of . Bipartite graph is one of the best known examples of perfect graph (see [9]).

Let us give the following lemma known as perfect graph theorem of Lovasz [10], originally conjectured by Berge.

Lemma 1. A graph is perfect if and only if its complement is perfect.

Theorem 6. The chromatic number of is equal to

Proof. It is well known that the vertex is of maximum degree and and are of same degrees. Moreover, these vertices are adjacent to each other due to the definition of . So, these vertices have a different color. Besides, the types of the vertices are adjacent to , but still all the vertices are not adjacent to the vertex and the vertex ; then, the types of the vertices can take the same color. So, the vertices taking different colors are considered below.

(i)The vertex is unique. So, one color emerges from this vertex.(ii)The types of have vertices. So, color emerges from these vertices.(iii)The types of have vertices. So, color emerges from these vertices.

Then,

Theorem 7. The clique number of is equal to

Proof. Now, let us consider the complete subgraph . By the definition of , the vertex set of is defined as follows:

Then,

By keeping in our minds the definition of perfect graphs [10] as depicted and considering in Theorems 6 and 7, we obtain the perfectness of the graph as in the following corollary.

Corollary 1. The graph is perfect.

By using Lemma 1, we can also obtain the perfectness of as in the following result.

Corollary 2. A complement of the graph is perfect.

We recall that any graph is called Berge if no induced subgraph of G is an odd cycle of length of at least five or the complement of one. The following lemma proved by Chudnovsky et al. in [11] figures out the relationship between perfect and Berge graphs. By considering this lemma, we have the following other consequence (Corollary³) of this section.

Lemma 2 (see [11]). A graph is perfect if and only if it is Berge.

Corollary 3. The graph is Berge.

As a final note, we may refer [6] for some other properties of perfect graphs which are clearly satisfied for .

3. Zagreb Indices of

In this section, we give some Zagreb indices of the graph . In order to obtain these results, we need to recall some previously known facts about Zagreb indices.

A graph invariant is a number related to a graph which is a structural invariant. The well-known graph invariants are the Zagreb indices. Two of the most important Zagreb indices are called first and second Zagreb indices denoted by and , respectively:

They were first defined by Gutman and Trinajstić in [12]. For various mathematical and chemical studies of these indices, we refer our readers to [13, 14]. Todeschini and Consonni [15] have introduced the multiplicative variants of these additive graph invariants by

and called them multiplicative Zagreb indices. In recent years, some novel variants of ordinary Zagreb indices have been introduced and studied, such as Zagreb coindices, multiplicative Zagreb indices, multiplicative sum Zagreb index, and multiplicative Zagreb coindices (see [13, 16–21], for more details). Especially, the first and second Zagreb coindices of graph are defined [16] in the following:

In [21], the authors define the Zagreb coindices and then obtain some fundamental properties of them. We use some of these properties in this paper. Now let us give the two lemmas which are used in this paper.

Lemma 3. (see [16]). Let be a simple graph on a vertices and b edges. Then,

Both the first Zagreb index and the second Zagreb index give greater weights to the inner vertices and edges and smaller weights to outer vertices and edges, which opposes intuitive reasoning. Hence, they were amended as follows [22]: for a simple connected graph , let , which was called the first modified Zagreb index, and , which was called the second modified Zagreb index.

The hyper-Zagreb index, defined as , was put forward in [23]. In [14], the author established the hyper-Zagreb coindex via hyper-Zagreb index and first Zagreb index.

Lemma 4. (see [14]). Let be a graph with vertices and edges. Then,

It is seen that is the kind of graph invariant. This invariant is vertex-degree based. In [12], the authors defined it as

Let us remind a well-known result called by the handshaking lemma. So, for a graph , let be the degree of the ith vertex and . Then, we have

Now, let us give the results related to Zagreb indices for the graph .

Lemma 5. A number of vertex for the graph is .

Proof. It is known that there are four different types of vertices in this graph. A type of the vertex is unique. There are and for the types of vertices and , respectively. A type of the vertices is times. So, a number of vertex for the graph is .

Lemma 6. A number of edge for the graph is .

Proof. By equation (1), it is known that . According to Theorem 3 and Lemma 5,

Then, a number of edge for the graph is .

Theorem 8. Let be the semigroup graph. Then, the first Zagreb index and second Zagreb index are

Proof. Let us start with the proof of the first Zagreb index. The graph of has vertices (by Lemma 5), and the vertex has degree, the vertices and have degrees, and the vertex has degree.

For second Zagreb index, we clearly mention the definition of second Zagreb index for graph in this section. Firstly, we must consider adjacent vertices of the graph, which is as follows.

(i) ⟶ there are such neighborhoods.(ii) ⟶ there are such neighborhoods.(iii) ⟶ there are such neighborhoods.(iv) ⟶ there are such neighborhoods .(v) ⟶ there are such neighborhoods.(vi) ⟶ there are such neighborhoods .(vii) ⟶ there are such neighborhoods .(viii) ⟶ there are such neighborhoods .

Theorem 9. The first multiplicative Zagreb index and second multiplicative Zagreb index are

Proof. We give the number of vertex and degree of the graph . By definition, first multiplicative Zagreb index is as follows:

Second multiplicative Zagreb index is

Theorem 10. The first Zagreb coindex and second Zagreb coindex are

Proof. We know that the numbers of vertex and edge for the graph are and , respectively, by Lemmas 5 and 6. According to Lemma 3, the first Zagreb coindex is

Similarly, by Lemma 3, a second Zagreb coindex is

Theorem 11. The first modified Zagreb index and second modified Zagreb index are

Proof. The definition of modified Zagreb index is to insert inverse values of the vertex-degrees into and . Accordingly, the proof is clear.

Theorem 12. The forgotten index is

Proof. We know that

For the graph of ,

Theorem 13. The hyper-Zagreb index and hyper-Zagreb coindex are

Proof. We obtain forgotten index and second Zagreb index of the graph in Theorem 12 and 8. By Lemma 4, we clearly have and .

4. Conclusion

The most important aspect of thinking graph on a new algebraic structure is that the graph reflects new results for both algebraic structure and graph. When a new graph appears, it is important to study some graph properties, namely, diameter, maximum and minimum degrees, girth, degree sequence and irregularity index, domination number, chromatic number, and clique number (in Section 2). In this paper, we obtained these results. Furthermore, we gave some important known Zagreb indices (in Section 3).

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest.

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