Research Article A Family of Integer-Point Ternary Parametric Subdivision Schemes

New subdivision schemes are always required for the generation of smooth curves and surfaces. The purpose of this paper is to present a general formula for family of parametric ternary subdivision schemes based on the Laurent polynomial method. The diﬀerent complexity subdivision schemes are obtained by substituting the diﬀerent values of the parameter. The important properties of the proposed family of subdivision schemes are also presented. The continuity of the proposed family is C 2 m . Comparison shows that the proposed family of subdivision schemes has higher degree of polynomial generation, degree of polynomial reproduction, and continuity compared with the exiting subdivision schemes. Maple software is used for mathematical calculations and plotting of graphs.


Introduction
Computer aided geometric design (CAGD) is a field which is related to computational mathematics. Subdivision schemes are the important tool of CAGD. Subdivision schemes are used for the generation of smooth curves from initial polygon. In the field of subdivision, the subdivision schemes having three rules are called ternary subdivision schemes. To improve the flexibility of subdivision schemes, some parameters are used in subdivision schemes. Here, we present a brief survey of the parametric ternary subdivision schemes.
In 2002, Hassan et al. [1] purposed a family of interpolating 3-point ternary subdivision schemes with C 1 -continuity. ey also compare with binary subdivision schemes. Wang and Qin [2] proposed an improved ternary interpolating subdivision scheme. ey also discussed the parameterizations and manipulate the split joint problem with interpolating ternary subdivision scheme. Ko et al. [3] derived a 4-point ternary scheme from cubic polynomial interpolation which has smaller support and higher smoothness, comparing to binary 4-point and 6-point schemes and ternary 3-point and 4-point schemes.
Mustafa and Ashraf [4] presented and analyzed the 6point ternary scheme with the parameter. e proposed scheme has C 2 continuous over the parametric interval. Mustafa et al. [5] described the general formula for oddpoint parametric ternary subdivision schemes. ey proved that the cubic B-spline scheme was a particular case of the suggested ternary scheme. ey also demonstrated the effect of the parameter on the limit curve. Pan et al. [6] derived the relation between combined approximating and interpolating subdivision scheme. e resulting curve from the combined subdivision scheme was C 2 continuous, when analyzed by Laurent polynomial. Siddiqi et al. [7][8][9] introduced a family of ternary interpolatory and approximating subdivision scheme with one parameter. It was used to generate fractal curves and surfaces. ey also presented an algorithm which produced ternary m-point approximating subdivision schemes by taking m as integer greater than 2 with the help of uniform B-spline blending functions.
Rehan and Siddiqi [10] presented a family of 3-point and 4-point ternary approximating subdivision schemes. ey also analyzed degree of smoothness of a family of ternary 3point and 4-point subdivision schemes which are C 1 and C 3 continuity, respectively. Ashraf et al. [11,12] presented and analyzed the geometrical properties of the 4-point ternary interpolating subdivision scheme.
is scheme involves a tension parameter. ey derived the conditions on the tension parameter and initial control polygon that permitted the creation of positivity and monotonicity-preserving curves after a finite number of subdivision steps.
In 2021, Tan and Tong [13] presented a nonstationary 4point ternary interpolating subdivision scheme. ey also discussed the shape preserving properties of the proposed subdivision scheme. Tariq et al. [14] presented a unified class of combined subdivision schemes with two-shape control parameters in order to grow versatility for overseeing valuable necessities. Hameed et al. [15] presented a new method to construct a family of (2N + 2)-point binary subdivision schemes with one tension parameter. Mustafa et al. [16] presented a subdivision collocation method to resolve Bratu's boundary value problem by using the approximating subdivision scheme.

Our Contributions.
e main purpose of this work is to present a generalized formula for derivation of parametric ternary subdivision schemes. Our proposed high complexity schemes have high values of continuity, degree of generation, and degree of reproduction of polynomials. e claim is proved in comparison section (see Table 1). Our schemes give better approximation and smoothness when compared with the same type of exiting subdivision schemes (see Figure 1). e paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we present the general formula and derivations of family of ternary subdivision schemes. Analysis of the proposed family is presented in Section 3. Section 4 is for comparison of proposed family of subdivision schemes with exiting subdivision schemes. Conclusions are drawn in Sections 5.

A Family of Integer-Point Ternary Schemes
In this section, we propose a general formula for integerpoint ternary approximating subdivision schemes with one parameter in the form of Laurent polynomial: where m � 0, 1, 2, and 3. By putting m � 0 in (1), we get the Laurent polynomial of a 2-point interpolating subdivision scheme: e scheme corresponding to the Laurent polynomial (2) is (3) By putting m � 1 in (1), we get the Laurent polynomial of a 3-point approximating subdivision scheme: e scheme corresponding to the Laurent polynomial (4) is By putting m � 2 in (1), we get the Laurent polynomial of a 5-point approximating subdivision scheme: e scheme corresponding to the Laurent polynomial (6) is 2 Journal of Mathematics Figure 1: (a-d) Comparison of limit curves for close polygons produced by 3-point schemes S 3 0 , S 1 , and G 3 .
By putting m � 3 in (1), we get the Laurent polynomial of a 6-point approximating subdivision scheme: e scheme corresponding to the Laurent polynomial Similarly by substituting the different values of m, we get the family members of ternary subdivision schemes. Table 2 contains the mask of proposed family members of ternary subdivision schemes corresponding to m � 0, 1, 2, and 3.

Analysis of Integer-Point Ternary Schemes
is section contains analysis of important properties of proposed subdivision schemes. Laurent polynomial [19] is used to compute the degree of generation, degree of reproduction, and continuity analysis. While Rioul's method [20] is used to compute lower and upper bounds on Hölder regularity of the scheme corresponding to A m (z). Theorem 1. Whenever convergent and generating cubic polynomials, the family of ternary subdivision schemes (1) has cubic degree of reproduction with respect to the primal parametrization.
Proof. By taking the derivative of (1) with respect to z, we obtain 4 Journal of Mathematics After substituting z � 1 in (4) and (10, we get A m (1) � 3 and A m ′ (1) � 6m + 6. After taking the first three derivatives of (10) and substituting z � 1, we have e value of shift parameter τ � (A m ′ (1)/3) � 2m + 2. Hence, by [19], the subdivision schemes corresponding to (1) have primal parametrization. Furthermore, for different values of m, we can easily verify that Hence, by [19], the schemes corresponding to A m (z) have cubic degree of reproduction with respect to the primal parametrization. Table 3 summarizes the results of degree of generations, shift parameter, degree of reproductions, and parametrization of proposed family of integer-point ternary subdivision schemes. Here, m, G d , τ, and R d and parametrization denote the positive integer, degree of generation, shift parameter, degree of reproduction, and parametrization of the scheme, respectively.
Proof. For C 2m continuity of the schemes corresponding to A m (z), consider the Laurent polynomial: where A m (z) is defined in (1). is implies After simplification, we obtain

Theorem 4.
e limit stencils providing the evaluations of the basic limit function of the 3-point scheme (5) respectively.
Proof. e local subdivision matrices for limit stencils of 3point scheme (5) For the decomposition of matrices S I and S I/2 , we need Δ I and Δ I/2 , respectively, where Δ I and Δ I/2 are the scalar matrices in which eigenvalues are arranged diagonally.
erefore, now compute lim k⟶∞ Δ k I and lim k⟶∞ Δ k I/2 : is implies Since  Journal of Mathematics Similarly, f k+1 Hence, the limit stencils providing the evaluations of the basic limit function of the 3-point scheme (5)  In Figure 2, we present the basic limit function of the proposed 3-point ternary approximating subdivision scheme for different values of w and show its evaluations at integers and half integers which coincide with the limit stencils computed in eorem 4.

Comparison with Existing Schemes
Here, we will present the comparison of our proposed family of ternary subdivision schemes with existing ternary subdivision schemes in the form of theoretical properties and visual performances. In Table 1, we present comparison of same complexity subdivision schemes. From Table 1, we see that our proposed family of ternary subdivision schemes has higher continuity, degree of generation, and degree of reproduction compared with the existing subdivision schemes.
In Figure 3, we present some visual performances of proposed 3-point ternary approximating subdivision scheme. In Figure 1, we present the comparison of the proposed 3-point scheme S 1 with 3-point scheme G 3 presented in [5] and 3-point scheme S 3 0 presented in [17]. Here, black dotted lines show the initial polygon, red solid lines are the limit curve of 3-point scheme S 3 0 presented in [17], and blue solid lines are the limit curve of 3-point scheme G 3 presented in [5]. Mathematically, the continuity of all 3-point schemes is the same, which is C 2 continuity.

Conclusions
In this paper, we presented a general formula for derivation of parametric family of ternary subdivision schemes. We presented the complete analysis of the proposed family of parametric ternary subdivision schemes. We also presented the comparison with exiting ternary subdivision schemes. Comparison shows that our proposed family has high continuity, degree of generation and reproduction compared with the same type exiting subdivision schemes. From Table 1, we observed that our proposed 3-point and 5-point schemes have C 2 and C 4 continuity, respectively, which are similar to the schemes presented in [1,5,9,10,17,18]. Our 6-point scheme has C 6 continuity which is greater than the 6-point schemes presented in [4,9]. Similarly, the generation degree of our proposed schemes is also higher than the exiting schemes.

Data Availability
e data used to support the findings of the study are included within this paper.