Influence of Annealing Temperature on the Characteristics of Ti-Codoped GZO Thin Solid Film

This study utilizes radio frequency magnetron sputtering (RF sputtering) to deposit GZO transparent conductive film and Ti thin filmon the same corning glass substrate and then treats GZO/Ti thin filmwith rapid thermal annealing.The annealing temperatures are 300C , 500C, and 550C, respectively. Ti:GZO transparent conductive oxide (TCO) thin films are deposited on glass substrates using a radio frequency magnetron sputtering technique. The thin films are then annealed at temperatures of 300C, 500C, and 550C, respectively, for rapid thermal annealing. The effects of the annealing temperature on the optical properties, resistivity, and nanomechanical properties of the Ti:GZO thin films are then systematically explored. The results show that all of the annealed films have excellent transparency (∼90%) in the visible light range. Moreover, the resistivity of the Ti:GZO films reduces with an increasing annealing temperature, while the carrier concentration andHallmobility both increase. Finally, the hardness andYoung’s modulus of the Ti:GZO thin films are both found to increase as the annealing temperature is increased.


Introduction
Transparent conductive oxide (TCO) thin films are widely used in the optoelectronics field for such applications as flat panel display devices, thin film solar cells, touch panels, and antistatic windows [1][2][3][4][5].TCO films are commonly fabricated using tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) since ITO has a low resistivity (∼10 −4 Ω-cm) and excellent transmittance in the visible region [6][7][8][9].However, ITO is both expensive (due to the limited availability of indium) and toxic.As a result, the problem of finding suitable alternatives for ITO has emerged as a pressing concern in recent years.
Zinc oxide (ZnO) has many favorable characteristics, including nontoxicity, low cost, high chemical and thermal stability, and good process integrability [10].As a result, ZnO is regarded as a promising alternative to ITO in fabricating TCO thin-film structures.It has been shown that the electrical properties of ZnO can be enhanced by doping the lattice with aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), or indium (In) [11].Among these dopants, Al and Ga are particularly well suited to the fabrication of transparent conductive ZnO thin films because they contribute to electron conduction.
Al-doped ZnO thin films have high transmittance and low resistivity.However, Ga-doped ZnO thin films offer a number of practical advantages over Al-doped films, including a lower chemical reactivity, a greater resistance to oxygen, and a lower moisture resistance.Furthermore, the radius of Ga ions (0.062 nm) is closer to that of Zn ions (0.074 nm) than that of Al ions (0.053 nm) [12,13].In addition, the covalent bond length of Ga-O (1.92 A) is smaller than that of Zn-O (1.97 A).As a result, minimal distortion of the doped ZnO lattice occurs, even in the case of a high Ga concentration.It has been shown that the addition of titanium (Ti) to the ZnO lattice is also of benefit in improving the electrical properties of ZnO thin films.However, the effects of Ti addition on the optoelectrical performance of Ga-doped ZnO (GZO) thin films have received little attention in the literature.
In the present study, the RF-magnetron sputtering technique is used to deposit Ti-doped GZO thin films on glass substrates.The thin films are then annealed at temperatures of 300 ∘ C, 500 ∘ C, and 550 ∘ C, respectively.The effects of the annealing temperature on the optical properties, resistivity, and nanomechanical properties of the Ti:GZO thin films are then systematically explored.
The Ti:GZO thin films were deposited on 2.0 × 2.0 cm Cornings glass substrates using an RF power of 60 W for the Ga:ZnO target and a DC power of 60 W for the Ti target.Prior to the sputtering process, the substrates were cleaned ultrasonically in acetone and methanol and were then dried in a high-pressure flow of nitrogen gas.The distance between each target and the substrate was set as 8 cm.The gas flow and working pressure of the Argon gas were set as 10 sccm and 10 −5 torr, respectively.In preparing the Ti:GZO thin films, a thin Ti layer was first sputtered on the glass substrate and a GZO film was then deposited on the Ti film.The average thickness of Ti:GZO thin films is 230 nm.Following the deposition process, the thin-film structures were annealed at temperatures of 300 ∘ C, 500 ∘ C, and 550 ∘ C, respectively.
The microstructural characteristics of the as-deposited and annealed thin-film structures were investigated by Xray diffraction (XRD, SIEMENS D5000).Meanwhile, the resistivity of the thin films was measured using a fourprobe instrument.The carrier concentration and Hall mobility were estimated by a Hall effect analyzer (AHM-800B).The transmittance spectra of the Ti:GZO thin films were measured for wavelengths in the range of 300∼1000 nm using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer (Hitachi U-4001).The surface morphology of each film was observed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM, FEI Quanta 400 F).Finally, the nanomechanical properties of the Ti:GZO films were measured using an MTS Nanoindenter XP system fitted with a Berkovich diamond pyramid tip.

Effect of Annealing Temperature on Structural Properties
of Ti:GZO Thin Films. Figure 1 shows the XRD spectra of the as-deposited Ti:GZO thin film and the Ti:GZO thin films annealed at temperatures of 300 ∘ C, 500 ∘ C, and 550 ∘ C, respectively.It is seen that all of the films have a strong (002) diffraction peak located at around 2 = 34.3∘ .The diffraction peak is located close to that of pure ZnO crystal (34.45).Thus, it is inferred that the GZO thin film retains the original characteristics of the hexagonal ZnO wurtzite; that is, the Ga content of the thin film segregates to that of the Ti and Ga contents of the thin film segregate to the noncrystalline region of the lattice at the grain boundaries [22].It is noted that the intensity of the diffraction peak increases with an increasing annealing temperature.In other words, the crystallinity is fine at higher values of the annealing temperature.

Effect of Annealing Temperature on Electrical Properties of
Ti:GZO Thin Films. Figure 2 shows the electrical resistivities of the as-deposited and annealed Ti:GZO thin films.The electrical resistivities for as-deposited (25 ∘ C), 300 ∘ C, 500 ∘ C, and 550 ∘ C are 9.37 × 10 −3 Ω-cm, 5.24 × 10 −4 Ω-cm, 5 × 10 −4 Ωcm, and 4.32 × 10 −4 Ω-cm, respectively.As the annealing temperature is increased from 25 ∘ C to 550 ∘ C, the resistivity reduces from 9.37 × 10 −3 to 4.32 × 10 −4 Ω-cm.The reduction in resistivity is the result of various factors, including an improved crystallinity, a reduced grain boundary scattering of the charge carriers, an increased substitutional doping, and a reduced number of interstitial atoms.In addition, it was argued in [23] that an increased annealing temperature improves the ability of the Ti atoms to diffuse into the GZO thin film, thereby increasing the free carrier concentration and reducing the resistivity.Figure 3 shows the variation of the carrier electron concentration and the Hall mobility of the Ti:GZO films with the annealing temperature.It is seen that the carrier electron concentration and Hall mobility both increase with an increasing annealing temperature.
The greater concentration of free carrier electrons increases the conductivity of the Ti:GZO thin film.Thus, as shown in Figure 2, the resistivity of the thin films reduces as the annealing temperature is increased.

Effect of Annealing Temperature on Optical Properties of
Ti:GZO Thin Films. Figure 4 shows the transmission spectra of the as-deposited and annealed Ti:GZO thin films for wavelengths ranging from 300 to 1000 nm.It is seen that the average transmittance of the as-deposited Ti:GZO thin film is around 70%.However, the transmittance increases to around 86% and 88% in the annealed temperatures of 300 ∘ C and 500 ∘ C, respectively.The increased transmittance at higher annealing temperatures is the result of a greater diffusion of the Ti atoms into the GZO film.From inspection, the maximum transmittance is found to be ∼92% for the Ti:GZO film annealed at the highest temperature of 550 ∘ C.

Effect of Annealing Temperature on Surface Morphology
of Ti:GZO Thin Films. Figure 5 presents the EDX analysis results for the as-deposited Ti:GZO thin film.The results confirm the diffusion of Ti atoms into the thin GZO film during the deposition process.Figure 6(a) shows the surface morphology of the as-deposited Ti-GZO thin film.It can be seen that the film has a pebble-like morphology with an average grain size of around 80 nm.For the thin film annealed at a temperature of 300 ∘ C, the average grain size increases to around 100 nm as the result of an enhanced crystalline growth rate (Figure 6(b)).The grain size continues to increase with an increasing annealing temperature, giving rise to grain sizes of around 105 nm and 110 nm in the films annealed at temperatures of 500 ∘ C and 550 ∘ C, respectively (Figures 6(c) and 6(d)).

Effect of Annealing
Temperature on Nanomechanical Properties of Ti:GZO Thin Films. Figure 7(a) shows the typical load displacement curves obtained during the nanoindentation tests for the as-deposited and annealed Ti-GZO films, respectively.In general, the results show that the annealed films have both a higher hardness and a greater elasticity than the as-deposited film [21].seen that for all of the films, the hardness and Young's modulus increase rapidly with an increasing penetration depth before reaching a peak value and then gradually reducing slightly toward an approximately constant value.The results presented in Figure 7 show that the hardness of the Ti-GZO films increases from 7.9 GPa in the as-deposited condition to 8.9 GPa in the annealed (550 ∘ C) condition.Similarly, Young's modulus increases from 82 GPa in the as-deposited thin film to 112 GPa in the film annealed at 550 ∘ C. In other words, both the hardness and Young's modulus of the Ti-GZO thin films increase with an increasing annealing temperature.As described in Section 3.4, the grain size of the Ti:GZO thin films increases with an increasing annealing temperature.Thus, it can be inferred that the enhanced nanomechanical properties observed in the specimens annealed at a greater temperature can be attributed to the inverse Hall-Petch effect [24].In general, the results presented in Figure 7 confirm the findings of Wang and Li [25] that the annealing temperature affects not only the optoelectrical properties of TCO thin films but also the nanomechanical properties.

Conclusions
Ti-doped GZO thin films have been deposited on glass substrates using an RF-magnetron sputtering technique and then annealed at temperatures of 300 ∘ C, 500 ∘ C, and 550 ∘ C, respectively.The XRD analysis results have shown that all of the films (as-deposited and annealed) have a hexagonal structure.Moreover, it has been shown that the resistivity of the Ti-GZO films reduces with an increasing annealing temperature as the result of an enhanced free carrier electron concentration and the Hall mobility.The results have shown that the annealing process increases the transmittance of the Ti-GZO films from around 70% in the as-deposited condition to around 90% in the annealed condition as a result of the enhanced diffusion of Ti atoms into the GZO film.Finally, it has been shown that the annealing process improves both the hardness and the elasticity of the Ti-GZO thin films.Overall, the results presented in this study demonstrate that the optical, electrical, and nanomechanical properties of thin Ti-GZO films can all be improved through an appropriate postprocessing annealing operation.

Figure 3 :Figure 4 :
Figure 3: Variation of carrier electron concentration and Hall mobility of Ti:GZO thin films as function of annealing temperature.