Evaluation of the Antitumor Activity by Ni Nanoparticles with Verbascoside

1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Kangda, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China 2Department of Biochemical Molecular, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China 3Department of Radiology, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, China 4 Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China 5 Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China 6Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China


Introduction
Cancer is quickly becoming the leading cause of death worldwide [1].Nickel nanoparticles (Ni NPs) have been applied in a wide range of fields due to their unique structure and properties [2][3][4][5][6].Over the past decades, nanoparticles have been increasingly applied in clinical diagnoses and cancer therapy with promising and far-ranging prospects in the medical fields.Increasing interest in the application of nanotechnology for cancer therapy has been noted [7][8][9][10].Previous phytochemical studies have demonstrated that flavonoids and phenylpropanoid glycosides are major bioactive constituents of the Tsoong herb (Chinese name: Banchunmaxianhao, BCM) [11].Among these constituents, VB has attracted a great deal of attention due to its pharmacological properties [12][13][14][15][16][17].Its properties include hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, cytotoxic, and antioxidant activities [18][19][20].
In recent years, many studies on the therapeutic effect of drug-loaded nanoparticles have become a hot spot [21,22].Based on the above considerations, we have verified the biological effects of VB-Ni nanoparticles on treating cancer cells [23,24].These observations indicate their great potential in clinical and biomedical applications.

Materials and Methods
2.1.Materials.BCM were collected from Gangcha, QingHai, China, and identified by Professor Li-Juan Mei (Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences).Materials used for HPLC analysis were of analytical grade.

Cell
Culture.K562 cells were purchased from Tianjin Institute of Hematology and cultured in Dulbecco's Modification of Eagle's Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% FBS (GIBCO) and penicillin (100 U/mL)/streptomycin (100 mg/mL) at 37 ∘ C in a 5% CO 2 , water-saturated atmosphere.To test the function of VB-Ni, VB-Ni, or VB was added to K562 cells in the same concentration.Cells were observed by microscope after 48 or 72 h treatment, using DNA Ladder to detect the apoptosis of cells.

2.3.
Extract VB from BCM Plant.BCM (500 g) were powdered and extracted three times with 70% EtOH under reflux.After concentration under vacuum, the residues were suspended in distilled water and extracted with light petroleum, EtOAc, and n-butanol, respectively.The n-butanol solutions were evaporated to dryness under vacuum at 70 ∘ C to generate n-butanol extract, which was loaded on silica gel column and eluted with various proportions of a mixture of chloroform : methanol.The chloroform : methanol (3 : 1) fraction was concentrated to produce crude sample for subsequent high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) isolation and purification.With a two-phase solvent system composed of chloroform : n-butanol : methanol : water (4 : 3 : 4 : 5, v/v), the crude sample was separated to yield VB.

Preparation of Drug-Loaded Ni
Nanoparticle.We mixed 2 mg VB and 30 mg Ni nanoparticles with ddH 2 O in nitrogen environment.Then, we separated the final product from the mixture solution by magnet, washed them for three times, and added 300 mL distilled water to suspend.Finally, VB-Ni nanoparticles were measured by transmission electron microscope (TEM).
2.5.DNA Fragmentation Assay.K562 cells were incubated with VB, Ni, or VB-Ni for 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h, respectively.The untreated cells served as controls.DNA was extracted from K562 cells using Apoptotic DNA ladder isolation kit (Yuan Ping Hao Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China), and then loaded onto 1% agarose gel.The DNA ladders stained with ethidium bromide were visualized under UV light.

Acridine Orange/Ethidium Bromide (AO/EB) Staining to Detect Apoptosis. K562 cells were incubated with VB-
Ni for 48 h or 72 h.To stain apoptotic cells, the cells were trypsinized for 5 min before adding 1 L of AO/EB dye mixture (100 g/mL acridine orange and 100 g/mL ethidium bromide) to each well.Then, cells were viewed under the fluorescent light microscope.

Experimental Animals.
The female mice (6-week old) were purchased from the Animal Feeding Farm of National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (China).All K562 tumor C57 mice were housed in the animal facility, and animal experiments, (1) control ( = 3), (2) VB ( = 5), (3) VB-Ni plus a magnet fixed under skin close to the tumor site ( = 5), that were conducted followed the guidelines by the Animal Research Ethics Board of Nanjing Medical University.Animals were kept in the facility with free access to food and water.Injection was intravenously administered by tail vein at days 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18.The tumor volume of mice was measured and calculated at the 20th day after treatment.The tumor volume calculation was performed using the formula ( × long axis × short axis × short axis)/6.

Synthesis and Characterization of VB-Ni Nanoparticles.
In our previous study, the structure of VB has been identified and synthesized through HPLC analysis.And the NMR data of VB was in agreement with published data [25].Herein, we further measured the size of VB-Ni nanoparticle, which was synthesized successfully by mixed 2 mg VB with 30 mg Ni in solution.As shown in Figure 1, the average diameter of VB-Ni nanoparticle was about 10 nm in TEM image.The size of VB-Ni nanoparticles was about 15 nm in cell culture medium through particle sizer analysis, which was relatively uniform and stable (unpublished data).[26].As a new nanoparticle, we also determined the effect of VB-Ni in doxorubicin-resistant K562 cells.Firstly, K562 cells were incubated for 24 hours with the same concentration of VB and VB-Ni.We found that the apoptosis level was higher in VB-Ni group than VB group (Figures 2(A), 2(b), and (c)).However, to study the relationship between time and the enhanced effect of apoptosis in K562 cells, we treated the cells with VB-Ni at different time points.We further detected the apoptosis level of K562 cells after treatment of VB-Ni.The result demonstrated that the apoptosis rate of K562 cells was further enhanced after 72 h treatment than 24 h (Figures 2(A) and  (d)).Consistent with our hypothesis, VB-Ni was effective to increase the apoptosis of cancer cells.Besides, we observed a similar inhibitory effect of VB-Ni on viability or survival in K562 cells through MTT assay (Figure 2(B)).

Fluorescence Microscopic Assay of Apoptosis in K562 Cells.
In order to further determine the apoptosis effect of VB-Ni, next, we treated K562 cells with VB-Ni.Using AO/EB staining for apoptotic cells, apoptotic nuclei were identified by their characteristic features such as chromosomal condensation, distinctively marginated, and fragmented under fluorescence

DNA Fragmentation Experiments.
To figure out whether the cell growth inhibition was caused by the apoptotic response, the DNA fragmentations were examined by agarose gel electrophoresis.When K562 cells were treated with VB-Ni or VB (Figure 4), the intensity of fragmented chromosomal DNA bands was much higher than that observed from cells untreated (Figure 4, lanes 1 and 2, resp.) in a fixed time interval (i.e., 24 h (a), 48 h (b), and 72 h (c)).The formation of DNA ladders was clearly present after treatment with VB-Ni (Figure 4, lane 1) but was only weakly discernible when the cells were treated with VB (Figure 4, lane 2).Our observations support the hypothesis that the remarkable enhancement of apoptosis was induced by the synergistic effect of VB-Ni nanoparticles on K562 cells.which Ni with VB suppresses the tumor cell growth (plus a magnet fixed under skin close to the tumor site).

Discussion
In this study, we demonstrated that a combination of verbascoside (VB) and Ni where the VB is bound to Ni surface by electrostatic interaction will suppress the growth of tumor cells.Compared with VB-Ni, the same or even higher concentration of VB did not cause a significant reduction in cell viability in K562 cells.However, when K562 cells were treated with VB-Ni, we observed a remarkable enhancement of cell growth inhibition (Figure 2).The results strongly suggest that the VB-Ni nanoparticles can induce cell growth inhibition of K562 cell in vitro.
Two major types of cell death are recognized: apoptosis and necrosis [27].Apoptosis is a regulated process that can be triggered by different stimuli and is mediated by a cascade of enzymes.Necrosis is a catastrophic form of cell death which does not involve the regulated action of enzymes.Studies have demonstrated that the presence of smaller DNA fragments is believed to reflect the release of nucleosomes from apoptotic cells and higher molecular weight DNA molecules are believed to reflect release from necrotic cells.Apoptosis results in fragmentation of cells into apoptotic bodies which are engulfed by neighboring cells and macrophages.However, uptake of necrotic cells

Conclusion
In summary, in the current study, we have investigated the synergistic effect of Ni with the anticancer drug verbascoside (VB) on the induction of apoptosis of K562 cell

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: TEM images of VB-Ni nanoparticle.TEM image of an individual nanocrystal of VB-Ni.

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: The effects of VB-Ni in recipient K562 cells.(A) K562 cells were treated with or without VB-Ni, VB for 48 h or 72 h, and then observed under microscopy.(a) Microscopy image of normal K562 cells.(b) K562 cells were treated with VB for 48 h.(c) K562 cells were treated with VB-Ni for 48 h.(d) K562 cells were treated with VB-Ni for 72 h.(scale bar = 100 nm).(B) MTT measurement of cellular survival in K562 cells treated with VB or VB-Ni.

Figure 3 :
Figure 3: Fluorescence detection of the apoptosis of K562 cell.Detect the normal and apoptotic K562 cells by Acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining.(a) Early apoptotic nuclei of normal control K562 cells were observed.(b) Later apoptotic nuclei of normal control K562 cells were observed.(c) Early apoptotic nuclei of treatment K562 cells with VB-Ni were observed.(d) Later apoptotic nuclei of treatment K562 cells with VB-Ni were observed (400x).(bar = 10 m).
. Our observations demonstrate that Ni readily facilitated the uptake of the VB into K562 cells by electrochemical assay.Apoptotic staining and DNA fragmentation further demonstrate that treatment of VB-Ni can clearly activate apoptosis in K562 cells.Moreover, our in vivo study indicates that the treatment of VB-Ni effectively inhibited the mice tumor growth.The increased cell apoptosis rate was closely correlated with the enhanced inhibition of tumor growth in the studied animals (plus a magnet fixed under skin close to the tumor site).Thus, VB-Ni may serve as a novel strategy to sensitively track the respective cancer cells for efficient cancer chemotherapy.