Journal of Nanomaterials
Volume 2015 (2015), Article ID 101674, 8 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/101674

Research Article

Preparation and Characterization of Novel Electrospinnable PBT/POSS Hybrid Systems Starting from c-PBT

Lorenza Gardella,¹ Alberto Fina,² and Orietta Monticelli¹

¹Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy
²Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino-Sede di Alessandria, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy

Received 10 December 2014; Revised 7 April 2015; Accepted 9 April 2015

Academic Editor: Ashok K. Sundramoorthy

Copyright © 2015 Lorenza Gardella et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Novel hybrid systems based on poly(butyleneterephthalate) (PBT) and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) have been prepared by applying the ring-opening polymerization of cyclic poly(butyleneterephthalate) oligomers. Two types of POSS have been used: one characterized by hydroxyl functionalities (named POSS-OH) and another without specific reactive groups (named oib-POSS). It was demonstrated that POSS-OH acts as an initiator for the polymerization reaction, leading to the direct insertion of the silsesquioxane into the polymer backbone. Among the possible applications of the PBT/POSS hybrid system, the possibility to obtain nanofibers has been assessed in this work.

1. Introduction

Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) are ideal nanobuilding blocks for the synthesis of organic-inorganic hybrid materials [1–3]. Indeed, incorporation of POSS into polymer matrices results in improvement of properties, such as mechanical properties [4], thermal stability [5–7], flammability [8], gas permeability, and dielectric permittivity [9].

Recently, POSS-based polymeric materials have been produced also by using electrospinning, a simple and effective technique to generate continuous fibers ranging from micrometer to nanometer size in diameter [10]. Two different approaches have been proposed for the preparation of these nanofibers. POSS can be added directly into the polymer electrospinning solution. By this method, several polymers, such as cellulose acetate [11], polyvinylidene fluoride [12], sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) [13], poly(vinyl alcohol) [14], poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) [15], poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) [16], ethylene-propylene-diene rubber [17], poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) [18], polylactic acid [19, 20], and protein [21], were exploited to prepare electrospun POSS-based nanofibers.

Nevertheless, the method, which involves the direct solubilization of POSS in the electrospinning solution, could be challenging because of the need to find a common solvent for the silsesquioxane and the polymer and because of the need to limit POSS concentration in the solution in order to obtain its nanometric distribution. Few papers report on the second method, which consists in the electrospinning of hybrids, namely, systems containing silsesquioxane molecules chemically bound to the macromolecule backbone. Kim et al. [22] studied the water resistance of the nanofiber web, obtained by electrospinning of a hybrid PVA/POSS, and incorporating silsesquioxane molecules into hydrophilic PVA backbone. Wu et al. [23] reported on the preparation of nanostructured fibrous hydrogel scaffolds of POSS-poly(ethylene glycol) hybrid thermoplastic polyurethanes incorporating Ag for antimicrobial applications whereas superhydrophobic electrospun fibers based on POSS-polymethylmethacrylate copolymers were prepared by Xue et al. [24]. Despite the limited efforts in this field, this kind of processing opens up POSS-based hybrids for interesting applications in several fields such as biomedicine and filtration. A second motivation for the present work is related to the recent developments of cyclic poly(butyleneterephthalate) (c-PBT) oligomers. Since the pioneer work of Brunelle et al. [25], who demonstrated that the polymerization of cyclic oligomers, with a variety of initiators, can be completed within minutes, the above monomer systems have been used in the development of composites and nanocomposites. In particular, as far as nanostructured system preparation is concerned, in situ polymerization of organically modified clay dispersed in low viscosity c-PBT allowed obtaining PBT-based nanocomposites, characterized by a high level of polymer intercalation [26–29]. Baets et al. [30] described the influence of the presence of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) in c-PBT on the final polymer mechanical properties. Moreover, MWCNT were also functionalized with PBT, which was covalently attached onto the carbon nanotube surface, by a method based on in situ polymerization of c-PBT using a MWCNT-supported initiator. More recently, Fabbri et al. [31] prepared PBT/graphene composites by in situ polymerization of c-PBT in the presence of graphene, which turned out to be electrically conductive. Among the various nanostructured systems, developed by using c-PBT, also PBT/silica nanocomposites were prepared by using in situ polymerization [32]. Indeed, the incorporation of silica nanoparticles into c-PBT was found to affect both the properties of c-PBT resins and the final features of the nanostructured polymer. On this basis, the present work reports on novel nanostructured nanofibers prepared by electrospinning PBT/POSS hybrids, which were synthesized, for the first time, from c-PBT. In particular, a hydroxyl-bearing silsesquioxane, potentially capable of taking part to the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of c-PBT, has been dissolved in the molten monomer system and the in situ polymerization has been carried out. The so-prepared hybrid systems have been electrospun in order to obtain nanostructured nanofibers.

2. Experimental

2.1. Materials

Cyclic oligomers of poly(butylene terephthalate) (c-PBT) were kindly supplied by Cyclics Corp.

Octaisobutyl POSS (referred to as oib-POSS in the following) and trans-cyclohexanediolisobutyl POSS (referred to as POSS-OH in the following) were purchased from Hybrid Plastics (USA) as crystalline powders and used as received. Chemical structures for oib-POSS ( g/mol) and POSS-OH ( g/mol) are reported in Figure 1.

(a)

(b)

Figure 1: (a) Octaisobutyl POSS (oib-POSS) and (b) trans-cyclohexanediolisobutyl POSS (POSS-OH).

Butyltin chloride dihydroxide was purchased from Sigma Aldrich and used as received.

2.2. POSS-Based Hybrid System Preparation

Before accomplishing the hybrid preparation, c-PBT was dried overnight at 80°C. c-PBT was added to the glass reactor, namely, a laboratory internal mixer provided with a mechanical stirrer (Heidolph, type RZR1) which was connected to a vacuum line and evacuated for 30 min at 80°C. Then, the reactor was purged with helium for 30 min. The above operations were repeated at least three times to be sure to prevent humidity contact with the reagents. The reactor was placed in an oil bath at 190°C and when the monomer was completely molten, POSS and the catalyst were added under inert atmosphere. c-PBT/POSS systems were prepared by adding to the reaction mixture, both octaisobutyl and trans-cyclohexanediolisobutyl POSS, at various concentrations, from 2 to 10 wt.%, by using a polymerization time of 10 minutes. Neat PBT was prepared and characterized under the same conditions, as reference material. Materials are identified in the text with the format polymer/POSS type (concentration), es.: PBT/POSS-OH(10). In order to evaluate the reaction yield after melt blending, all solid samples were broken into small pieces and purified from unreacted POSS by Soxhlet extraction with tetrahydrofuran (THF) for 48 h. The grafting yield was calculated by weighing composite samples before and after the above treatment.

2.3. Electrospun Fiber Preparation

Polymeric solutions were prepared by dissolving 15 wt.% of PBT or PBT/POSS in the solvent mixture methylene chloride (MC, from Aldrich) and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA, from Aldrich) with a 1 : 1 v/v ratio. The solutions were stirred for 6 h at room temperature to reach complete PBT dissolution. Electrospun nanofibers were prepared by using a conventional electrospinning system [10]. The viscous fluid was loaded into a syringe (Model Z314544, diameter  mm, Aldrich Fortuna Optima) placed in the horizontal direction. A syringe pump (Harvard Apparatus Model 44 Programmable Syringe Pump) was used to feed the needle with a controlled flow rate of 0.003 mL/min. The needle of the syringe (diameter  mm) was connected to the positive electrode of Gamma High Voltage Research Power Supply (Model ES30P-5W) which generated a constant voltage. The negative electrode was attached to the grounded collector, an aluminium sheet wrapped on a glass cylinder (height 4 cm, diameter 14.5 cm). The needle tip and the ground electrode were incorporated into a plastic hollow cylinder (height 30.5 cm, inner diameter 24 cm, and thickness 3.5 mm) chamber, internally coated with a polytetrafluoroethylene sheet (thickness 1 mm), which was supplied with an XS Instruments digital thermohygrometer (Model UR100, accuracy ±3% RH and ±0.8°C) as humidity and temperature sensor to monitor and control the ambient parameters (temperature around 21°C). A glass Brooks rotameter was used to keep the air flow () constant in the enclosed electrospinning space. The air flow was fed into the chamber at atmospheric pressure from an inlet placed behind the collector.

2.4. Characterization

The intrinsic viscosity of the samples, dissolved in 0.5 g/dL concentrated mixture solvent of phenol/1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (w/w = 60 : 40), was determined with an Ubbelohde viscometer thermostated at °C in a water bath. was obtained from the following Mark-Houwink equation [33]:

¹H-NMR spectra were obtained on a Varian 300 NMR, dissolving the samples in CDCl₃. The ¹H-NMR spectra were referenced to the residual solvent protons at ca. 7.26 ppm.

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was performed under a continuous nitrogen purge on a Mettler calorimeter, Model TC10A. Both calibrations of heat flow and temperature were based on a run in which one standard sample (indium) was heated through its melting point. Samples having a mass between 5 and 11 mg were used. The procedure was as follows: first heating scan at 10°C/min from 25°C up to 250°C, then cooling at 10°C/min down to 25°C, and, finally, second heating scan from 25°C to 250°C, again at 10°C/min. The first scan was meant to erase the prior uncontrolled thermal history of the samples. The degree of crystallinity was determined by considering the melting enthalpy of 142 J/g for 100% crystalline PBT [34]. Both temperature and heat flow were previously calibrated using a standard indium sample. To study the electrospun samples surface morphology, a Leica Stereoscan 440 scanning electron microscope was used. All the samples were thinly sputter-coated with carbon using a Polaron E5100 sputter coater. The fibers diameter and their distribution were measured using an image analyser, namely, ImageJ 1.41 software.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Preparation and Characterization of Hybrid Systems

The preparation of PBT/POSS hybrid systems, starting from c-PBT, has been carried out by introducing into the reaction medium two different silsesquioxane molecules, a potentially reactive one (POSS-OH) and a nonreactive one (oib-POSS). Apart from their functional groups, the two POSS molecules differ also for the melting temperature (), being of POSS-OH ca. 140°C and that of oib-POSS ca. 250°C. As such, it should be taken into account that also the above feature could lead to different behaviors of the two silsesquioxanes during the polymerization process, as POSS-OH turns out to be molten at the polymerization temperature (190°C). Table 1 shows the reaction yields, calculated by extraction with THF, which is capable of solubilizing silsesquioxane molecules, the monomer, and the oligomers.

Table 1: Characteristics of the samples prepared.

Sample code
POSS type
POSS conc. (wt.%)
Reaction yield (%)

PBT
—
0
99
2.1

PBT(POSS-OH2)
POSS-OH
2
99
1.9

PBT(POSS-OH5)
POSS-OH
5
99
1.7

PBT(POSS-OH10)
POSS-OH
10
58
0.5

PBT(oib-POSS5)
oib-POSS
5
94
2.1

According to Table 1, it comes out that by using a catalyst concentration of 2 wt.% it was possible to reach a yield close to 100%. It is of outmost relevance that the limited polymerization time applied, namely, 10 minutes, makes the process potentially applicable also to a reactive extrusion polymerization. Concentrations of 2 and 5 wt.% of POSS-OH in the reaction mixture are found not to influence the reaction yield, which evidences both complete conversion of c-PBT and reactivity of POSS-OH in these conditions. On the other hand, a significantly lower reaction yield was obtained for PBT/POSS-OH(10) showing that high loading of POSS is detrimental for the polymerization of C-PBT. As for the case of the system based on isobutyl-POSS, PBT/oib-POSS(5), it is likely that the yield drop (down to 94%) is due to complete extraction of the unreacted oib-POSS by the washing solvent, which evidences the efficiency of the experimental procedure for the extraction of unbound silsesquioxanes.

Molecular masses of POSS-based hybrids were found to decrease by increasing the hydroxyl-silsesquioxane concentration in the reaction mixture. In particular, in the case of PBT/POSS-OH(10), prepared by adding 10 wt.% of POSS to the molten c-PBT, the reduction of molecular mass is significant, the sample being characterized by a molecular mass of only 5000, compared to about 21000 for pristine PBT. This finding highlights the active role of the hydroxyl-silsesquioxane in the polymerization reaction. Conversely, isobutyl-POSS seems not to influence the characteristics of the system prepared, the molecular mass of PBT/oib-POSS(5) being equal to that of the neat polymer.

The structure of the synthesized systems has been investigated by ¹H-NMR measurements. Figure 2 shows ¹H-NMR spectra of neat PBT (PBT) and that of PBT/POSS-OH(5), both samples being synthesized by using the same conditions.

(a)

(b)

Figure 2: ¹H-NMR spectra of (a) PBT(1) and (b) PBT(POSS-OH5).

Peaks at 8.09 ppm are due to aromatic protons (1); those at 4.41 ppm are assigned to the methylene protons (2) attached to the -O- in the ester groups and those at 2.19 ppm to the unshielded methylene protons (3) of the PBT unit.

In the case of the PBT/POSS-OH(5) sample, based on 5 wt.% of POSS-OH, the general structure of the polymer seems not to change, but a new peak appears at ca. 1 ppm. This signal is due to the presence of POSS moiety, the same peak being present also in the spectrum of the neat silsesquioxane [35]. This finding confirms that POSS-OH is indeed chemically bound to PBT chains, the unreacted silsesquioxane having been removed by the purification process. On the basis of the previous described results and taking into account the information gathered by ¹H-NMR measurements, it is possible to infer that the polymerization proceeds via a coordination-insertion mechanism, as described in the reaction mechanism reported in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Proposed polymerization mechanism of c-PBT and POSS-OH.

The first step of the proposed mechanism consists of the coordination of both the monomer and of a silsesquioxane molecule to the Lewis-acid Sn metal center. One of the hydroxyl groups of the silsesquioxane subsequently attacks the carbonyl carbon of the monomer, followed by ring opening via acyl-oxygen cleavage, which ultimately results in the insertion of a c-PBT into the O-H bond of the coordinated POSS. Clearly, the direct insertion of the silsesquioxane molecule into the polymer backbone indicates that POSS-OH, acting as an initiator, allows the obtainment of a hybrid system. As a consequence of this, by increasing the concentration of silsesquioxane in the reaction mixture, the number of initiated PBT chains increases, resulting in a lower average molecular mass.

The thermal properties obtained for the different formulation prepared are collected in Table 2. Neat PBT exhibits a double melting peak, which consists of a small peak at 210°C and a major one at 224°C. Indeed, multiple peaks, which are typical for polyesters, including PBT prepared from c-PBT, are attributed to melting and recrystallization processes of thinner and less perfect crystallites into thicker and more perfect crystalline structures with a subsequent higher melting temperature [36–38]. As far as POSS-based hybrids are concerned, similar melting peaks are observed. The presence of the silsesquioxane molecule at the chain end seems not to affect the material thermal properties, since, for the imposed thermal history, the overall crystallinity as well as the maximum achievable crystal thickness and order is almost the same for all samples.

Table 2: Thermal properties of the samples prepared.

Sample code
POSS type
POSS conc. (wt.%)
(°C)
(°C)
(J/g)
(%)

PBT
—
0
224
210
58
41

PBT(POSS-OH2)
POSS-OH
2
223
215
61
43

PBT(POSS-OH5)
POSS-OH
5
224
204
59
41

PBT(POSS-OH10)
POSS-OH
10
224
215
61
43

PBT(oib-POSS5)
oib-POSS
5
223
212
62
44

The sample PBT(POSS-OH10) deserves a particular comment as its low molecular mass is not associated with an increase of the crystallinity as expected. However, it is necessary to consider also the influence of the presence of POSS, which being directly linked to the macromolecular chain might limit the polymer organization, as already reported with other polymer matrices [39].

3.2. Preparation and Characterization of Nanostructured Nanofibers

Both solutions PBT/POSS-OH hybrids and neat PBT, prepared from c-PBT, were electrospun by applying the same conditions (type of solvent, polymer concentration, voltage, humidity, etc.) used in a previous work [16]. Figure 4 compares a SEM micrograph of the nanofibers prepared from the PBT solution with those obtained by electrospinning the PBT/POSS-OH(5) solution. In the same figure, histograms of nanofiber diameter dimensions are reported.

(a)

(b)

Figure 4: SEM micrograph of (a) PBT nanofibers and the relative diameter distribution; (b) PBT(POSS-OH5) nanofibers and the relative diameter distribution.

Both mats are characterized by defect-free nanofibers, with no visible beads and with a similar average dimension, ca. 400 nm. Nevertheless, by comparing the nanofiber diameter distribution, PBT/POSS-OH nanofibers exhibit narrower dimensional distribution than that for neat PBT. As the electrospinning conditions applied were the same for the preparation of both materials, this phenomenon has to be related to the modification of the polymer solution properties (polymer solubility, viscosity, surface tension, etc.) as a consequence of POSS insertion into PBT chains. Indeed, a similar effect was already assessed in the case of electrospun PVDF nanofibers, prepared by adding POSS in the electrospinning solutions [12]. In that case, the phenomenon was ascribed to the silsesquioxane molecules, which, without influencing the solution viscosity or conductivity, favored the formation of uniform structures, by decreasing the system surface tension. As far as our hybrid systems are concerned, taking into account the limited difference in molecular weight, thus weakly affecting viscosity of the solution, a similar effect of POSS on surface tension may be hypothesized.

4. Conclusions

Novel hybrid systems based on poly(butyleneterephthalate) (PBT) and hydroxyl-bearing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) were developed by using cyclic poly(butyleneterephthalate) oligomers (c-PBT) as monomer system. Indeed, the polymerization reaction was found to occur through a coordination-insertion mechanism where the silsesquioxane molecules, acting as initiators, remain attached to the polymer backbone. It is of outmost interest that the used catalyst, namely, butyltin chloride dihydroxide, allowed reaching a complete conversion by applying a polymerization time (10 minutes) which is close to processing time reachable in melt reactive extrusion processing. Complete yields for polymerization were obtained even in the presence of reactive POSS, for concentrations up to 5% wt, whereas molecular mass was found to be decreased, depending on the POSS concentration.

Among the possible applications of the prepared PBT/POSS hybrid system, the possibility to obtain nanofibers by electrospinning was successfully assessed, showing defect-free fibers with an average diameter of 400 nm. Furthermore, the nanostructured nanofibers were found to be more homogenous in diameter than those prepared starting from a neat PBT solution.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgment

The authors are grateful to the Italian Ministry of Education and University for the 2010-2011 PRIN Project (Grant no. 2010XLLNM3_005).

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