Journal of Nanomaterials
Volume 2016 (2016), Article ID 8654937, 8 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8654937

Research Article

Development of Hydrogel with Anti-Inflammatory Properties Permissive for the Growth of Human Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cells

R. Sánchez-Sánchez,¹ E. Martínez-Arredondo,¹ V. Martínez-López,² Y. Melgarejo-Ramírez,¹ A. Brena-Molina,¹ H. Lugo-Martínez,³ R. Gómez-García,² D. Garciadiego-Cázares,² P. Silva-Bermúdez,² E. Márquez-Gutiérrez,¹ C. Ibarra,² and C. Velasquillo¹

¹Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Centro Nacional de Investigación y Atención de Quemados, Calzada México-Xochimilco, No. 289, Colonia Arenal de Guadalupe, 14389 México, DF, Mexico
²Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Unidad de Ingeniería de Tejidos, Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Calzada Mexico-Xochimilco, No. 289, Colonia Arenal de Guadalupe, 14389 México, DF, Mexico
³Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, 04510 Coyoacán, DF, Mexico

Received 16 December 2015; Revised 19 February 2016; Accepted 8 March 2016

Academic Editor: Daniela Predoi

Copyright © 2016 R. Sánchez-Sánchez et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Skin wound repair requires the development of different kinds of biomaterials that must be capable of restoring the damaged tissue. Type I collagen and chitosan have been widely used to develop scaffolds for skin engineering because of their cell-related signaling properties such as proliferation, migration, and survival. Collagen is the major component of the skin extracellular matrix (ECM), while chitosan mimics the structure of the native polysaccharides and glycosaminoglycans in the ECM. Chitosan and its derivatives are also widely used as drug delivery vehicles since they are biodegradable and noncytotoxic. Regulation of the inflammatory response is crucial for wound healing and tissue regeneration processes; and, consequently, the development of biomaterials such as hydrogels with anti-inflammatory properties is very important and permissive for the growth of cells. In the last years, it has been shown that mesenchymal stem cells have clinical importance in the treatment of different pathologies, for example, skin injuries. In this paper, we describe the anti-inflammatory activity of collagen type 1/chitosan/dexamethasone hydrogel, which is permissive for the culture of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADMSC). Our results show that hADMSC cultured in the hydrogel are viable, proliferate, and secrete the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) but not the inflammatory cytokine Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α).

1. Introduction

The mechanisms involved in the tissue regeneration process can be used to design successful treatments for several pathologies and lesions. In a regenerative process, the new tissue is identical to the original tissue (before the lesion), without the formation of scar tissue. Salamanders, planarian, axolotl, and zebra fish are good examples of organisms with relevant regeneration abilities; in contrast, adult mammals have poor regeneration capability. Nevertheless, mouse embryos are able to regenerate their skin, fingertips, and other tissues. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that has been related to the regeneration capacity; for example, skin lesions in IL-10 knockout mice embryos result in the formation of scar tissue in the wounded area [1]. Another example is the regeneration of the ear of the mouse; DNA microarrays studies comparing two mice strains, one strain capable of regenerating the ear (MRL/MpJ- mice) and the other strain with a low wound-repair capability (C57BL/6J mice), have shown significant differences in the gene expression related to the low inflammatory response [2].

There are different cell therapies using mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) that aim to avoid the scar formation and to promote the skin wound repair. These cells can be obtained from several sources such as bone marrow, umbilical cord, and adipose tissue. MSC can be differentiated into many cell linages, such as chondrocytes, osteocytes, and adipocytes. Another characteristic of MSC is that they express CD90, CD73, and CD105 surface markers but they are negative for the expression of CD45 and CD34, among other surface markers. A relevant property of MSC is their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory capability through IL-10 secretion. IL-10 promotes the damaged tissue repair and improves the structural quality of the scar [3–7]. The use of MSC promotes the tissue regeneration by diminishing the inflammatory response. Some studies have combined the use of MSC and biomaterials with anti-inflammatory properties, such as chitosan (CHS), in order to improve the tissue regeneration through the synergistic regulation of the inflammatory process.

The extracellular matrix (ECM) has crucial roles in cell signaling, adhesion, migration, proliferation, and cell death during wound healing and tissue regeneration. Chitosan mimics the ECM components because its chemical structure is similar to that of the polysaccharides and glycosaminoglycans in the ECM. Chitosan promotes cell proliferation, migration, and adhesion; moreover, it has excellent gel-forming properties [8–10]. Furthermore, it has been reported that CHS decreases the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as the interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) [11–13]. On the other hand, collagen is the major component of the ECM, among laminin, fibronectin, and diverse proteoglycans types. Collagen type I (COL1) is the major component of the dermis and connective tissue ECM. It provides structural support, survival, proliferation, and migration signals to the cells [14–17]; this property could be very useful for transplanting cells. Several commercial products containing collagen are available for skin restoration, most of them are 2-dimensional films, and, consequently, they are not always easy to apply in all kinds of wounds because of the irregular shapes and complicated topographies of many wounds. For this reason, the development of hydrogels has several advantages; for example, hydrogel fluidity allows the application of conformal layers to fill up irregular-shaped wounds. Some works have shown that collagen and chitosan are easily combined to form hydrogels where several kinds of cells can attach and grow, for instance, endothelial cells, which are crucial for the skin regeneration process [18].

Some efforts have been made to apply drugs like dexamethasone (Dex) in order to decrease or control inflammation. Dexamethasone is a synthetic glucocorticoid and it is commonly used to alleviate inflammation and pain. It has been reported that Dex along with vitamin B12 can regenerate peripheral nerves, upregulating the brain-derived neurotrophic factor [19]. However, Hübner and collaborators showed that the application of Dex immediately after skin injury resulted in a decrease of the inflammatory cytokines and the keratinocyte growth factor, which causes a deleterious response of the glucocorticoid on wound repair [20]. Thus, these reports suggest that the concentration, environment, and postinjury time at which Dex is applied are crucial in wound healing, influencing whether scar reparation or regeneration is observed.

Finally, adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADMSC) have been used in regenerative medicine for wound healing, since they have immunoregulatory capabilities and properties of multipotent differentiation to several cell lineages such as endothelial cells [21–23]. In this work, we generated a combined collagen type I-chitosan-dexamethasone (COL1/CHS/Dex) hydrogel. Dexamethasone was independently incorporated into the hydrogel at two different concentrations to generate two kinds of gels. The in vitro biological response of the hydrogels was evaluated upon hADMSC culture in the tridimensional hydrogels. The tridimensional culture of hADMSC in the COL1/CHS/Dex hydrogels induced the cell expression of IL-10, while the expression of TNF-alpha was inhibited. These model hydrogels might have potential applications in wound healing.

2. Material and Methods

2.1. Isolation and Culture of Human Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cells

The informed consent and experimental protocols of this study were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitacion (Mexico City). Subcutaneous adipose tissue was obtained from five aesthetic surgeries undergoing selective liposuction. Surgical procedures were performed using a liposuction needle with an internal diameter of 4 mm. Lipoaspirate samples were digested for 45 min at 37°C with shaking at 200 rpm in DMEM culture medium (GIBCO) containing 0.1% type I collagenase (Worthington Biochemical). Cells were passed through a 70 μm strainer and centrifuged at 1200 rpm for 5 minutes. Cells were seeded at 40,000 cells per cm² in culture flasks. The next day, floating cells were removed by medium change and the adherent hADMSC were grown to confluence as primary culture. Cells were maintained and subcultured (passages 1 and 2) in DMEM medium supplemented with 10% FBS (GIBCO) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (GIBCO) in standard conditions for approximately 33 days; until passage 2, cells reached 80% confluence. Finally, cells were collected to be used in all gel experiments as cells in passage 2.

2.2. Preparation of Collagen 1-Chitosan-Dexamethasone Gels

A type 1 collagen (COLI) solution (7.5 mg/mL) in acetic acid was obtained from rat tail tendon according to the method of Bornstein [24]; at that point, the pH was adjusted to 7.4 using a 10 mM NaOH solution. Then, a COLI/DMEM solution was prepared using a volume ratio of COLI/DMEM (GIBCO) equal to 1 : 1. For collagen and chitosan (SIGMA) mixed gels (COLI + CHS gels), a stock solution was prepared using 150 μg of chitosan per mL of COLI solution. The solution was mixed in acetic acid at 4°C for 24 hours. Pure collagen gels (COLI gel) were prepared using the same procedure as described. Dexamethasone (SIGMA) was independently added to the stock COLI + CHS gel at two different concentrations (0.1 μM and 0.2 μM) to obtain the COL1 + CTS + Dex0.1 and COL1 + CTS + Dex0.2 samples, respectively. For hADMSC culture in the gels, 50,000 cells were mixed in 500 μL of DMEM and seeded into each gel sample independently. Experiments were performed independently using cells isolated only from one patient at a time in each experiment; that is, cells isolated from different patients were never used as a mixed pool for the experiments. hADMSC were seeded into the hydrogel after passage 2 (33 days) and grown in the different gel experimental conditions for two days to finally analyze cell viability and proliferation.

2.3. Viability Assay

Viability tests were performed using the LIVE/DEAD® Viability/Cytotoxicity for mammalian cells Molecular Probes® kit. Following the manufacturer technical specifications, 1 μM calcein AM and 2 μM EthD-1 were diluted in Hank’s medium. The viability of the hADMSC cultured in the different gel samples was analyzed after culture day 2 by using the calcein-EthD-1 solution, incubating the cells for 45 minutes at 37°C. Finally, cells were washed with PBS and analyzed using a confocal microscope LSM 780 and ZEN 2010 Carl Zeiss software. Quantification of live and dead cells was performed using the Image J software.

2.4. Flow Cytometry

To verify the presence of MSC markers, first passage (P1) hADMSC were analyzed using a FACSCalibur flow cytometer (FACS; Becton Dickinson). Two positive and two negative markers for mesenchymal stem cells were analyzed, that is, mesenchymal stem cell markers CD73 (ecto-5′-nucleotidase) and CD90 (Thy-1) and hematopoietic markers CD34 and CD45 (LCA), respectively. At 80% of confluence, first passage cells were harvested from the tissue culture flasks counted and suspended to a concentration of 0.2 × 10⁶ cells in incubation buffer (PBS–0.5% uncomplemented FBS). 50 μL aliquots of the cells were transferred to flow cytometry tubes and incubated for 45 min at 4°C with CD34-PE (Becton Dickinson), CD45-FITC (Becton Dickinson), CD73-PE (BD Pharmingen), and CD90-APC (BD Pharmingen). Negative control staining was performed using a FITC-conjugated mouse IgG1 isotype, PE-conjugated mouse IgG1 isotype, and APC-conjugated mouse IgG1 isotype antibody (all from BD Biosciences). Subsequently, cells were washed with PBS and diluted in 500 μL of PBS. Finally, data were acquired in the FACSCalibur (Becton Dickinson) equipped with a laser BLUE 488 nm. Data analysis was performed with the Cell Quest Pro software (Becton Dickinson Immunocytometry Systems).

2.5. hADMSC Proliferation

After 48 hours of culture, hADMSC cultured into the gels were washed and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde/0.1 M PBS buffer (pH = 7.4). Cells were immunolabeled with primary antibody against human Ki67 (1 : 100, BioLegend) and incubated at 4°C overnight. Then, gels were washed and incubated with Alexa Fluor 488 (1 : 500, Invitrogen) secondary antibody for 2 hours. Nuclei were counterstained using 1 mg/mL of 4′,6-diamidine-2-phenylindole-dihydrochloride (DAPI, SIGMA) for 10 minutes. Images were obtained with a confocal microscope (Zeiss).

2.6. ELISA Assay

Conditioned medium from hADMSC seeded into the gel samples was collected on the third day of culture. ELISA assays were performed according to the kit supplier’s protocols (Peprotech).

2.7. Analysis Statistical

All values are expressed as a mean ± standard error. ANOVA test followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison tests for more than two population’s comparisons was used. Student’s t-test was used to determine the statistically significant differences between experimental and control samples. A value less than or equal to 0.05 was considered significant. All experiments were performed at least in triplicate.

3. Results

3.1. hADMSC Are Viable in Collagen 1/CHS/Dexamethasone Gels

It has been reported that mesenchymal stem cells promote wound healing in damaged skin [22, 25]. It has also been shown that different products based on either collagen I or chitosan promote skin wound healing [26, 27]. In addition, some reports have shown that regulation of the inflammatory response could be responsible for the regeneration/scar reparation balance [1]. For that reason, we studied the ability of hADMSC to grow in a gel that could regulate inflammation. Here, we report a collagen 1/chitosan/dexamethasone hydrogel that was compatible with hADMSC culture. First, hADMSC were isolated according to the process described in Material Methods; then, we analyzed their phenotype based on the expression of mesenchymal stem cells markers using cell flow cytometry. After passage one, isolated cells from adipose tissue were positive for CD90 (98.62%) and CD73 (98.38%) but negative for CD34 (0.70%) and CD45 (0.43%) markers (Figure 1), which are the characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells in general. Once the cells were characterized, they were seeded on four different gel samples: collagen type I (COL1); collagen type I and chitosan (COL1 + CHS); collagen type I, chitosan, and dexamethasone (0.1 μM) (COL1 + CHS + Dex0.1); and collagen type I, chitosan, and dexamethasone (0.2 μM) (COL1 + CHS + Dex0.2). After two days of culture in the hydrogels, hADMSC showed extended morphologies and were viable in all hydrogels; no significant differences were observed in cell viability for the cells grown in the different hydrogel samples (Figure 2). These results show that the four different biomaterials were suitable scaffolds for the culture of hADMSC.

(a)

(b)

Figure 1: Characterization of hADMSC by cell cytometry. (a) CD markers analysis by flow cytometry; histograms of hADMSC were strongly positive for CD90 (98.6%) and CD73 (98%) and negative for CD34 (1.6%) and CD45 (0.1%). (b) At 21 days of culture (passage 1), cells displayed a fibroblast-like morphology; images were taken at 10x and 20x. The scale bar corresponds to 100 μm for the 10x image (left) and 50 μm for the 20x image (right).

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(b)

Figure 2: hADMSC stay viable upon culture in COL1/CHS/Dex gels. (a) shows representative bright field microscope images of the hADMSC phenotype of the cells culture in the different gel samples; (b) shows representative fluorescence confocal microscope images of the viability tests results using the live/dead stain. Viable cells are shown in green (calcein positive) while dead cells are observed in red (EthD-1). The graph shows quantification of live and dead hADMSC in the different gel samples; ANOVA and Tukey test were performed; . Scales bars correspond to 100 μm for all micrographs.

3.2. Collagen 1/Chitosan/Dexamethasone Gels Allow Cell Proliferation

The hydrogels showed the potential to be used as scaffolds to transplant cells, since they allowed cell proliferation; once the cells are in the lesion, they may increase their number and contribute to the new tissue formation. In order to study cell proliferation in COL1/CHS/Dex hydrogels, an immunofluorescence assay was performed to detect Ki67 marker. The results showed that there was no significant difference in cell proliferation when hADMSC were grown on the four different hydrogel samples, even under comparison with the control group (cells in culture dish). This result suggests that none of the gel components were toxic for the cells; thus, the proposed COL1 + CHS + Dex0.1 and COL1 + CHS + Dex0.2 dexamethasone gels might be used as noncytotoxic and biocompatible scaffolds to carry cells to skin damaged zones (Figure 3).

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(b)

Figure 3: COL1/CHS/Dex gels do not affect hADMSC proliferation. (a) Immunofluorescence results against Ki67 (green) are shown for cells culture in the different gel compositions. Cell nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue) and Ki67-DAPI merge is shown in cyan. (b) Positive Ki67 hADMSC were quantified and ANOVA and Tukey tests were performed; no significant differences were found for any gel-culture condition.

3.3. hADMSC Seeded in COL1 + CHS + Dex Hydrogels Release IL-10 but Not TNF-α

One characteristic of mesenchymal stem cells is their immunoregulatory capacity through interleukin-10 (IL-10) release; this cytokine is an anti-inflammatory molecule crucial for tissue regeneration in mammals during embryo development [1]. On the other hand, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a proinflammatory cytokine essential to start the natural healing process; nevertheless, exacerbated or chronic inflammation might result in hypertrophic scaring and deficient wound healing [28]. We studied the expression of IL-10 and TNF-alpha from hADMSC seeded in the different hydrogels synthesized in the present work. IL-10 was only detected when hADMSC were cultured in the hydrogels samples; hADMSC seeded in the culture dishes, as control group (Figure 4), did not secret IL-10, under the detection parameters of the present study. Finally, TNF-α was not detected in any of the cell culture conditions; of the standard curve was equal to 0.98, which indicates that the assay detected the TNF-α standard sample.

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Figure 4: hADMSC culture in COL1/CHS/Dex gels synthetizes IL-10 but not TNF-α. The graphs show the IL-10 (a) and TNF-α (b) quantity detected in hADMSC culture in the different gel samples. IL-10 was detected for all experimental conditions but for the cells in culture dishes (control). In contrast, TNF-α was not found in any of the experimental condition. ANOVA and Tukey test were performed; statistical significances are shown; and .

4. Discussion

Biocompatibility is an essential aspect for the development of novel biomaterials with potential clinical applications; this study showed that COL1/CHS/Dex hydrogels are biocompatible and support the adhesion/attachment of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADMSC), resulting in normal levels of cell viability and proliferation upon cell culture in the hydrogels with the two different concentrations of dexamethasone used in the present study (0,1 and 0,2 μM).

Collagen type I is the major component of the extracellular matrix in dermis, and it has been widely used in different kinds of biomaterials [29, 30]. However, cells need other ECM molecules, such as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans, to form a functional tissue; GAGs and proteoglycans help tissue hydration and regulate several types of signaling molecules. Chitosan is a cytocompatible polysaccharide with a chemical structure similar to that of the GAGs in the ECM and thus it might improve cell signaling and adhesion processes [31, 32]. There are three essential steps during tissue reparation: inflammation, new tissue formation, and remodeling. When skin damage occurs, inflammation processes are activated and thus the platelets induce the proliferation and migration of fibroblast and keratinocytes. However, if the inflammation is exacerbated, it will affect the remodeling process. After the first stage of inflammation, the use of a compound capable of decreasing the inflammatory process might help to diminish the scaring process and to repair the tissue in a more similar way to that observed in regeneration-capable organisms. Our findings suggest the feasibility of using COL1/CHS/Dex hydrogels for human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells growing and proliferation and that the incorporation of dexamethasone into the hydrogels improves these processes by regulating the inflammation.

In the last 20 years, a wide variety of biomaterials have been synthesized and used for skin wound healing. However, this is the first time that a native ECM molecule (collagen type I), a biocompatible natural polymer (chitosan), and an inflammation-controlling molecule (dexamethasone) have been combined into a hydrogel that proved to be capable of sustaining mesenchymal stem cells culture, showing that cells remained viable and expressed the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 upon culture in the hydrogel. Therefore, the next step in our research would be to evaluate the in vivo response of hADMSC seeded into the COL1/CHS/Dex hydrogels using a burn animal model. In conclusion, we showed that COL1/CHS/Dex hydrogels are a suitable scaffold for carrying hADMSC to the skin wounded areas; the cells remained viable and were capable of proliferating and secreting IL-10 upon culture into these tridimensional gels.

Abbreviations

COL1: | Collagen type I
CHS: | Chitosan
Dex: | Dexamethasone
hADMSC: | Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells
IL-10: | Interleukin-10
TNF-α: | Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha.

Competing Interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Acknowledgments

Financial funding from the SSA/IMSS/ISSSTE-CONACYT 262103, 16168, and 201836 projects supported this work.

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