Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles by Hydrothermal Methods and Spectroscopic Investigation of Ultraviolet Radiation Protective Properties

Ultraviolet radiation causes damages to the human body, such as skin ageing, skin cancer, and allergies throughout the world. Applying zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) in sunscreen products (like cloths or textiles) to protect human skin by absorbing the ultraviolet radiations that emerged from the sun. The main aim of this study is to investigate both absorbance and transmittance characteristics of the untreated and treated cotton textiles. For ZnO NPs using hydrothermal methods, they were made from Zn(NO 3 ) 2 · 6H 2 O and NaOH at a constant annealing temperature of 300 ° C. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray di ﬀ raction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV-vis spectroscopy were used to analyze the produced ZnO NPs. From the FT-IR result, ZnO NPs were observed in the region of 400-600 cm -1 . Wurtzite hexagonal structure of ZnO NPs with the average crystal size 32 ± 49 nm was observed from XRD results. Flowers in the shape of synthesized ZnO NPs were observed from SEM images. The UV-vis penetration peaks were identi ﬁ ed at 264 nm and 376 nm, with energy band gaps of 4.68 and 3.536eV, respectively. When compared to bulk ZnO, the energy band gap of ZnO NPs was blue-shifted due to the impact of quantum con ﬁ nement. The peaks in UV-vis absorption were caused by an electronic transition from the valiancy to the conduction bands. The high energy band shows high absorbance of the synthesis sample in the case of 264 nm. The ZnO NPs were manufactured and applied to 100% of raw cotton to impart sunscreen action to both untreated and treated cotton fabrics. The performance of treatment has been evaluated utilizing UV-vis spectroscopy through quantifying ultraviolet protective factors (UPF) and percentage of transmitted (%T) radiations. The treated cotton textiles have 61.50% UPF while 2.65% ultraviolet radiations were transmitted. In other words, untreated cotton textiles have 1.63% UPF while 74.56% ultraviolet radiation was transmitted. Therefore, the treated cotton textiles have excellent protection categories when compared to untreated cotton textiles.


Introduction
Nanotechnology is a new field of study that deals with the discovery and use of nanoparticles containing structural differences among the nanomaterials with their bulk counterparts. It also refers to the art and science of creating and using nanoparticles having fundamental properties and functions [1]. Nanoparticles are microscopic particles with a diameter of 1 to 100 nanometers that are used in current textile technology. Nanoparticles also have a wide range of applications in life science [1,2], biomedical [3,4], healthcare [4], and security [5] as well as the energy generation [6], farming [7], sustainable energy [6,7], energy storage [6,8], infrastructure [9], and building and constructions [10]. Because of their capacity to transfer charges and give fast responses, as well as their ease of use and inexpensive cost, ZnO NPs are a popular choice among nanoparticles for a range of applications. According to the literature [2-4, 7, 11], ZnO NPs can be used in textiles as UV blocking properties, antifungal, antibacterial activities, solar screening, cosmetics, food packaging, biomedical, self-cleaning, water, and air cleaning, sterilizing surroundings, and photocatalyst due because of its one-of-a-kind physical and chemical characteristics such as high electrochemical coupling coefficient, more chemical stability, a diverse range of absorbing radiation, huge excitonic binding energy (60 meV), large energy band gap (3.37 eV), and high mechanical and thermal stability. ZnO NPs have a number of great qualities, including ease of synthesis, controllable shape and size, nontoxicity, the existence of extrinsic and intrinsic at the emission centre, and the ability to emit a variety of hues (violet, blue, green, yellow, and red) [12][13][14].
UV radiation protection is one of the most critical challenges in the textiles industry because of ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect. Ultraviolet radiation penetrates from the sun to the earth in the form of energy having fifty percent visible lights, forty-five percent infrared, and five percent ultraviolet radiations [15]. UV radiation can be classified into three wavelength regions based on its wavelength: UVA (400 nm-320 nm), UV-B (320 nm-280 nm), and UV-C (280 nm-200 nm) [3,5,7]. At this time, the ozone layer has completely absorbed UV-C. From all UV radiation, the most damaging types of radiation are UV-A and UV-B. It has high energy and a short wavelength [4][5][6]15]. In order to reduce such effects, ZnO NPs must be synthesized for textiles industries. Cubic rock salt, cubic zinc blende, and hexagonal are the three most common structures of ZnO NPs. Under normal environmental circumstances, hexagonal structures are thermodynamically stable [7]. Nanowire, nanoflower, nanocombs, nanobelts, nanocages, nanosprings, nanoring, needle-like, nanoflake, spherical, nanohelix, sheet, bullet-like, hexagonal plate, polyhedral, nanotube, nanorod, pyramid shape, doughnut-like, malty sphere, nanobows, nanoleafs, star, spike, and multipods, smashed stone-like, cylinder-like, and ellipsoid are morphological forms of ZnO NPs derived from SEM [5][6][7][8][12][13][14][15][16]. UV radiation absorbance by semiconductive, whether significantly refractive or dispersing radiations, is closely related to the UV blocking characteristics of ZnO NPs. The chemical composi-tion of ZnO NPs has a direct impact on their protective actions [11,16]. Furthermore, particle shapes, sizes, crystals, and crystalline forms all have a role [9][10][11][12][13]. When textiles are subjected to UV radiation, they experience direct transmittance, absorption, and scattering [13]. Skin damage is caused by UV radiation that is emitted, as well as reflection and fibre dye [10][11][12][13]. UV radiation absorption is measured inside ultraviolet protective factors (UPF). The UPF value of treated fabrics evaluates their blocking qualities, and the greater the UPF value, the much more protective they are [10]. For the production of ZnO NPs, a range of preparation techniques have been reported, including chemical precipitation, spray-pyrolysis, hydrothermal, sol-gel, photochemical, and electrospanning methods [13,14,[16][17][18][19][20]. As reported in several kinds of literature [6], ZnO NPs were prepared for textile application through hydrothermal methods using different solvents (distilled water, ethanol, and methanol) results from 20 to 9 nm sizes with high UPF of UV-A and UV-B. Recently, ZnO NPs were prepared for UV absorber properties of cotton textiles using zinc acetate (CH 3 COO) 2 ·2H 2 O) and NaOH precursor by adding surfactant (cetyl trimethyl ammonium/CTAB) was seen in literature [12]. Yadav et al. [21] prepared ZnO NPs with an average diameter of less than 35 nm for cotton textiles results from an increment of UPF and antimicrobial activities. Another group of researchers leads by Ibrahim et al. [22] also prepared ZnO NPs by sol-gel technique for cotton textiles found 359 nm of particle size which provides durable multifunctional fishing (UV protection and antimicrobial activities).
Several kinds of literature use sol-gel methods to prepare ZnO NPs rather than hydrothermal methods, and there are no clear methods to prepare ZnO NPs using hydrothermal processes. Previously, no literature reports on the comparison of absorbance of untreated and treated cotton textiles and a transmittance of untreated and treated cotton textiles. Furthermore, a comparison of transmittance with an absorbance of treated and untreated cotton textiles was not clearly reported previously. Therefore, this research gives detail information on synthesis methods and UV-protective properties of nanoparticles in terms of absorbance and transmittance. ZnO NPs were prepared using Zn(NO 3 ) 2 ·6H 2 O and NaOH precursors. The produced samples were FT-IR analyzed and utilized to identify contaminants. The XRD results demonstrate that the ex situ produced nanoparticles [17], which have been deposited onto bleached cotton fibers, had an average weight of 33 nm, as reported in various literature. SEM is used to analyze the shape of the nanoparticles, and a UV-vis is accustomed to evaluate the absorption spectrum of untreated and treated cotton textiles . As a result, the goal of this study is to synthesize, characterize, contrast, and compare untreated and treated cotton textiles.

Experimental Details
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO 3 ) 2 ·6H 2 O), and ethanol were acquired from a local supplier (used without further purification). ZnO NPs were made utilising a hydrothermal method that included the use of Zn(NO 3 ) 2 ·6H 2 O and NaOH precursors, as described 2 Journal of Nanomaterials in the literature [18]. For this situation, a 0.6 M aqueous ethanol solution of Zn(NO 3 ) 2 ·6H 2 O were maintained with constant stirring for 45 minutes with a mild magnetic stirrer to thoroughly dissolve the zinc nitrate hexahydrate, and a 1 M aqueous ethanol solution of NaOH was likewise made exactly the same as 45 minutes of agitation. After the zinc nitrate hexahydrate was completely dissolved, 1 M NaOH mixture was prepared by slowly adding drop by drop for 25 minutes without touching the container's wall, while magnetic stirring was kept at high speed. The process was permitted to continue for 1 hour after the aqueous solution of NaOH was added, and the container was sealed at this temperature for 1 hour. Afterward, the sample was transferred to settle for an overnight period before the resultant liquid was carefully separated. The precipitate was removed after 15 minutes of centrifugation. ZnO NPs were precipitated and rinsed four times with the double distilled water and ethanol before being dried in an air environment at roughly 90°C. Zn (OH) 2 was totally transformed to ZnO NPs at this time, and the existence of nanoparticles and other functional groups was determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The size, shape, optical, and structural properties of the produced ZnO NPs were all measured. An X-ray diffractometer (panalytical) was used to record the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of manufactured ZnO NPs using Cu-K radiation with a wavelength of (λ = 0:1541 nm) in the scan range of 2theta = 10°-80°. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) with (EDXA, SIRION) for the morphology of the specimen was examined using compositional analysis of generated ZnO NPs. Using a UV-vis spectrophotometer (Hitachi, U-3010), the optical transmission/absorption spectra of ZnO NPs distributed in water were recorded as follows. The solution was dipped in a quartz cuvette and taken into a UV-vis spectrophotometer with around 0.3 g of ZnO NPs dissolved in deionized water.
In such a process, the absorbance/transmittance spectra of ZnO NPs were measured. Finally, ZnO NPs were brought into the application as follows. White 100% cotton fabrics were purchased from the local market of Dambi Dollo Town, Oromia Regional State. A piece of cotton textiles with a surface area of 10 cm × 10 cm and a mass for every unit surface of 60 g m -2 were prepared and washed five times using deionized water. Then, the fibre was soaked by ZnO NPs solution for 10 min by a gentle magnetic stirrer. The cloth was dried in the oven at 130°C for 15 min to remove the excessive dispersion. UV/absorption and transmission were then used to determine the efficiency of the shielding against UV radiation.

Results and Discussion
This current research includes the development of nanoparticles by hydrothermal approaches that aid in the management of surface energy. FT-IR, XRD, SEM, and UV-visible spectroscopy were used to characterize the functionalized nanoparticles. The nano and other potential functional groups of produced ZnO NPs were investigated using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR). FT-IR transmission spectra of ZnO NPs in the 400-4000 cm -1 range were measured, as shown in Figure 1 below. The stretching vibration of O-H has appeared at 3428 cm -1 , and this is maybe due to the oscillation of water molecules [14,17,19,21]. The peak observed at 2924 cm -1 was related to -CH2 vibration [21,23]. The transmission peaks were observed at 1557 cm -1 due to C=O symmetric stretching [22]. The transmission peaks observed at 1391 cm -1 and 1278 cm -1 were bending, and the vibrational mode of CO 2 was related to CO 2 is from the real environment [18]. The peak observed at 1055 cm -1 was associated with H-O-H bending vibration was due to the presence of water of crystallization [25]. The band observed at 810 cm -1 was also due to the deformation vibration of water molecules [21][22][23]. The transmission band observed at 466 cm -1 was due to Zn-O stretching mode [27].
The XRD diffraction spectra of prepared ZnO NPs were shown in Figure 2 below. ZnO NPs were prepared from zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO 3 ) 2 ·6H 2 O) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) through hydrothermal methods. A broad and well-defined spectral peaks show that the synthesized substances incorporate particles in the nanoscale range. Intensity, full-width at half-maxima, size, and position were determined from XRD result analysis. About nine diffraction peaks were observed at 21.  (201), respectively. Broad diffraction and most intense peak peaks without peak shift were observed at (101) peaks. Randomly oriented crystallites were seen from these several peaks.
The average crystallite size (D) of produced ZnO NPs were estimated via the Debye-Scherrer formula (1).
where D is the crystallite size, λ is the X-ray transmittance wavelength (λ = 0:15418 nm), β is full-width at halfmaximum (FWHM) in radians, and θ represents the angle of diffraction [20]. Table 1 displays the average particle size distribution of produced ZnO NPs, which was about 32.49 nm.
The produced material has a size range of 1 nm to 100 nm and is suitable for use in the textile industry [21]. The measured "D" values for ZnO nanopowder or synthesized nanomaterials have crystallized in a hexagonal wurtzite structure, as shown in Table 1, are also in excellent accordance with all those obtained from Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Guideline (JCPDS) card document data for ZnO nanopowder or synthesized nanomaterials [5,9].
The lattice spacing (d) were derived from Braggs equation: The lattice parameters c and a were determined from a = ffiffi ffi 1 3 3 Journal of Nanomaterials   Journal of Nanomaterials The unit cell volume (V) The grain size (δ) of synthesized particles were evaluated by using the following formula: The dislocation density (δ) is used to determine the defects in crystallite were determined from Small man's and Williamson formula.
The grain size and dislocation density of the synthesized sample were obtained from peak of XRD and summarized in  5 Journal of Nanomaterials Table 2 above. As described in JCPDS card number 36-1451, all X-ray diffraction peaks of manufactured ZnO NPs are carefully categorized of wurtzite structure with lattice parameters of a = b = 0:3249 nm and c = 0:5206 nm. For (101) peaks, the lattice parameters 'a' and 'c,' spacing distance (d), and volume cell of ZnO NPs were computed, and there was a minor variance in the lattice parameter values. The variation could be caused by a minor shift throughout the position of its peaks as a result of a fault [22,23]. Lattice imperfection of synthesized nanoparticles was observed from dislocation density and strain. Figure 3 represents the SEM image of prepared ZnO NPs at a constant annealing temperature of 300°C. The particle morphology is homogenous and well spread, with a flower-like shape. This shows that ZnO NPs may be successfully produced utilising zinc salt precursors in the nanoscale range.
The UV-vis absorbance spectrum of produced ZnO NPs at a fixed heating rate of 300°C is depicted in Figure 4. These uptake peaks were found at 264 nm and 376 nm. The strong absorption peak was observed at 264 nm. This indicates that a high ability to absorb ultraviolet radiation. Furthermore, synthesized nanoparticles have high absorption abilities in the region of 200-300 nm and 350-450 nm.
The technique of UV-vis absorption spectroscopy is commonly adapted to investigate the optical characteristics of particles that are in nanosize [33]. The ZnO nanoparticles, which are substantially underneath the bandgap frequency of 376 nm, give rise to an excitonic maximum absorption at roughly 264 nm (E g = 3:29 eV). The fact that considerable sharp absorption of ZnO implies that the nanoparticle dispersion is monodispersed [7]. The bandgap energy of the synthesized samples was computed by using the absorption edge relationship equation (8) [24][25][26][27].
The E g values for samples were 4.68 and 3.13 eV, which are in good accordance with the literature. In comparison to  The absorbance of treated and untreated textiles (e, f) and transmittance of untreated and treated textiles (g, h). 6 Journal of Nanomaterials bulk ZnO, the quantum confinement impact pushed its energy band gap of ZnO nanoparticles to the blue. Peaks have been caused due to electronic transition from the valence band to the conduction band. The use of nanosized ZnO NPs on 100 percent cotton fabrics enhances UV/radiation absorption. ZnO NPs have been applied to the surface of cotton fibres. The ability of ZnO NPs to absorb UV rays was successfully transferred to fabric products. The absorbance and transmittance spectra of untreated and treated cotton fabric in the 200-500 nm range are shown in Figure 5. Highly transmitted ultraviolet radiation was observed from untreated cotton textiles, as shown in Figures 5 and 5(b). As shown in Figures 5(c) and 5(d), more ultraviolet radiation was absorbed rather than transmitted. A small amount of radiation was transmitted through nanocotton textiles that have been treated [47]. The absorption ability of treated and untreated textiles was shown in Figures 5(e) and 5(f). Higher values of ultraviolet absorbance were obtained when cotton textiles were treated with ZnO NPs. The sensitivity of treated cotton fabrics was shown to be higher at 378 nm and 297 nm, which are both in the UV range, while untreated cotton textile (see Figure 5(f)) does not absorb ultraviolet radiation. The transmittance ability of untreated and treated cotton textiles was observed in Figures 5(g) and 5(h), and a low ultraviolet radiation spectrum was transmitted through nanocoated cotton textiles. The wash withstanding ability of nanoparticles is an intriguing feature of their treatment. After 25 washes, the treated fabrics were examined again because there was no discernible difference in their sunscreen activity. This clearly shows that even without the application of a binder, the nanoparticles are strongly attached to the cloth surface. A binder, on the other hand, can be employed when a higher degree of wash fastness is necessary [14,16,[24][25][26][27]. As shown in Table 3, the UV protection parameter (UPF) and percent transmittances (%T) were determined using equations (9) and (10), respectively.
Tests for UV-A and UV-B are generally conducted in the UVA and UVB zones. However, EðλÞ has very tiny UV-A values and is substantially large in the UV-B field, as seen   Figure 6. Therefore, the UPF value indicates mostly UVB protection rather than a wide range of protection against UVA-UVB [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43].
The use of ready ZnO NPs on cotton fabrics improves the absorption and transmission of UV light. This means that UV radiation shields are effectively absorbed by ZnO NP UV radiation upon its cotton textile surface. As ZnO NPs treat cotton has a small percentage of the transmission, untreated materials have a high percentage of the transmission (Table 3).
It was proven by the variety of cotton textiles that, compared to cotton-treating textiles, a considerable % of transmittance in unprocessed textiles having a low ability to block ultraviolet light, i.e., unprocessed cotton textiles absorb ultraviolet radiation. In comparison with untreated cotton textiles, the low spectrum in the transmission of cotton textiles has shown a significant UV blocking capability [16,22,30].

Conclusion
Sodium hydroxide and zinc nitrate hex-hydrate were used to create ZnO NPs using a hydrothermal technique. Different characterization tools were used to characterize the produced ZnO NPs. These instruments are Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-vis spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The presence of nanoparticles and other functional groups were observed from FT-IR results. Utilizing Debye-Scherer's equation, the outcome from the XRD investigation shows that the materials generated were on the nanoscale scale with a mean particle size of 32.49 nm. The absorbance maximum of produced nanoparticles was 264 nm and 376 nm, respectively, as determined by UV-vis spectroscopy. UV-vis spectroscopy was also used to investigate the optical characteristics of nanoparticles. The morphology of prepared ZnO NPs was evaluated by SEM shows flower images. Through the use of ZnO NPs on the surface of cotton textiles, the good performance of ZnO NPs as ultraviolet absorbers may be efficiently transferred to cotton textiles. The increase in UV absorption capacity of ZnO NP-treated cotton textiles, according to the ultraviolet-visible tests. The absorption capability of ZnO NPs on the surface of cotton textiles ensures that UV light is effectively shielded. The UV protection factor (UPF) and percentage of transmittance (percent T) values that have been computed reflect the protection offered by ZnO nanoparticles treated fabrics against ultraviolet light. This finding could be used to shield the body from the harmful effects of UV light.

Data Availability
The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.