Optimal and Suboptimal Resource Allocation in MIMO Cooperative Cognitive Radio Networks

The core aim of this work is the maximization of the achievable data rate of the secondary user pairs (SU pairs), while ensuring the QoS of primary users (PUs). All users are assumed to be equipped with multiple antennas. It is assumed that when PUs are present, the direct communication between SU pairs introduces intolerable interference to PUs and thereby SUs transmit signal using the cooperation of one of the SUs and avoid transmission in the direct channel. In brief, an adaptive cooperative strategy for MIMO cognitive radio networks is proposed. At the presence of PUs, the issue of joint relay selection and power allocation in underlay MIMO cooperative cognitive radio networks (U-MIMO-CCRN) is addressed. The optimal approach for determining the power allocation and the cooperating SU is proposed. Besides, the outage probability of the proposed system is further derived. Due to high complexity of the optimal approach, a low complexity approach is further proposed and its performance is evaluated using simulations. The simulation results reveal that the performance loss due to the low complexity approach is only about 14%, while the complexity is greatly reduced.


Introduction
Since the issuance of the report of Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in 2002, which revealed the spectrum inefficiency in the incumbent wireless communication systems, cognitive radio (CR) has been regarded as one potential technology to activate the utilization of spectrum resources in the recent evolution of wireless communication systems [1].As a consequence, the overlay and underlay modes can be developed, based on the definitions of spectrum holes in [1] and the operation modes in [2], to use the white and gray spectrum holes, respectively.
Cognitive radio (CR), MIMO communications, and cooperative communications are among the most promising solutions to improve spectrum utilization and efficiency.Dynamic and opportunistic spectrum access allows CR nodes to communicate on temporarily idle or underutilized frequencies.MIMO systems boost spectral efficiency by having a multiantenna node that simultaneously transmit multiple data streams.To further enhance the performance of cognitive radio networks, a cooperative relay network can be incorporated.Thus, in the underlay CR system with an interference temperature (IT) limit, the cooperative relay networks can also be applied to have a better capacity and error rate performance, trade-off between achievable rate and network lifetime, maximum signal-to-interference-plusnoise ratio (SINR) at the destination node, better channel utilization by multihop relay, maximum throughput, and reduced interference via beamforming and maximum SINR using cooperative beamforming.A timely issue is to embrace recent innovations of the three technologies into a single system.
Joint problems of relay selection and resource allocation in CR networks (CRNs) have attracted extensive research interests due to its more effective spectrum utilization [3][4][5][6][7][8].The authors in [3] consider a cooperative cognitive radio network (CCRN) in which the relays are selected among the existing SUs.Moreover, the QoS of the relays should be ensured.For CCRN with decode-and-forward strategy, two relay selection schemes, namely, a full-channel state information (CSI) based best relay selection (BRS) and a partial CSI based best relay selection (PBRS), were proposed in [4].In order to obtain an optimal subcarrier pairing, relay assignment and power allocation in MIMO-OFDM based CCRN, the dual decomposition technique was recruited in [5] to maximize the sum rate subject to the interference temperature limit of the PUs.Moreover, due to high computational complexity of the optimal approach, a suboptimal algorithm was further proposed in [5].The issue of joint relay selection and power allocation in twoway CCRN was considered in [6].A suboptimal approach for reducing the complexity of joint relay selection and power allocation in CCRN was proposed in [7].The network coding opportunities existing in cooperative communications that can further increase the capacity was exploited in [8].Furthermore, the reformulation and linearization techniques to the original optimization problems with nonlinear and nonconvex objective functions were applied such that the proposed algorithms can produce high competitive solutions in a timely manner.
The issue of resource allocation in MIMO CRNs was explored in [9][10][11][12][13][14].The authors in [9] presented a low complexity semidistributed algorithm for resource allocation in MIMO-OFDM based CR networks, using game theory approach, the strong duality in convex optimization, and the primal decomposition method.In [11], the authors extended the pricing concept to MIMO-OFDM based CR networks and presented two iterative algorithms for resource allocation in such systems.In order to obtain an optimal subcarrier pairing, relay assignment, and power allocation in MIMO-OFDM based CCRN, the dual decomposition technique was recruited in [12] to maximize the sum rate subject to the interference temperature limit of the PUs.Moreover, because of high computational complexity of the optimal approach, a suboptimal algorithm was further proposed in [12,13].An approach for resource allocation based on beamforming with reduced complexity in MIMO cooperative cognitive radio networks was presented in [14], where a suboptimal approach with reduced complexity was further proposed to jointly determine the transmit beamforming (TB) and cooperative beamforming (CB) weight vectors along with antenna subset selection in MIMO-CCRN.The problem of resource allocation in a spectrum leasing scenario in cooperative cognitive radio networks was addressed in [10], where the SU pair allocates the whole of its transmission power in a portion of transmission frame to relay the primary signals.In return, the PU pairs lease their unused portion of transmission frame to the SU pair.
The optimal resource allocation in MIMO cognitive radio networks with heterogeneous secondary users and centralized and distributed users was investigated in [15].The authors in [16] modeled the problem of joint relay selection and power allocation in MIMO-OFDM based CCRN as a two-level cooperative game problem with two objectives.The first objective is to assign each weak SU to one of the relays (rich SUs) through solving a problem achieved by a nontransferable utility coalition graph game and the second one is to jointly allocate available channels to the SUs such that no subchannel is allocated to more than one SU and simultaneously optimize the transmit covariance matrices of nodes based on the Nash bargaining solution, which is the second level of the game.
In this paper, we consider the opportunistic spectrum access in MIMO cognitive radio networks (MIMO-CRN) to ensure the SUs' continuous transmission and reduce its outage probability without interfering the PUs.The desired link is considered as the MIMO link between two SUs, SU transmitter (SU TX), and SU receiver (SU RX).All the users are assumed to be equipped with multiple antennas.We recruit spectrum sensing technology to detect the presence of the PUs.If the PUs are absent, the SU TX communicates the SU RX straightly.Otherwise, the transmit power of SU TX has to be reduced and SU TX transmits to SU RX using the cooperation of one the existing SUs.The cooperating SU is determined using the best relay selection algorithm.To be more accurate, when a PU transmits signal in the system, the joint problems of opportunistic relay selection and power allocation in the context of MIMO CRN to maximize the end-to-end achievable data rate of MIMO CRN need to be considered.Our focus is on the amplify-andforward (AF) relay strategy.An obvious reason is that AF has low complexity since no decoding/encoding is needed.This benefit is even more attractive in MIMO-CRN, where decoding multiple data streams could be computationally intensive.Moreover, a more important reason is that AF outperforms decode-and-forward (DF) strategy in terms of network capacity scaling: in general, as the number of relays increases in MIMO-CRN, the effective signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) under AF scales linearly, as opposed to being a constant under DF [17].
To the best of our knowledge, the joint problems of relay selection and power allocation in MIMO cognitive radio networks has not been explored yet.The main contributions of the paper are as follows.
(i) The optimal structure of amplification matrix at the cooperating SU and transmit covariance matrix at the transmitter are determined at the presence of PUs.
(ii) The optimal approach for solving the problem based on the dual method is presented and then a low complexity suboptimal approach is proposed to solve the joint problems of relay selection and power allocation in underlay MIMO CRN.
(iii) The outage performance of the desired SU link is analyzed.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows.Section 2 presents the system model and general formulation of the problem.In Section 3, the structure of optimal power allocation matrices is studied.Based on these structural results, we simplify and reformulate the optimization problem.The optimization algorithms, including the optimal and suboptimal approach, are discussed in Section 4. In Section 5, the outage probability of the desired link is analyzed.Numerical results are provided in Section 6 and Section 7 concludes this paper.

System Model
We consider a scenario where a secondary network, consisting of  SU + 2 SUs coexists with a primary network, consisting of  PU PU pair.In this paper, the communication between two SUs is considered, which is also referred to as the desired SU link.The SU transmitter (SU TX) transmits signals to SU receiver (SU RX) either in the direct link or taking advantage of the cooperation of one of the SUs, depending on the presence of the PUs.When the PUs are absent, the SU TX simply communicates the SU RX directly.However, in order not to induce intolerable interference on the PUs, transmission from SU TX to SU RX at the presence of PUs takes place in two consecutive time-slots using the cooperation of one the existing SU.

The Transmission Process at the Presence of PUs.
When PU pairs are present, the direct communications between the SU TX and SU RX may impose intolerable interference on the PUs.The cooperation of one of SUs with the desired SU link can provide the possibility of reducing the transmit power of the SUs and thereby less interference is imposed on the PU pairs.This is shown in Figure 1.The SU TX is equipped with cognitive radio capabilities and senses the available spectrum bands precisely.
The selected cooperating SU cannot transmit and receive in the same channel at the same time, due to self-interference.Thus, a transmission from SU TX to SU RX at the presence of PUs takes two time-slots.This is also depicted in Figure 1.In the first time-slot, the SU TX transmits signals to all the existing SUs in the CR network.In the second time-slot, one of the SUs is selected to cooperate with the SU TX by amplifying its received signal and forwarding it to the SU RX.All the transmissions in the SU system need to be regulated in order to avoid excessive interference on the PU pair.The set of candidate SUs to cooperate with the desired SU link is denoted by S  .Besides, the set of PU pairs is also denoted by S PU .It is further assumed that all the users, including the SUs and the Pus, are equipped with multiple antennas.Without loss of generality and for ease of exposition, we assume that all the candidate SUs to cooperate with desired link are equipped with   antennas and the PUs with   antennas.The number of antennas at SU TX and SU RX is also   and   , respectively.H , ∈ C   ×  represents the channel matrix form SU TX to SU  and H , ∈ C   ×  represents the channel form SU  to SU RX.All the channels are modeled as Rayleigh fading channels and they are invariant during one time-slot.
Remark 1.In this paper, we assume that a central controller is available, so that the network channel state information and sensing results can be reliably gathered for centralized processing.Notice that the centralized CRNs are valid in IEEE 802.22 standard [18], where the cognitive systems operate on a cellular basis and the central controller can be embedded with a base station (BS).This assumption is also reasonable if a spectrum broker exists in CRNs for managing spectrum leasing and access [19,20].Such centralized approach is commonly used in a variety of CRNs (e.g., [19][20][21][22][23][24]). Compared with distributed approaches, a CCRN having a central manager that possesses detailed information about the wireless network enables highly efficient network configuration and better enforcement of a complex set of policies [20].

Problem Formulation.
The received signal at th SU can be written as where the transmit signal of SU TX, intended for SU , is denoted by x , ∈ C   ×1 ; n , ∈ C   ×1 is a Gaussian vector.The entries of n , are assumed to be independent and identically distributed random variables, having zero means and variances  2  ; that is,  , ∼ CN(0,  2  I   ).To provide more clarifications, in order to take the effect from the PU transmission into consideration and similar to [25,26], the distribution of n , is CN(0, ( 2 0 + ∑ ∈S PU Tr(H ,, Q , H  ,, ))I   ), where H ,, represents the channel matrix from the th PU to the th SU; Q , denotes the transmit covariance matrix of the th PU;  2 0 is the noise power and we assume that all the links have the same amount of noise power.Therefore,  2 , =  2 0 + ∑ ∈S PU Tr(H ,, Q , H  ,, ) denotes the power of noise and interference in the link from SU TX to the th SU.Without losing the generality and for ease of exposition, we further assume that  2 , =  2  , for all  ∈ S  .Suppose that SU  is selected to cooperate with the desired SU link.Then, the received signal at the SU RX (destination) from SU  is given by where A  represents the amplification matrix, used at SU ; similar to n , , n  ∈ C   ×1 is also a Gaussian vector and , where H ,, denotes the channel matrix from the th PU to SU RX.As a result of cooperation of one of the SUs, for example, SU , the achievable data rate in the desired link can be written as where Q  = {x , x  , } denotes the transmit covariance matrix of SU TX, intended for SU .The transmit power of SU TX to each SU is restricted to   ; that is, Tr(Q  ) ≤   .Furthermore, the maximum transmit power of the SU , if selected as the cooperative relay, is 3) is due to the fact that cooperative transmission only uses half of resources (e.g., time-slots, frequency bands, etc.).The PUs must not be disturbed as a result of transmission by SU TX and further the cooperation of the selected SU with the SU TX.In this way, the interference power constraints on the PUs are provided by Tr( , for all  ∈ S PU , where the SU  is selected to cooperate with the SU TX.Moreover, H ,, and H ,, represent the channel from SU  and SU TX to th PU RX, respectively.Evidently, the maximum tolerable interference at the PUs is  ,1 +  ,2 .One of the aims of this work is to optimally select the cooperating SU and also calculate the optimum power allocation (finding the optimal Q  and A  ) in the proposed system, which can be formulated as for all  ∈ S PU , where Q *  and A *  are the optimum transmit covariance and amplification matrices.For convenience, we define two constraint sets according to the following: for all  ∈ S PU .It is easy to verify that (4) can be decomposed into three parts as follows: max Hence, solving (4) reduces to iteratively solve a subproblem with respect to A  , for all  ∈ S  and  ∈ S PU (with Q  fixed), then another subproblem with respect to Q  (with A  fixed, ∀ ∈ S  and  ∈ S PU ), and finally a main problem with respect to .Directly tackling problem (4) is intractable in general.However, we will exploit the inherent special structure to significantly reduce the problem complexity and convert it to an equivalent problem with scalar parameters.In what follows, we will first study the optimal structural properties of A  and Q  .Then, we will reformulate (4).

Optimal Power Allocation
In the first subsection, the structure of the optimal amplification matrix in th SU for a given Q  is investigated.Then, the optimal structure of Q  is studied in the second subsection.Finally, based on these optimal structures, the problem in ( 4) is reformulated in third subsection.
Proposition 2. The optimal amplification matrix of SU i, A  , has the following structure: where which satisfies (7).Then exploiting ( 8), (9), and (3), the achievable data rates of the desired link can be written as According to (10), the achievable data rate in the desired SU link only depends on Σ, but not on Ũ, .Then, it can be concluded that for any matrix Q which satisfies H , Q H  , = Û, Σ, Û , , the optimal data rate is the same as when the transmit covariance matrix in the desired link is any arbitrary matrix Q .Therefore, (8) can be written as

The Structure of the Optimal Transmit Covariance Matrix.
In this subsection, the optimal structure of the transmit covariance matrix of the desired link is determined.
Proposition 3. The structure of optimal transmit covariance matrix of SU TX is as follows: where Λ Q  is a diagonal matrix and must be determined such that the achievable data rate in the desired link is maximized.
Proof.Suppose that Σ,,1 is  × , and then where Q is any PSD (positive semidefinite.)matrix which satisfies H , Q H  , = Û, Σ, Û , .Hence, the singular value decomposition of matrix H , with rank  can be expressed as where It can be verified that U  ,,1 Û,,1 is a unitary matrix, because U  , Û, is unitary.Recall that if A and B are two positive semidefinite  ×  matrices with eigenvalues   (A) and   (B), arranged in the descending order, respectively, then Then, using the second inequality in (16) and knowing that H  , H + , H + , H , is a project matrix with eigenvalues being only 1 and 0, we have Also, using the first equality in (16), we can conclude that Therefore, the structure of the optimal transmit covariance matrix in the desired link is given by which satisfies and the proposition is proved.

Problem Reformulation.
In the previous subsection, we proved that the structure of the optimal amplification matrix in SU  and transmit covariance matrix in the SU TX can be expressed as where H , = U , Λ , V  , and H , = U , Λ , V  , .Recall that the received signal in SU RX, due to the cooperation of SU , is given by Using ( 21), y  in ( 22) can be rewritten as Suppose that ỹ = U  , y  , x, = V  , x , , ñ, = U  , n , , and ñ = U  , n  .Then, Clearly, the relay channel between the SU TX and SU RX has been decomposed into a set of parallel SISO subchannels.Therefore, the achievable data rates in the desired link, as a result of the cooperation of SU , can be expressed as Suppose that the eigenvalue decomposition of H for all  ∈ S PU .We further assume that Then, using ( 27), ( 25) can be rewritten as ) .
Moreover, the transmit power constraint of the SU TX and SU  will become The interference constraint on PUs, due to transmission of SU TX, can be written as for all  ∈ S PU .Let M , = V  , U ,, .Then, (30) The interference constraint on PUs, due to the cooperation of SU  with SU TX, is written by for all  ∈ S  and  ∈ S PU .Let S , = V  , U ,, .The element of th row and th column of S , is denoted by  ,,, .Hence, it can be shown that (33) can be rewritten as (37)

Optimization Algorithm
In this section, we develop approaches for joint relay selection and power allocation in cooperative cognitive radio networks.At first, we provide an optimal approach and then develop a low complexity suboptimal approach.
4.1.Optimal Approach.Using the Lagrange multipliers method [27], the Lagrange function for (37) is given by ] where [⋅] + = max(⋅, 0).Using dual-domain and subgradient methods [28], we can further obtain  1 ,  2 ,  3, , and  4, through iteration, for all  ∈ S PU , where  is the iteration index and  () is a sequence of scalar step sizes.Once  1 ,  2 ,  3, , and  4, are obtained, we can get the optimal power allocation matrices Q  and A  and the corresponding achievable data rate   when the th SU acts as the relay for the SU TX.Repeating the above procedures at all SUs, we then find the one with the maximum achievable data rate.

Low Complexity Approach.
The optimal approach performs joint opportunistic relay selection and power allocation and results in the maximum data rate.However, the optimal approach is with very high complexity.Here, we aim to develop an alternate low complexity suboptimal approach for problem (37).At first, we assume that the available source power is distributed uniformly over the spatial modes; that is,  uni  =   /  .Similar assumption applies for ℎ , 's ( = 1, . . .,   ); that is, ℎ uni  =   /  .Also assume that the interference introduced to the PU by each spatial mode of SU TX is equal and hence the maximum allowable power that can be allocated to the th mode is  max , =  ,1 /   max , , where  max , = max ∈S PU  ,, .Therefore, the allocated power to the th mode in the SU TX, intended for SU , is  * , = min{ uni  ,  max , } for  = 1, . . .,   and ∀ ∈ S  .Similarly, we assume that the interference introduced to the PU by each spatial mode of SU  is equal.Therefore, it can be concluded that ℎ max , =  ,2 /   max , , where  max

𝑘,𝑖
= max ∈S PU  ,, .Therefore, the power allocation in the SU  is given by ℎ * , = min{ℎ uni  , ℎ max , } for  = 1, . . .,   and ∀ ∈ S  .Afterwards, the SU  is selected as the cooperative relay such that the following is maximized: After determining the cooperative SU, we calculate the optimal transmit covariance matrix, Q  , and amplification matrix, A  , using the approach provided in the optimal approach subsection.As we can see from the simulation results, this approach is almost as good as the optimal approach.However, it is with much lower complexity.
A comparison between the computational complexity of the optimal and suboptimal methods is presented here.For the optimal solution derived in the previous section, 2( PU + 1) dual variables are updated in every iteration.Using these values,  2   function evaluations are performed to find the power allocation.Therefore, the optimal solution derived in the previous section has a complexity of O( 2  +2( PU +1)), where  is the number of iterations required to converge, which is usually high [28].In the suboptimal scheme, every spatial mode in the source side requires not more than ( SU +  SU   ) function evaluations.Therefore, the complexity of the proposed algorithm is O( SU   ).

Outage Analysis
In order to analyze the outage behaviour of the proposed system, we consider the scenario where the PU transmitters, PU TX 1 , . . ., PU TX  PU , randomly communicate with their respective receivers, PU RX 1 , . . ., PU RX  PU .The interval between two transmissions of PUs and the duration of one PU transmission are assumed being random and obeying exponential distribution with two parameters  and , respectively.According to queuing theory, the probability of the absence of the PUs, (), and the probability of the presence of the PUs, (), can be expressed, respectively, as () = (∑ In order to facilitate the analysis of outage, we modify the system model as explained below.First of all, we assume that the transmit signal at the SU TX is white and thereby Q = I   , where I   represents the   ×   identity matrix and   is the transmit power of the SU TX.Moreover, the cooperation strategy of the selected SU is assumed to be decode-and-forward (DF) strategy.This strategy switch is intended for some reasons, which among them is to obtain a lower bound for the outage capacity of the desired MIMO link.Meanwhile, this assumption facilitates the analysis of the outage probability analysis, as will be shown below.
In the first time-slot, the spectrum sensing is used to detect whether the PUs are absent.When the PUs are absent, SU TX transmits data to SU RX directly.When the PUs are present, the transmit power of SU TX,   , should be limited.However, if   is too low, the data from SU TX cannot reach SU RX.Thus, we use cooperative relaying to transmit signal from SU TX to SU RX through the best relay which is selected out of available SUs, as described in the previous section.In the sequel, we derive the approximate outage probabilities of the desired SU link, when the PUs are present and when no PUs transmit signals or, in other words, the PUs are absent.

Absence of PUs.
We firstly assume that no PU link is transmitting signal.Hence, the SU TX communicates directly with the SU RX and the received signal in the SU RX can be written as Based on the assumptions expressed at the beginning of this section, the achievable data rates of the desired link using the direct channel are given by where H  ∈ C   ×  represents the direct channel in the desired link.It is obvious that the achievable data rates in the desired link,   , are a random variable which depends on the random nature of H  .In a full-rank system, (44) can be simplified by using the singular value decomposition (SVD) as where  , ,  = 1, . . .,   are the nonnegative eigenvalues of the channel covariance matrix H  H   .The joint pdf of  , ,  = 1, . . .,   is given by [29] where    ,  is a normalizing factor.To ensure QoS for the desired link, it needs to support a minimum rate.When the instantaneous achievable data rate is less than the minimum rate,  min , an outage event occurs.In quasistatic fading, since the fading coefficients are constant over the whole frame, we cannot average them with an ergodic measure.In such an event, Shannon capacity does not exist in the ergodic sense [30].The probability of such an event is normally referred to as outage probability.As described in [31], the distribution of the random achievable data rate can be viewed as Gaussian when the number of transmit and/or receive antennas goes to infinity.It is also a very good approximation for even small   and   ; for example,   =   = 2 [31].As such, for a sufficiently large   and   , the achievable data rate of the desired link is approximated as [31]   → N (  log 2 (1 + ) ,    2 Then, we proceed by considering the distribution of the achievable data rate in the desired link as Gaussian with the pdf given in (47).Consequently, it can be shown that the outage probability of the desired link in the absence of the PUs can be written as where (⋅) denotes the -function.We emphasize that (48) provides only an approximation of the outage probability in the desired link in the absence of the PUs.

Presence of PUs.
As described in the previous section, when PUs transmit signals, the direct communication in the desired link must be avoided and the cooperation of the best SU is employed instead.The received signal in the SU RX using the cooperation of th SU can be expressed as Thus, the achievable data rates of the desired link is given by The coefficient 1/2 is due to the cooperative transmission and the transmission in two consecutive time-slots.Similar to the previous subsection, it can be concluded that for the case of present PUs, the achievable data rates in the desired link,    , can be expressed as where  ,, ,  = 1, . . .,   are the nonnegative eigenvalues of the channel covariance matrix H , H  , .The joint pdf of  ,, ,  = 1, . . .,   is given by [29]  ( ,,1 , . . .,  ,,  ) = (N  !   ,  ) where    ,  is a normalizing factor.Once again and similar to the previous discussions, the achievable data rate of the desired link is approximated as [31]  ) . (54)

The Outage Probability.
In this subsection, the outage probability of the system is obtained.However, in the case that the DF cooperation strategy is employed and the PUs are present, another possible case in the system is when no SU can decode the signal from SU TX.This may be due to detrimental effects of fading and path loss in the link from the SU TX to SUs.In this case, the SU TX indispensably transmits data to SU TX directly with limited power     in order not to disturb the PUs.Assume that Δ  is a nonempty subset of the  SU secondary users who can decode the data of SU TX; that is, Δ  ⊆ S  , and assume that Δ  is the complementary set of Δ  .Suppose that  is a null set.Then, the probability of no existing SU to decode the data of SU TX,   out , can be written as and  , out , where  ∈ S  denotes the outage probability in the link from SU TX to the SUs in the first time-slot.Similar to previous subsections, a good approximate for  , out can be obtained as In the following theorem, we derive the outage probability of the desired SU link.

Theorem 4. The outage probability of the desired SU link is
where  Δ  out is the outage probability of the desired link in the presence of PUs and when the one SUs in the subset Δ  is cooperating with desired link.
Proof.Consider the case that the PUs are present.Then, the probability of event {Δ = Δ  }, that is, there exist some SUs which can decode the signal from SU TX, can be written as The outage probability of the desired link in the presence of PUs and when the one SUs in the subset Δ  is cooperating with desired link is given by Then, the outage probability of the desired SU link in the presence of the PU signals can be written as Finally, it can be concluded that the outage probability of the desired link is given by where   out is the outage probability of the desired link, when the PUs are absent, and is given in (48) and the proof is complete in this way.

Simulation Results
In this section, the performance of the proposed MIMO cooperative cognitive radio system is evaluated using simulations.More specifically, we evaluate the performance of the proposed low complexity approach and compare it with the optimal approach.For better comprehending the merit of the proposed low complexity approach (LCA), we will also compare the proposed approach with the approaches using random cooperative SU selection with optimal power allocation matrices (transmit covariance matrix and amplification matrix), referred to as RS-OPA (random SU-optimal power allocation) and nonoptimal power allocation; that is, the amplification matrix of the randomly selected SU and the transmit covariance matrix are obtained as described in Section 4.2, respectively, which is referred to as RS-EPA (random SU-equal power allocation).The simulation assumptions are as follows, otherwise stated.
(i) All users are assumed to be equipped with the same number of antennas, denoted by .
(iii) There exist 5 PU pairs in the system, otherwise stated.
(iv) The elements of the channel matrices follow a Rayleigh distribution and are independent of each other.
(v) The SUs are uniformly located between the SU TX and SU RX.
(vi) The path-loss exponent is 4, and the standard deviation of shadowing is 6 dB.
(vii) The number of existing SUs in the system,  SU , is 20, otherwise stated.
(viii) The level of noise is assumed identical in the system and  2  =  2  = 10 −6 W/Hz.
The achievable data rate in the desired SU link versus the maximum transmit power of SU TX for different number of antennas and various scenarios is shown in Figure 2. The maximum transmit power of each SU , for all  ∈ S  , is   = 0.2 W. Using the low complexity approach (LCA), 50% achievable data rate gain over the RS-OPA is obtained, when  = 2.Moreover, LCA leads to only 14% data rate degradation compared with OA, with much lower complexity.When   is small, the achievable data rate in the desired SU link increases rapidly with   .However, for large amounts of   , due to restrictions by the interference limits, the achievable data rate is not sensitive to the   .As another observation, it can also be seen that the random SU and optimal power allocation scheme (RS-OPA) achieves a significant gain in the achievable data rate over the random SU and nonoptimal (equal) power allocation scheme (RS-EPA), especially when   is small.The achievable data rate of the desired SU link versus the maximum transmit power of the cooperating SU (  ) is depicted in Figure 3.The maximum transmit power of the SU TX is fixed at   = 0.4 W and the number of existing SUs in the secondary network,  SU , is 20.It can be concluded that the achievable data rate in the system is mainly determined by the transmit power of the cooperating SU, when the maximum transmit power of the SU TX is a constant.
As shown in Figure 4, the achievable data rate in the desired link grows with the number of the existing SUs in the CR network.However, this growth saturates from a particular number of SUs which shows that the increasing number of existing SUs will not necessarily result in the similar increase in the data rate of the desired link.Moreover, deploying larger number of antennas in users, that is, larger , compensates for the less maximum transmit power of SU TX and the cooperating relay.It must also be noted that the achievable data rate in the system is increased with the number of existing SUs due to multiuser diversity.
As a final note, all the simulation results are indicating the undeniable effect of the deploying multiple antennas at the SUs and cooperation of other SUs on the performance of the secondary spectrum access in the cognitive radio networks.The results provided in this paper suggest that it is inevitable to take advantage of MIMO systems and cooperation of other SUs, for the aim of opportunistic and dynamic spectrum access and to achieve larger data rates without inducing intolerable interference on the PUs.

Conclusions
In this work, an adaptive transmission strategy for underlay MIMO cooperative cognitive radio networks was proposed.
It is assumed that when the PUs are present, the direct transmission by the SUs introduces intolerable interference on PUs.As a remedy and to maintain the performance quality of the SUs, the cooperation of one of the existing SUs was proposed not only to reduce the imposed interference on PUs but also to maximize the data rates in the desired SU link.Afterwards, the optimal solution of the joint problems of power allocation (both in the SU TX and the cooperating SU) and relay selection was presented.However, due to high complexity of the optimal approach, a suboptimal approach with less complexity was further proposed.Meanwhile, the expected degradation in the system performance due to suboptimal approach was proved to be negligible, using simulations.Finally, an outage probability analysis was provided to examine the performance of the proposed MIMO cooperative cognitive radio network.

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: Achievable data rate in the desired link versus the maximum transmit power of SU TX (  ).

Figure 3 :
Figure 3: Achievable data rate in the desired link versus the maximum transmit power of cooperating SU (  ).

Figure 4 :
Figure 4: Achievable data rate in the desired link versus the number of existing SUs.
Structure of the Optimal Amplification Matrix.For now, we assume that Q  is given.Let the eigenvalue decomposition of H , H  , and H  , H , be H , H  , = U , Σ , U  , , Ũ, is obtained by eigenvalue decomposition of H, H , and H, = H , Q ,1 is  × .It can be shown that U ,,1 is orthogonal to Û,,2 .Moreover, U ,,2 is orthogonal to Û,,1 .