Retrieval of Total Scattering Cross Sections of Molecules from Inhomogeneously Broadened Absorption Lines

Laboratory of eoretical Spectroscopy, V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1, Academician Zuev Square, 634021 Tomsk, Russia Laboratory ofMolecular Spectroscopy, V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1, Academician Zuev Square, 634021 Tomsk, Russia Department of Physics, Tomsk State University, 36, Lenin Ave., 634050 Tomsk, Russia


Introduction
Various models for spectral line profiles allow retrieving information on collision processes that affect the line shape.
e simplest Lorentzian and Voigt profiles provide retrieving only the homogeneous collision line half-width c and the line shift Δ.With the aid of more complicated profiles [1][2][3][4], where the Dicke line narrowing [5,6] is taken into account, it is possible to find out an additional parameter-the frequency of elastic velocity-changing collisions.In the conventional approach [1][2][3][4][5][6], this frequency is expressed via the diffusion coefficient D as where v is the most probable thermal speed of absorbing molecules.us, exploitation of the collision line narrowing makes it possible to obtain the data on D from processing recorded line profiles, which is still nonconventional information for spectroscopy.Similarly, involvement of other physical mechanisms of forming the line shape increases the number of the profile's adjustable parameters.Certain parameters may have a direct physical meaning, and thus they can serve as a source of valuable additional information extracted from a line shape.Such are the frequencies of soft and hard velocity-changing collisions.
Let us detail the latter assertion.e matter is that the structure of the collision integral implies division of its kernel onto three parts related to hard (hard collisions are mainly large-angle scattering collisions [9] that lead to establishing the equilibrium distribution of molecules over velocities after each collision, soft collisions are caused by classical scattering on small angles less 0.3 rad [10], and the diffraction-scattering collisions occur when scattering angles are ∼0.01 rad [8][9][10].), soft, and diffraction-scattering collisions [7][8][9][10][11].
ese three types of collisions function to a great extent additively due to considerable difference in widths of the corresponding differential scattering cross sections.Consequently, the total output frequency of the collision integral ] t can be represented as a sum [7][8][9][10][11].
where ] h , ] s , and ] d are the input collision integral frequencies of the elastic hard, soft, and diffraction scattering collisions, respectively, and the Lorentzian collision halfwidth at half-height c contains the contributions of elastic and inelastic collisions.If the above frequencies enter into a model collision integral explicitly, then the line profile derived from the respective muster equation for a density matrix will contain these frequencies as adjustable parameters [9,10].is opens a possibility to retrieve the newly introduced parameters from processing experimental line profiles.
It was shown earlier [12][13][14] that the output frequency ] t can be measured directly as a collision-broadening constant of nonlinear resonances at sufficiently low gas pressures.e theory [14,15] allows expressing the frequency ] t through the total collision cross section.us, qualitatively new fundamental information can be obtained from nonlinear spectroscopic measurements.On the contrary, in this paper, we intend to show that the value of ] t also may be obtained by means of linear spectroscopy.Namely, correct account of the combined effect of hard and soft collisions [8][9][10][11] performed on the basis of the quantum-mechanical collision integral kernel [7] and the inverse-power intermolecular interaction potentials provides the presence of all the frequencies specified in (2) in the model line profiles [8][9][10][11].erefore, in principle, it is possible to retrieve these frequencies from processing recorded spectra with the profiles [8][9][10][11].
ough, such retrieval is not guaranteed to be a priori successful because of a strong correlation between some of the profile's parameters [10].At the same time, certain parameters of the collision integral can be calculated theoretically for different intermolecular interaction potentials [9,10].In particular, such is the ratio of soft to hard collision frequencies, which also can be used in the fitting.us, we can assume that the ambiguity caused by marked above correlation of the parameters can be eliminated, and the retrieving different collision integral frequencies will be possible.Ascertainment of a principal scheme of the estimation of the discussed frequencies and testing its operability form the goals of this paper.

Experimental Setup
e high-resolution spectra of H 2 O were recorded with the use of the photoacoustic (PhA) spectrometer based on a single-mode Ti-sapphire laser pumped by an Ar-ion laser.
e Ti-sapphire laser had the output power of 1 W and the 50 kHz linewidth.It was able to tune in the 11300-12800 cm −1 spectral range with the 20 MHz frequency step.
is provided the spectral resolution better than 0.001 cm −1 and the negligible contribution of the laser bandwidth to recorded line profiles (the Doppler HWHM was ∼0.018 cm −1 or 542 MHz).
e high power of the laser provided a high threshold absorption sensitivity of the spectrometer, ∼1•10 −8 cm −1 .e body of the PhA cell was made of stainless steel.e length of the cell was 10 cm. e acoustic signal in the PhA cell was detected by high-sensitive laboratory-made capacitor microphone with a preamplifier.A signal of the photoacoustic detector is directly proportional to the absorption coefficient of the gas as opposed to the spectrophotometric method where a signal is proportional to the transmittance of the medium.
is circumstance allows recording a weak absorption with a higher accuracy.Wavelength calibration was carried out with the use of the Fourier spectrometer "Bruker DA 003".e measurement technique is described in more detail in [16,17].
ree H 2 O lines centered at 12415.204, 12413.977,and 12411.404cm −1 (≈805 nm) were used to perform the estimations outlined in Introduction.Parameters of these lines taken from [18] are presented in Table 1.e self-broadening of these lines was registered within the pressure range 1 Torr ≤ p ≤ 20 Torr.

Data Processing
e following line profiles have been used in data processing: (i) K HC (Ω)-the conventional profile in the hard collision model [3,4] (calculated with equations ( 3) and ( 8) in [19]; Ω is the frequency detuning from a line center).(ii) K RS3 (Ω)-the profile based on the quantummechanical Rautian−Shalagin collision integral kernel [7] including the speed dependence [20,21] and calculated for the dipole-dipole intermolecular interaction potential α r −3 , where r is the distance between colliding molecules (equations (A1) and (A2) in [9]).(iii) K SH3 (Ω)-the profile accounting for the speeddependence, soft, and hard velocity-changing collisions and based on a collision integral partly represented by a differential form with the use of some fixed parameters calculated for dipole-dipole intermolecular interaction (equation (9) and Table 1 in [10]; equations ( 5) and ( 6) in Ref. [22]).(iv) K SH3r (Ω)-the same profile as the previous one where the ratio of soft to hard collision frequencies r is set as an adjustable parameter (equation ( 9) and Table 1 in [10]; equations ( 5) and ( 6) in [22]).
is group of profiles may provide retrieving all the collision frequencies presented in (2).Really, the half-width c is obtained with each of the profiles listed above.If c is defined as a quantity averaged over velocities of absorbing molecules, then, as follows from the practice [23], its values obtained with the use of all the profiles will be equal with a satisfactory accuracy.e dimensionless collision linenarrowing parameter is as follows: which is the fitting parameter of the profiles (i), (iii), and (iv), while the profile (ii) contains the substantially different narrowing parameter 2 Journal of Spectroscopy As is seen from the comparison of ( 3) and ( 4), the inequality α tot > α always holds under the natural supposition of ] h , ] s , and ] d > 0. e relative difference α tot /α − 1 may be significant, and it can amount hundreds of percent [11].Note that α describes an actual line narrowing caused by collisions with a molecular scattering on predominantly large angles [9].Due to this reason, the values of α obtained with the aid of the profiles (i), (iii), and (iv) must be approximately equal.In contrast to this, the parameter α tot was introduced in [8] as the ratio of the sum frequency of elastic velocity-changing collisions, ] h + ] s + ] d , to a homogeneous line half-width c.Accepted in [8,9], parametrization allows interpretation of α tot as a fitting parameter and further retrieving the values of this narrowing parameter from spectra processing with profiles [8,9].e ratio can be calculated theoretically [9,10] and then used as a fixed parameter in profile (iii).Otherwise, r is a fitting parameter of profile (iv).We note that the contour (i) does not contain parameters that are complementary to the parameters of the remaining three contours, and its application in processing is justified by controlling the values of c and α obtained with the help of the profiles (ii)−(iv) (see Table 2).
e knowledge of values of c, α, α tot , and r retrieved with the aid of fitting the profiles (i)−(iv) to experimental ones makes it possible to solve the system of Equations ( 2)−( 5) with respect to the sought frequencies ] t , ] h , ] s , and ] d . is solution gives a fundamental scheme of quantitative estimation of these frequencies.e respective expressions for the frequencies are An additional testing these frequencies can be done by means of comparison of the ratios found from the experiment and relations (6) with the calculated values of R, presented in Figure 2 of [9].
It should be noted that the values of the collision line half-width c retrieved from an experiment with the use of profiles (i)−(iv) distinguish due to different manners of accounting the speed dependence in them.But in cases when the speed dependence is small pronounced (heavy absorbing and/or light perturbing molecules), discrepancies between c are minor [23], Table 2. erefore, the main source of errors in the suggested method of retrieving frequencies ] t , ] h , ] s , and ] d lies in an inaccuracy of the narrowing parameters α and α tot , as well as the ratio of the frequencies of soft and hard collisions r, which are more sensitive characteristics of a line shape.
An example of a recorded line with the best-fitted profile K HC (Ω) is shown in Figure 1. e quality of fitting all the rest of listed above profiles is practically the same because of the account of the line narrowing in each of them, which makes these profiles to be flexible enough.
e collision line broadening found from the processing is presented in Figure 2. Straight lines in this figure are plotted as a result of least-squares fitting and their, slopes represent the pressurebroadening coefficients c 0 ≡ c/p.A complete set of the parameters retrieved from the processing is presented (hard collisions are mainly large-angle scattering collisions [9] that lead to establishing the equilibrium distribution of molecules over velocities after each collision; soft collisions are caused by classical scattering on small angles less 0.3 rad [10], and the diffraction scattering collisions occur when scattering angles are ∼0.01 rad [8][9][10].)(Except for line intensities S disclosing wide range of values, which is typical for PhA measurements.) in Table 2. From this table and Equations ( 6) and ( 7), we have obtained the estimated values of the collision integral frequencies (Table 3).

Discussion and Conclusions
It is seen from Table 2 that the pressure-broadening coefficients c 0 for individual lines obtained with different line profiles are in a good agreement.Also it should be noted that the narrowing parameters α (2) are small compared with the values found with the aid of the expression for ] h (1) via the self-diffusion coefficient D. In particular, the use of the literature data D � 0.196 cm 2 /s [24] and c 0 � 18 MHz/Torr taken from Table 2 leads to α � 0.51 that is two and a half times greater than the values of α∼0.2 retrieved from the experiment.
is fact can be understood on the basis of simple physical arguments.Indeed, for long-range intermolecular interactions (i.e., dipole-dipole and dipolequadrupole ones), the contribution of the molecular scattering on small angles in collision integral frequencies increases relatively to the scattering on large angles (see Figure 2 in Ref. [9]).In other words, the large-angle scattering is suppressed.Correspondingly, as is seen from Table 2, the values of the parameter α tot (4) including frequencies of scattering on small angles are large compared with the values of α (3).Due to the decrease in the hard velocity-changing collisions, the Dicke line narrowing controlled by the parameter α also reduces.us, it is evident that relation (1) cannot be used for a reliable quantitative retrieving D from experimental values of narrowing parameters in the case of long-range intermolecular interactions.Note that the parameters r (5) in Table 2 retrieved with the line profile K SH3r have the same order of magnitude as the relating calculated values of r [10] used in fitting with the profile K SH3 .
Discussing Table 3, we mark that the main contribution to ] t is made by ] d .In accordance with the above discussion, this fact can be imputed to the long-range action of the dipole-dipole intermolecular interaction potential of the water molecules having a large constant dipole moment.
ere is an interesting opportunity to estimate the total scattering cross section σ from data on ] t presented in Table 3, namely, equations ( 15)−( 18) in [15], where the collision integral frequencies are expressed through the parameters of the intermolecular potential U jn (r) � − C jn /r n (here j denotes a molecular state), allow expressing the real part of ] t via σ averaged over velocities.Let us assume that constants C jn are approximately equal for the upper and lower states of the considered vibrational-rotational transition [24].en, the index j can be omitted, and we have the following expression from equations ( 15) and ( 16) of [15] and the optical theorem of scattering [25]: Table 2: Line parameters retrieved from data processing with the use of various model line profiles.e numerals in parenthesis correspond to last significant digits of the left numbers and they are 95-percent confidential intervals.
] 0 [18]   where f(u, u) is the amplitude of elastic scattering on zero angles, ρ w is the Weisskopf radius, u is the relative velocity of molecules in the center-of-mass coordinate system, and Γ is the gamma function.
Averaging σ (8) over u with the Maxwellian distribution of relative velocities gives where m and m b are masses of absorbing and perturbing molecules, respectively.
Analogous averaging real part of the output collision integral frequency given by equation ( 18) in [15] over velocities of absorbing molecules leads to where N b is the density of perturbing molecules.After combining ( 9) and (10), we have the expression of the average total scattering cross section through the output collision integral frequency: In particular, in the considered case of self-broadening H 2 O lines (dipole-dipole interaction with n � 3 and β � 1), it follows from (11): Calculations performed on the basis of ( 12) and the data of Tables 2 and 3 give the following estimations for the total scattering cross section for H 2 O-H 2 O collisions: σ tot ∼ 630 ± 150 Å2 .For comparison, the typical values of gaskinetic cross sections of many molecules are of the order 50-70 Å2 [26].Relatively large errors (95% confidence intervals) in σ tot may be caused by insufficiently accurate experiment as well as by a rough net used in numerical integration over velocities in the vicinity of a character point determining diffraction scattering [9].e above estimation of σ tot for H 2 O molecule is close to total cross sections of three other molecules obtained by direct measurements of ] t with the aid of nonlinear spectroscopy methods [12,13,[27][28][29][30], namely, analogous calculations made in [27] ascertain that in pure gas of CH 4 , σ tot ≈ 380 [28], 350 [12], and 370 Å2 [29]; in CO 2 σ tot ≈ 500 Å2 [13], and in SF 6 σ tot ≈ 600 Å2 [30].
Coming to the conclusions, it can be stated that the proposed new method of retrieving input and output collision integral frequencies is mainly functional.It was shown that with the aid of this method, it is possible to get estimations of a fundamental quantity-total scattering cross section.At the same time, the results presented in this paper are only first steps in the outlined direction, and retrieving more accurate quantitative data on the frequencies and cross sections requires further improvement of experiment and theory, which can constitute a significant cycle of work in the spectroscopy of the line contour.
From the data processing, it was found that relation (1) between the frequency of hard collisions and the diffusion coefficient fails in the case of long-ranged intermolecular interactions.

Figure 1 :Figure 2 :
Figure 1: An example of recorded line profiles (points) and the best-fitted K HC profiles (solid lines).Points below are the difference between the experiment and the theory.e corresponding differences between the experiment and profiles (ii)−(iv) are practically indistinguishable.] 0 � 12413.94479cm −1 , p H 2 O � 14.94 Torr.

Table 3 :
(6)lision integral frequencies in units of respective values of c retrieved from data processing and Equation(6).