Adherence, Awareness, Access, and Use of Standard Diagnosis and Treatment Guideline for Malaria Case Management among Healthcare Workers in Meatu, Tanzania

Background Effective case management is a vital component of malaria control and elimination strategies. However, the level of adherence to the malaria diagnostic test and treatment guideline is not known, particularly at Meatu district. Therefore, this study aimed at determining the adherence, awareness, access, and use of standard diagnosis and treatment guidelines among healthcare workers in Meatu district. Method This was a descriptive cross-sectional study, which enrolled a total of 196 healthcare workers in Meatu district. Healthcare workers were sampled purposively to reach the required sample size. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Results Generally, 189 (96.4%) were aware of malaria treatment guidelines, while 148 (75.5%) had access and 98 (50.0%) used malaria treatment guidelines. One hundred and seven (54.6%) of all the healthcare workers adhered strictly to the diagnosis and national treatment guidelines. Ten (5.1%) partially adhered to the guideline when choosing antimalarials without confirmed malaria cases. Nonadherence to the prescription of recommended antimalarial drugs and laboratory confirmation was 79 (40.3%). Conclusion Half of healthcare worker's adhere to malaria diagnostic test and treatment guidelines. Most the healthcare workers are aware of the malaria diagnostic test and treatment guidelines. Continued education and assessment of the personal attitudes towards malaria diagnostic test and treatment guidelines are recommended.


Introduction
Since 2010, the burden of malaria morbidity and mortality has been declined substantially in different parts of sub-Saharan Africa [1][2][3][4][5], which has been due to larger-scale control intervention programs and improved case management. In spite of malaria decline and technological advances in diagnosis, prevention, and treatment, malaria is still one of the global health problems.
Effective case management is a vital component of malaria control and elimination strategies [6]. All patients with suspected malaria should be treated based on accurate clinical assessment, confirming the diagnosis by microscopy or malaria rapid diagnostic test (mRDT) by testing blood samples before treatment with artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) [6]. In some parts of Tanzania, clinical diagnosis of fever is widely used by healthcare providers [7,8]; however, there is development and spread of antimalarial drug resistance [9,10], that may have resulted due to poor adherence to standard diagnosis and treatment guidelines [11].
Studies on adherence to malaria diagnosis and treatment guidelines among healthcare workers (HCWs) in Tanzania are limited [12]; however, one study reported on adherence to artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) that relied on self-report [13]. e major challenge to the implementation of adherence to malaria diagnosis and treatment guidelines has been documented to be slow in giving back information on the new drug regime at health facilities [14], and this points to lack of awareness on the availability of diagnosis and treatment guidelines.
Despite reports of malaria decline in different parts of sub-Saharan Africa, reports indicate varying level of adherence to malaria diagnosis test and treatment guidelines [15][16][17], as well as lack of awareness on the availability of malaria diagnosis and treatment guidelines [16]. Furthermore, in many settings, national programs have devoted much in making sure that RDT is available in peripherals, and compliance to negative results will need to improve to prevent mismanagement of patients and overprescribing of anti-malarial drugs [18].
Tanzania Mainland's National Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Malaria was introduced in 2006 [19] and revised in 2014. e guideline stipulated artemether-lumefantrine (AL) as the first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria in both adults and children, with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DHA PPQ) as a secondline treatment in cases of treatment failure [20]. Priorities for malaria case management are as follows: (1) to improve the quality of diagnostic and case management services, and (2) to maintain and improve supplies of the antimalarial drugs such as ACT in both the public and private sectors [21]. erefore, this study was designed to determine adherence, awareness, access, and use of standard diagnosis and treatment guidelines among HCWs in Meatu district.

Study Design and Area.
is was a descriptive crosssectional study conducted from March to June 2017. e study was conducted at Meatu district. Meatu district is located in Simiyu Region, Tanzania. Meatu district is located between longitudes 34°8′ and 34.49″E and between latitudes 2°57′ and 4.9″S [22]. e region has a malaria prevalence of 13.4% among children and a fever prevalence of 21.4% [23], of which could be misdiagnosed as malaria cases. Meatu district has a total population of 299,619 people [24]. Meatu district has one district hospital, two health centers, and 45 dispensaries. e district has a total of 262 HCWs in general.

Study Population and Sampling Technique.
e study included HCWs who manage malaria patients or capable of diagnosing and prescribing antimalarial medication in the district hospital, health center, and dispensaries. e study excluded all medical students who were interns. Purposively, a sampling technique was applied to select the HCWs who were ready to share their information.

Data Collection
2.3.1. Questionnaire. Pretested semistructured questionnaires were administered to obtain information on HCWs socio-demographic characteristics, adherence awareness, accessibility, and usage of standard malaria diagnosis and treatment guidelines. e questionnaire was divided into three sections as follows. Section one: this part investigated the general information of the HCWs including social-demographic characteristics such as age, sex, and experience at work. Section two: this part addressed awareness of standard diagnosis and malaria treatment guidelines. Section three: is part focused on adherence to malaria diagnosis and treatment guidelines among healthcare providers.

Pretesting of Questionnaire.
To maximize validity, the questionnaire was pretested on relevant respondents before distribution. Ten HCWs filled the questionnaire as a pilot study, and in-depth cognitive interviews were carried out to examine how the HCWs understood and responded to the questions. Besides, two experts in the field of survey design approved the quality of the questionnaire. After the pretest, adjustments in phrasings were made, and an additional question was included. Nevertheless, the data of HCWs involved in the pretesting of the questionnaire were not included in the final analysis.

Definition.
Adherence was categorized as strict, partial, and nonadherence [16]. Strict adherence was when the choice of antimalarial drug for the treatment of parasitologically confirmed malaria cases was restricted to the national guideline for malaria treatment. Partial adherence was when there was no parasitological confirmation of cases, but the choice of antimalarials matched the national guideline for malaria treatment. Nonadherence was when there was no parasitological confirmation of cases, and the choice of antimalarial medicines did not follow the national malaria treatment guidelines [16].

Data
Analysis. Data were analyzed by using the IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA). Descriptive statistics were used to summarise frequencies, proportions, percentages, means and standard deviations, tables, and charts. Percentages and frequencies were used for categorical variables, and means and standard deviations were calculated for continuous variables. Association between the awareness, access, and use of guidelines and type of facility were tested using chisquare and Fisher's tests, and results were considered significant at p < 0.05.

Ethical Approval and Consent to Participate.
e approval was granted from Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College Research Ethics Review Committee. Permission to conduct the study was gained from the Simiyu district medical officer. Written informed consent was obtained from all HCWs who voluntarily agreed to take part in this study.  Table 2).

Adherence to Malaria Diagnosis and Treatment
Guidelines. Table 3 summarizes the adherence to malaria diagnosis and treatment guidelines. Generally, 107 (54.6%)

Discussion
Malaria continues to be one of the most devastating infectious diseases in sub-Saharan Africa. Interventions to control malaria require an integrated approach including vector control using long-lasting insecticidal nets, indoor residue sprays, provision of prompt and effective diagnosis, and treatment with effective antimalarial agents [6,25,26]. For this study, adherence to malaria diagnosis and treatment was measured in terms of parasitological diagnosis of malaria and treatment with the correct drug. Nonadherent treatment was defined in terms of inconsistency in the confirmatory diagnosis of malaria, prescribing of drugs other than antimalarials, and prescribing antimalarials to cases testing negative.

Adherence to Malaria Diagnosis and Treatment among
HCWs. Poor adherence to standard diagnostic and treatment guidelines is a major cause of treatment failure and drives the emergence and spread of drug resistance [6]. WHO recommends that malaria be parasitologically confirmed by either RDT or microscopy before treatment. Following the standard guideline helps to reduce the spread of drug resistance, limit unnecessary use of antimalarial drugs, and better identify other febrile illnesses in the context of changing malaria epidemiology, and antimalarial medicines should be administered only to patients who truly have malaria [6]. In a systematic review and meta-analysis, it was found that most HCWs in sub-Saharan Africa (17% of RDT) gave negative results and patients were inappropriately prescribed with antimalarials, meaning that hundreds of thousands of patients are inappropriately diagnosed with malaria and prescribed with antimalarials [18]. erefore, adherence to a full treatment course must be promoted. Our study revealed that 54.6% adhere to diagnosis and treatment guidelines. ese results are higher than a study done in Ogun state, Nigeria, which showed that adherence was 44.1% [16]. Moreover, our study reports nonadherence of 40.3% which is slightly higher than the study conducted in Ogun state, Nigeria, which reports nonadherence of 22.5% [16].

Awareness, Access, and Use of National Malaria
Treatment Guidelines. Our study reports a high level of awareness of national diagnosis and treatment guidelines among HCWs at 96.4%. is is higher than findings reported by a study conducted here in Tanzania which revealed that 15.5% of HCWs were aware of the country's guidelines [27]. ese results are slightly the same by a study conducted in private (94.8%) and public (98.1%) facilities [16]. Surprisingly, our study reports low proportions of HCWs who have access and use national diagnosis and treatment guidelines in dispensaries. e Tanzanian government has made it possible to establish Tanzanian health policy and has established a clear objective of achieving primary health care for all and to ensure a dispensary or health center within 5 km for everyone in the population [28]. e success of reducing the burden of infectious diseases will not be met if HCWs do not have access and use national diagnosis and treatment guidelines. Jointly to availability and use, regular training among HCWs would be important in the attainment of malaria elimination in Tanzania. Lack of access and use of national diagnosis and treatment guidelines may have contributed to nonadherence or partial adherence to the guideline. And, therefore, development and spread of ACT resistance may have higher negative influence on the recent achievements in malaria control if HCWs do not adhere to standard diagnostic and treatment guidelines. e  government must ensure the availability of diagnosis and treatment guidelines to all health facilities. Also, the government should ensure job training to all HCWs to promote adherence to malaria diagnosis and treatment.

Strength and Limitations of the Study.
e study has been able to report the level of adherence, awareness, accessibility, and use of diagnosis and treatment guidelines in Meatu district. Also, this study has some limitations. e study did not meet the required sample size due to scarcity of HCWs who meet criteria for the study; however, the present results provide a piece of baseline information on the awareness, accessibility, and use of diagnosis and treatment guidelines.

Conclusion
Generally, half of HCWs adhere to diagnosis and treatment guidelines. e majority of HCWs are aware of standard malaria diagnosis and treatment guidelines. HCWs from dispensaries have limited access and few HCWs use diagnosis and treatment guidelines in their routine clinical practices.

Abbreviations
ACT: Artemisinin-based combination therapy MRDT: Malaria rapid diagnostic test NIMR: National Institute for Medical Research SPSS: Statistical package for social science WHO: World Health Organization.

Data Availability
e data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Disclosure
Adela Budimu was supported by the Tanzanian Government through Tanzania Loan Board. However, the loan board did not have any influence in any stage of this study.

Conflicts of Interest
e authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

Authors' Contributions
AB conceived the study idea and participated in the study design, data acquisition, analysis, interpretation, and manuscript drafting. BE provided a critical review of the manuscript and participated in data analysis and interpretation. SM provided critical review of the manuscript and participated in data interpretation. DCK conceived the study idea and participated in the study design, data analysis interpretation; and provided a critical review of the manuscript.