Journal of Transplantation
Volume 2016 (2016), Article ID 7895956, 22 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7895956

Clinical Study

Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Single Center Resume Overlooking Four Decades of Experience

Nikos Emmanouilidis,¹ Rickmer Peters,¹ Bastian P. Ringe,¹ Zeynep Güner,¹ Wolf Ramackers,¹ Hüseyin Bektas,¹ Frank Lehner,¹ Michael Manns,² Jürgen Klempnauer,¹ and Harald Schrem1,3

¹Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
²Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
³IFB-TX Core Facility and HTA, Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany

Received 29 September 2015; Accepted 3 December 2015

Academic Editor: Gaetano Ciancio

Copyright © 2016 Nikos Emmanouilidis et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Background. This is a single center oncological resume overlooking four decades of experience with liver transplantation (LT) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods. All 319 LT for HCC that were performed between 1975 and 2011 were included. Predictors for HCC recurrence (HCCR) and survival were identified by Cox regression, Kaplan-Meier analysis, Log Rank, and -tests where appropriate. Results. HCCR was the single strongest hazard for survival (). Hazards for HCCR were tumor staging beyond the histologic MILAN (), bilateral tumor spreading (), tumor grading beyond G2 (), and vascular infiltration of small or large vessels (, , resp.). Grading beyond G2 () as well as small and large vascular infiltrations (, , resp.) was associated with higher hazard ratios for long-term survival as compared to liver transplantation beyond histological MILAN (). Tumor dedifferentiation significantly correlated with vascular infiltration () and intrahepatic tumor spreading (). Conclusion. LT enables survival from HCC. HCC dedifferentiation is associated with vascular infiltration and intrahepatic tumor spreading and is a strong hazard for HCCR and survival. Pretransplant tumor staging should include grading by biopsy, because grading is a reliable and easily accessible predictor of HCCR and survival. Detection of dedifferentiation should speed up the allocation process.

1. Introduction

The repertoire of treatment strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) consists of liver resection (LR), chemotherapy (CTX), radio frequency ablation (RFA), transarterial chemoperfusion (TACP), selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT), transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE), percutaneous ethanol instillation (PEI), monoclonal antibody therapy (mAB), and liver transplantation (LT).

The first elective liver resections were performed in the late 19th century [1–3], but although Wendel [4] already performed a successful anatomic right hemihepatectomy for a HCC in 1911, it took another 50 years and a better understanding of the liver anatomy [5] before liver resections were performed on a larger scale by multiple centers worldwide [6–10]. The first liver transplantation for a “hepatoma” was the second LT that was published in the pioneering report by Starzl et al. in 1963 [11]. A decade later Cyclosporin [12] was introduced as a new immunosuppressant and in the following years larger series of liver transplantations were accumulated [13, 14]. The early survival analyses of LT for HCC though were rather disappointing [15] with 2-year survival rates of 25–30% compared to 70% for benign diseases [16, 17]. Those disappointing results ignited the development of nonsurgical treatment alternatives for HCC: starting with systemic chemotherapy and transarterial chemoperfusion [18] on an experimental scale in the early 1980s. A decade later SIRT [19], TACE [20, 21], and PEI [22] were introduced and another ten years later RFA [23] was added (Figure 1(c)). The latest development was the introduction of monoclonal antibody therapy in 2008 [24, 25].

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 1: Annual proportions of underlying diseases (a), neoadjuvant therapies (b), UICC-7 staging (c), and tumor morphologies (d). (a) There was no significant change in annual proportions of recipients underlying diseases over time. (b) Tumor morphologies of transplanted HCC changed over time in the favour of uninodular and unilateral tumors. (c) The overall rate for neoadjuvant therapy as well as the diversity of different treatment combinations increased over time. This effect was caused due to new therapies that were introduced consecutively from 1975 to 2010 (surgery (S), chemotherapy (CTX), transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE), percutaneous ethanol instillation (PEI), selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT), and monoclonal antibodies (mAB)). (d) Between 1975 and 2010 the proportion of low graded UICC-7 staged tumors increased significantly.

Covariates which possibly affect HCC recurrence (HCCR) and survival after LT are underlying liver disease [26], tumor size [27], grading [28], tumor multifocality, vascular invasion [26, 29], α-fetoprotein [30], and adjuvant or neoadjuvant therapy [27, 31, 32]. But despite extensive and long experience with LT for HCC there are very few reports with follow-up data of more than a decade [13, 33–36]. Most long-term reports cover only 5 years of follow-up [27, 28, 32, 37–43].

Here we report our long-term single center experience of more than four decades with all consecutive patients () who received LT for HCC between 19th November 1975 and 12th December 2010. The main focus of this study was the oncological long-term aspects and the value of liver transplantation for the treatment of HCC.

2. Patients and Methods

2.1. Patients

Diagnosis of HCC was verified before LT and/or at the histological examination of the explanted liver (). The mean follow-up was 6.4 years (median 4.8 years, range 0.2 to 30.9 years). Follow-up with respect to time from last contact to query in relation to time of LT to query was completed in 96% (median 100%, range 4 to 100%). Time span of last contact to query in living patients was 0.5 to 29.4 years (median 5.9 years). Table 2 summarizes the clinical data of the investigated cohort.

2.2. Immunosuppressive Therapy

Early transplantations were performed under protection with Azathioprine and Corticosteroids medication. Next step in immunosuppressive evolution was the introduction of the Calcineurin-inhibitor Cyclosporin A (CsA). Combinations of CsA with Corticosteroids and even triple therapies with CsA, Azathioprine, and Corticosteroids were applied. Then FK-506—another Calcineurin-inhibitor—was introduced and added to the portfolio of immunosuppressants. The combination of FK-506 with Corticosteroids was a common replacement therapy for the standard protocol of CsA plus Corticosteroids. Azathioprine was only scarcely used, until it completely disappeared as a standard medication in solid organ transplantation. Another significant improvement was the introduction of Mycophenolate Mofetil, which was mainly used as a triple supplement in order to reduce the dosage of Calcineurin-inhibitor medications, because it was realized that the Calcineurin-inhibitor nephrotoxicity was a significant problem in the long run. Other additional immunosuppressants in recent years were the mTOR inhibitors sirolimus (Rapamycin) and everolimus (RAD-001) and the CTLA-4 antibody belatacept (LEA29Y). The latter ones were applied mainly as study drugs within multicenter trials and thus were not commonly used. Overall, the high level of diversity in applied immunosuppressive therapies in this cohort of patients not only is caused by the number of different immunosuppressants and their combinations but is even more diversified due to different dosages and even therapy changes in individual patients during follow-up.

Today’s standard treatments in liver transplantation at our facility consist of Corticosteroids (prednisolone, methyl-prednisolone), basiliximab (only perioperatively), Mycophenolate Mofetil, and the Calcineurin-inhibitor FK-506.

2.3. Tumor Morphology, UICC-7 Staging, and “Inside/Outside” hMILAN Categorization

All tumors were retrospectively restaged according to the pathohistological examination of the explanted liver and following the 7th edition of the UICC classification (UICC-7). For tumor morphology we also categorized each tumor into either nondetectable, uninodular, multinodular/unilateral or multinodular/bilateral intrahepatic tumor spreading. This categorization as well as the categorization referring to MILAN criteria was done on the basis of the histopathological reports in order to circumvent the otherwise unavoidable bias by the technological development of imaging techniques during the last forty years. The retrospective classification either as “inside” or as “outside” MILAN was defined as histological MILAN (hMILAN). The preoperative MILAN classification, which is usually commonly applied for the listing of HCC patients and carried out by imaging technologies, is renamed iMILAN for discrimination purposes.

2.4. Survival Data und HCC Recurrence (HCCR)

HCCR and survival were checked in close cooperation with the German national cancer registry and the German national address registry and by continued follow-up in our outpatient transplant clinics. Data were complemented by targeted interviews of referring physicians if necessary. Descriptive statistics related to HCC recurrence and HCC recurrence related deaths are summarized in Tables 3 and 4.

2.5. Statistical Analysis

Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS v23 (PASW Statistics Inc., IBM, Somers, NY, USA). values and hazards for survival and HCC recurrence (HCCR) were calculated by multi- or univariate Cox regression. Covariate hazards of survival were underlying disease, UICC-7 staging, hMILAN status, vascular infiltration, neoadjuvant therapy, and grading. HCCR as a hazard for survival was included as a time-dependent covariate. Covariate hazards for HCCR were underlying disease, UICC-7 staging, hMILAN status, vascular infiltration, neoadjuvant therapy, and grading. values below 0.05 were defined as significant. Hazards indicated a higher risk and hazards indicated lower risk for HCCR or death. Survival data and HCCR data were graphically plotted using Kaplan-Meier statistics. Comparison of cohort identifiers was performed using a -test.

3. Results

3.1. Descriptive Statistics

Table 2 shows the descriptive statistics of the population of all patients that had been transplanted with the diagnosis of HCC between 1975 and 2010. Mean age at time of LT was 51.0 years (±SD 12.5) with a median of 54.1 and a male-to-female ratio of 3 : 1. Predominant underlying diseases were hepatitis C (; 27%), hepatitis B (; 27%), hepatitis B with D (; 5%), hepatitis C with B (; 4%), alcohol (; 15%), and cryptogenic cirrhosis (, 16%). Neither NAFLD (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease) nor NASH (nonalcoholic steatohepatitis) was a standard terminology used for enlisting patients for LT at our transplant center. But it can be assumed that the group of cryptogenic cirrhosis also includes those forms of cirrhosis. Other underlying diseases or codiseases (; 8%) were juvenile hepatoblastoma, adenomatosis, hypertyrosinemia, Wilson’s disease, hemochromatosis, α1 antitrypsin deficiency, Budd Chiari syndrome, androgen therapy, biliary cirrhosis, autoimmune hepatitis, and chronic lead intoxication (Table 2). There was no significant change in the category of underlying diseases over time (Figure 1(a)). Most HCC tumors had a multinodular morphology (; 52%). This category of multinodular tumors was divided into multinodular/unilateral tumors (; 25%) and multinodular/bilateral tumors (; 27%). Uninodular HCCs were observed in (42%) patients. There was also a significant proportion of pretreated patients in whom no HCC could be detected at the histological examination of the explanted recipients livers (; 6%). The largest tumor had a volume of 14137 cm³ and the smallest tumor had a volume of 2 cm³ (mean = 320 cm³, median = 31.4 cm³). AFP measured before LT had a range from 0 to 214975 ng/mL (mean = 2513 ng/mL, median = 21 ng/mL). Living related transplantations were performed in (4%) recipients. Split-liver transplantations were performed in (6%) patients and partial/reduced size transplantations in (4%) patients. Cold ischemic time ranged from 100 to 1970 minutes (mean = 624 minutes, median = 611 minutes). Twenty-nine patients (9.1%) received a second LT and one patient received an additional third LT. Two patients were retransplanted after diagnosis of intrahepatic HCCR, which occurred at 5.7 and 8.8 years after primary liver transplantation. Time from HCCR to retransplantations was 61 and 499 days, respectively. One patient is still alive with a tumor-free survival after second LT of 18.7 years. The second patient died at 2.2 years after second LT due to multilocal 2nd HCCRs at lungs, liver, and abdominal wall and with a peritoneal seeding.

All other retransplants were not related to HCCR. From 1975 to 2010 by and by several HCC pretreatments were developed (surgery (S), chemotherapy (CTX), transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE), percutaneous ethanol instillation (PEI), selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT), and monoclonal antibodies (mAB)) and the overall rate of patients who were pretreated before LT and the diversity of treatment combinations increased synchronously (Figure 1(c)). The number of advanced multinodular HCCs and tumors with intrahepatic bilateral spread declined significantly over the years in favour of singular node HCCs (Figure 1(b)) and the proportion of successfully pretreated HCC (tumor necrotic, no tumor detectable) increased (Figure 1(d)).

Waiting time (time from HCC diagnosis to LT) increased slightly during the decades, but this had no significant influence on HCC recurrence or survival (ROC AUC = 0.494; ; , resp.) (Figures 2(a)–2(c)).

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 2: Development of waiting time (b) from 1975 to 2010 and prognostic impact of waiting time on HCC recurrence (b) and overall survival (c). Waiting time increased slightly from about 2-3 months in the early 1980s to an average of 411 days in 2010, but this increase had no significant prognostic impact on HCC recurrence (ROC AUC = 0.494; ) and overall survival ().

In 285 patients HCC diagnosis was known prior to LT, while in 34 patients the diagnosis of HCC was coincidental. 173 patients were pretreated before LT by surgery (), TACE (), RFA (), PEI (), CTX (), or combinations of each () (Figure 4). PEI, TACE, and surgery represented the dominant choices of pretreatment strategies. The tumor response to mono- or multimodal neoadjuvant therapies is shown in Figure 4(b). PEI and TACE were comparable in terms of remaining vital tumor tissue (Fisher’s exact test ). Therapy efficacy though was not comparable one-on-one because of a significant higher overall proportion of multinodular tumors in the TACE group and different proportions of multinodular/bilateral HCCs, which was three times as high for the TACE groups as compared to the PEI group (26% to 9%) (Figure 4(a)). Neoadjuvant therapy by surgery resulted in the highest rate of nondetectable tumors (45%) (10 of 19) (Figure 4(b)), but this difference was statistically not significant compared to the proportion of full-necrotic plus nondetectable tumors of the PEI group (Fisher’s exact test ). 178 patients (56%) were transplanted inside and 141 (44%) were transplanted outside hMILAN. Prior to the introduction of MILAN criteria (1997) 82 patients (65%) had been transplanted outside and 43 patients (34%) inside hMILAN. After 1997 59 patients (30%) were transplanted outside and 135 (70%) inside hMILAN. 16 (38%) of the 42 survivors who lived longer than 10 years and 6 of the 9 recipients (67%) who lived longer than 20 years after LT were transplanted outside hMILAN. Only one of those patients died, but not due to HCCR.

In order to have a clear analysis on HCC recurrence relevant data we censored all patients with perioperative hospital mortality (; 21%) (Table 1), who as a matter of course did not survive long enough for developing any HCCR. Eighty-three (; 33%) of the remaining 251 patients were diagnosed with HCCR during follow-up. Most HCCRs were solely extrahepatic tumor recurrences (; 58%). In 15 patients (18%) HCCR was diagnosed as exclusive intrahepatic tumor recurrences. In 20 patients (24%) HCCR was synchronously found in intra- and extrahepatic locations. In 34% () of HCC recurrences metastases were found in more than one anatomic location. Dominant site of extrahepatic HCCR was the lung (), followed by bone (), lymph nodes (), and brain () (Table 3). Sixty-three (; 76%) of the patients with HCC recurrences died due to this tumor recurrence and (21%) patients died due to non-HCCR related reasons (Tables 1 and 4). Cox regression analysis was performed in order to calculate the odds ratios () and significance levels of the tested covariates for their risk to be associated with HCC recurrence (Table 5). For a clear view on the prognostic oncological value of LT we had to purge the cohort of patients further by censoring any causes of death other than HCC recurrence related ones and analysed the cumulative survival rates of the remaining patients with respect to the selected covariates (Tables 1 and 6; Figures 5(b), 7(a)–7(d), and 9(a)–9(f)). Thus, patients with diagnosis of HCCR, but with mortality due to other reasons, were excluded from this analysis.

Table 1: In- and excluded subpopulations for the analysis of HCC recurrence and HCC recurrence related deaths.

Subpopulations
(hospital mortality excluded)
Cox regression analysis for the risk of
HCC recurrence

HCC recurrence (Table 5)
HCC recurrence related deaths (Table 6)
No
Yes

Alive,
Included
Included
125
11

Deaths caused by HCCR,
Included
Included
0
63

Deaths not caused by HCCR,
Included
Excluded
43
9

Overall
251
199
168
83

Table 2: Descriptive statistics.

Underlying disease
Gender
Age at LT [year]
Tumor morphology
Tumor volume [cm³]
AFP [ng/mL]
Graft type
CIT [min.]
LT #

f
m
Mean
Median
Max.
Min.
No tumor detectable
Uninodular
Multinodular, unilateral
Multinodular, bilateral
Mean
Median
Max.
Min.
Mean
Median
Max.
Min.
Full size
Partial
Split
Mean
Median
Max.
Min.
1st
2nd
3rd
Total

Deceased
Living
Deceased
Living

Hepatitis B with D
1
14
50,6
50,3
61,6
38,6
1
9
2
3
86
8
978
—
418
18,3
5571
1
13
—
2
—
—
531
507
880
263
14
1
—
15

Hepatitis B
7
78
50,7
53,8
69,7
21,6
5
32
23
25
236
42
4849
—
2405
29
176659
1
78
1
2
4
—
638
635
1577
207
78
7
—
85

Hepatitis C with B
2
10
51,2
57,1
65,2
8,1
1
7
3
1
30
13
202
—
3478
25,5
32000
5
12
—
—
—
—
607
518
1054
388
11
1
—
12

Hepatitis C
20
66
54,2
54,7
66,7
25
5
40
25
16
80
16
1164
—
839
21
56100
1
74
—
4
6
2
584
571
1302
100
77
8
1
86

Hepatoblastoma
3
1
14,8
14,1
17,8
13,3
—
1
—
3
432
375
905
74
304
304
600
7
4
—
—
—
—
866
724
1740
275
4
—
—
4

Adenomatosis
3
1
41,7
40,7
56,3
29,2
—
1
2
1
27
6
93
4
4,75
5
7
2
4
—
—
—
—
638
579
1122
271
3
1
—
4

Hypertyrosinemia
—
2
14,4
14,4
19,4
9,3
—
2
—
—
34
34
34
34
1276
1276
2431
120
2
—
—
—
—
420
420
480
359
2
—
—
2

Wilson's disease
1
—
43,8
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
34
—
—
—
5
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
572
572
572
572
1
—
—
1

Hemochromatosis
—
4
56,8
56,7
63,5
50,3
—
—
2
2
452
19
1768
2
248
247
485
13
4
—
—
—
—
635
618
786
516
3
1
—
4

α1 antitrypsin def.
1
—
56,8
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
17
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
588
588
588
588
1
—
—
1

Budd Chiari
1
1
36,2
36,2
40,3
32,2
—
1
1
—
263
263
525
2
39
39
73
5
2
—
—
—
—
665
665
773
557
1
1
—
2

Alcohol abuse
6
41
55,4
55,4
68,7
26
4
15
10
18
534
34
14137
—
3679
12,3
109718
1
45
—
1
1
—
674
629
1970
187
42
5
—
47

Androgen therapy
—
1
29,6
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
13
—
—
—
5
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
552
552
552
552
1
—
—
1

Biliary cirrhosis
3
—
24,9
17,7
54,1
3
—
2
—
1
131
9
382
3
39
39,3
39,3
39
1
—

2
—
644
773
827
332
3
—
—
3

Cryptogenic cirrhosis
23
27
49
51,8
67
18,6
4
21
9
16
856
93
8181
—
6100
10,5
214975
1
44
1
1
4
—
628
636
1180
227
46
4
—
50

Autoimmune hepatitis
—
1
72
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
38
—
—
—
485
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
971
971
971
971
1
—
—
1

Chronic lead intox.
—
1
44,7
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
1216
—
—
—
540
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
865
865
865
865
1
—
—
1

Table 3: Rate and anatomical sites of HCC recurrences with respect to tumor morphology and neoadjuvant therapy.

HCC

Not detectable
Uninodular
Multinodular, unilateral
Multinodular, bilateral

Neoadjuvant therapy
Neoadjuvant therapy
Neoadjuvant therapy
Neoadjuvant therapy

No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes

Counts/%

HCC recurrence

    No
230
19    95
53    83
55    80
25    68
32    76
22    49
24    57

    Yes
89
1    5
11    17
14    20
12    32
10    24
23    51
18    43

Abdominal wall
2

2

Adrenal
1

1

Bone
5

2

2
1

Bone + abdominal wall
2

1

1

Bone + liver
1

1

Brain
2
1
1

Esophagus
1

1

Liver
17

2
2
5
2
4
2

Liver + abdominal wall
2

1
1

Liver + adrenal
2

1
1

Liver + diaphragm
1

1

Liver + lung
5

1

2
2

Liver + lung + bone
1

1

Liver + lung + kidney
1

1

Liver + lymph node
3

1
1

1

Liver + peritoneum
1

1

Lung
20

2

2
4
7
5

Lung + bone
4

3

1

Lung + bone + brain
1

1

Lung + brain
4

2

2

Lung + liver + lymph node + abdominal wall
1

1

Lymph node
6

1

1
2
1
1

Peritoneum
5

3
2

Peritoneum + bone
1

1

Table 4: Tumor morphology, neoadjuvant therapy, tumor response to neoadjuvant therapy, HCC recurrence rate, and HCC recurrence related deaths.

Tumor morphology
Neoadjuvant therapy
Response
HCC recurrence
HCC recurrence related death

Vital tumor remnants
Full-necrotic
No tumor detectable
No    
Yes    
No    
Yes    
Not specified

No tumor
PEI
—    
—    
2    100%
2    100%
—    
2    100%
—    
—    

TACE
—    
—    
2    100%
2    100%
—    
2    100%
—    
—    

Surgery
—    
—    
9    100%
8    89%
1    11%
8    89%
1    11%
—    

Surgery + TACE
—    
—    
2    100%
2    100%
—    
2    100%
—    
—    

Surgery + TACE + CTX
—    
—    
1    100%
1    100%
—    
1    100%
—    
—    

Overall
0    
0    
16    
15    
1    
15    
1    
0    

Uninodular
None
48    100%
—    
—    
37    77%
11    23%
39    81%
8    17%
1    2%

PEI
22    73%
8    27%
—    
25    83%
5    17%
25    83%
4    13%
1    3%

TACE
13    81%
3    19%
—    
12    75%
4    25%
13    81%
3    19%
—    

PEI + TACE
6    75%
2    25%
—    
7    88%
1    13%
8    100%
—    
—    

Surgery
3    75%
1    25%
—    
—    
4    100%
2    50%
2    50%
—    

CTX + TACE
2    67%
1    33%
—    
3    100%
—    
3    100%
—    
—    

RFA
2    100%
—    
—    
2    100%
—    
2    100%
—    
—    

RFA + TACE
—    
1    100%
—    
1    100%
—    
1    100%
—    
—    

PEI + RFA
—    
1    100%
—    
1    100%
—    
1    100%
—    
—    

Overall
96    
17    
0    
88    
25    
94    
17    
2    

Multinodular, unilateral
None
25    100%
—    
—    
14    56%
11    44%
17    68%
8    32%
—    

PEI
5    83%
1    17%
—    
6    100%
—    
6    100%
—    
—    

TACE
6    86%
1    14%
—    
4    57%
3    43%
5    71%
2    29%
—    

PEI + TACE
4    100%
—    
—    
4    100%
—    
4    100%
—    
—    

Surgery
3    100%
—    
—    
1    33%
2    67%
2    67%
1    33%
—    

CTX
4    100%
—    
—    
2    50%
2    50%
4    100%
—    
—    

Surgery + TACE
3    100%
—    
—    
1    33%
2    67%
1    33%
2    67%
—    

RFA
3    100%
—    
—    
2    67%
1    33%
2    67%
1    33%
—    

Surgery + TACE + CTX
1    100%
—    
—    
1    100%
—    
1    100%
—    
—    

RFA + TACE
1    100%
—    
—    
1    100%
—    
1    100%
—    
—    

Overall
55    
2    
0    
36    
21    
43    
14    
0    

Multinodular, bilateral
None
34    100%
—    
—    
12    35%
22    65%
15    44%
19    56%
—    

PEI
4    100%
—    
—    
4    100%
—    
4    100%
—    
—    

TACE
7    100%
—    
—    
2    29%
5    71%
2    29%
5    71%
—    

PEI + TACE
6    75%
2    25%
—    
5    63%
3    38%
6    75%
2    25%
—    

Surgery
2    100%
—    
—    
—    
2    100%
—    
2    100%
—    

CTX
2    100%
—    
—    
—    
2    100%
1    50%
1    50%
—    

Surgery + TACE
2    100%
—    
—    
1    50%
1    50%
1    50%
1    50%
—    

Surgery + TACE + CTX
3    100%
—    
—    
3    100%
—    
3    100%
—    
—    

Surgery + CTX
1    100%
—    
—    
—    
1    100%
—    
1    100%
—    

PEI + RFA
1    100%
—    
—    
—    
1    100%
1    100%
—    
—    

Surgery + PEI
1    100%
—    
—    
—    
1    100%
1    100%
—    
—    

Overall
63    
2    
0    
27    
38    
34    
31    
0    

Total
214    
21    
16    
166    
85    
186    
63    
2    

Table 5: Identification of hazards for HCC recurrence by univariate Cox regression, (hospital deaths excluded).

Univariate Cox regressions for HCC recurrence

exp()/hazard
95.0% CI

Lower
Upper

Underlying disease
Hepatitis B with D
12
0.176
Reference category

Hepatitis B
64
0.405
1.667
0.5
5.555

Hepatitis C
75
0.847
1.126
0.336
3.777

Hepatitis C with B
9
0.419
0.394
0.041
3.784

Alcohol
33
0.131
2.603
0.752
9.003

Cryptogenic cirrhosis
38
0.375
1.76
0.505
6.128

Other
20
0.417
1.732
0.459
6.53

Tumor vitality
Vital tumor
214
0.048
Reference category

Full-necrotic tumor
21
0.118
0.399
0.126
1.263

No tumor detectable
16
0.053
0.142
0.02
1.022

Tumor morphology
No tumor detectable
16
<0.001
Reference category

Uninodular
113
0.192
3.789
0.513
27.971

Multinodular unilateral
57
0.073
6.251
0.840
46.513

Multinodular bilateral
65
0.008
14.505
1.990
105.733

UICC-7
No or necrotic tumor
37
<0.001
Reference category

UICC I
69
0.646
0.75
0.219
2.563

UICC II
71
0.200
2.041
0.686
6.073

UICC IIIA
25
<0.001
7.428
2.513
21.959

UICC IIIB
32
<0.001
13.734
4.759
39.631

UICC IIIC
7
0.001
9.808
2.627
36.611

UICC IVA
7
<0.001
54.098
14.542
201.253

UICC IVB
3
<0.001
180.683
34.823
937.506

hMILAN
Inside
148
Reference category

Outside
103
<0.001
3.507
2.237
5.496

Vascular infiltration
No or necrotic tumor
37
<0.001
Reference category

V0
148
0.254
1.829
0.648
5.161

V1
28
<0.001
9.05
3.042
26.92

V2
37
<0.001
14.848
5.206
42.353

Missing data
1
0.977
0
0

Neoadj. therapy
No
107
Reference category

Yes
144
0.071
0.676
0.441
1.035

Grading
No or necrotic tumor
37
<0.001
Reference category

G1
35
0.272
1.937
0.596
6.299

G2
130
0.023
3.282
1.179
9.138

G3-4
43
<0.001
6.672
2.313
19.249

Missing data
6
0.008
6.550
1.636
26.214

HCC = hepatocellular carcinoma.

UICC-7 = 7th edition TNM classification of Unité International Contre Cancer.

hMILAN = histologic MILAN classification.

Vascular infiltration: V0 = none, V1 = small vessels, and V2 = large vessels.

Tumor grading: G1 = low, G2 = intermediate, and G3-4 = high to anaplastic.

Table 6: Identification of hazards for HCC recurrence related deaths by univariate Cox regression, (non-HCC recurrence related deaths excluded).

Univariate Cox regressions for HCC recurrence related deaths

exp()/hazard
95.0% CI

Lower
Upper

Underlying disease
Hepatitis B with D
11
0.348
Reference category

Hepatitis B
50
0.368
1.964
0.451
8.553

Hepatitis C
55
0.542
1.584
0.361
6.939

Hepatitis C with B
6
0.908
0.868
0.079
9.588

Alcohol
30
0.162
2.919
0.65
13.109

Cryptogenic cirrhosis
30
0.13
3.151
0.714
13.896

Other
17
0.433
1.93
0.373
9.979

Tumor vitality
Vital tumor
168
0.083
Reference category

Full-necrotic tumor
17
0.147
0.352
0.086
1.442

No tumor detectable
14
0.084
0.175
0.024
1.264

Tumor morphology
No tumor detectable
14
<0.001
Reference category

Uninodular
89
0.323
2.765
0.368
20.791

Multinodular unilateral
41
0.104
5.354
0.707
40.567

Multinodular bilateral
55
0.019
10.898
1.488
79.801

UICC-7
No or necrotic tumor
31
<0.001
Reference category

UICC I
54
0.688
0.746
0.178
3.124

UICC II
51
0.402
1.738
0.477
6.327

UICC IIIA
21
0.003
6.771
1.944
23.584

UICC IIIB
26
<0.001
12.792
3.791
43.16

UICC IIIC
6
0.006
8.066
1.800
36.142

UICC IVA
7
<0.001
226.972
46.041
1118.915

UICC IVB
3
<0.001
91.043
16.824
492.692

hMILAN
Inside
112
Reference category

Outside
87
<0.001
4.701
2.700
8.185

Vascular infiltration
No or necrotic tumor
31
<0.001
Reference category

V0
117
0.371
1.733
0.52
5.779

V1
21
<0.001
9.578
2.769
33.128

V2
30
<0.001
14.066
4.221
46.866

Neoadj. therapy
No
82
Reference category

Yes
117
0.010
0.525
0.321
0.859

Grading
No or necrotic tumor
31
<0.001
Reference category

G1
26
0.26
2.179
0.562
8.442

G2
103
0.061
3.098
0.948
10.124

G3-4
36
0.001
7.909
2.357
26.542

Missing data
3
0.007
11.921
1.980
71.774

HCC = hepatocellular carcinoma.

UICC-7 = 7th edition TNM classification of Unité International Contre Cancer.

hMILAN = histologic MILAN classification.

Vascular infiltration: V0 = none, V1 = small vessels, and V2 = large vessels.

Tumor grading: G1 = low, G2 = intermediate, and G3-4 = high to anaplastic.

3.2. Survival and HCC Recurrence

Figure 3(a) shows the Kaplan-Meier plots for the cumulative survival of all patients () (blue line), with hospital mortality excluded () (green line) and with HCC recurrence related deaths only () (red line).

(a)

(b)

Figure 3: Survival with respect to hospital mortality and HCC recurrence. (a) Cumulative survival of all patients (, blue line), without hospital mortality (, green line) and with HCC recurrence related deaths only (, red line). (b) HCC recurrence-free survival (blue line, Cox regression analysis with HCC recurrence as time-dependent covariate) and with respect to extrahepatic (green line), intrahepatic (red line), or combined extrahepatic/intrahepatic HCC recurrences (orange line). HCC recurrence was highly significant hazard of survival (, ), but it made no difference to survival whether HCC recurrences were at intrahepatic, at extrahepatic, or at combined intrahepatic/extrahepatic locations ().

(a)

(b)

Figure 4: HCC morphology per treatment group (a) and tumor response to pretreatments (b) as measured in numbers of nondetectable, full-necrotic, or vital tumors. Percutaneous ethanol instillation (PEI) (), transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE) (), and surgery () were most frequently applied. Another major treatment group were patients that had been treated by a combination of PEI and TACE (). There were a significant higher number of uninodular tumors in the PEI group (71%) as compared to the TACE group (41%). The TACE group also had a significant higher proportion of multinodular tumors (52%) as compared to the PEI group (25%) and a higher proportion of multinodular/bilateral tumors, which was three times as high as compared to the PEI groups (26% to 9%, resp.). The pretreatment group surgery had the highest rate (45%) (10 of 22) of explanted livers without detectable tumor remnants, but this difference was statistically not significant as compared to the proportion of full-necrotic and nondetectable tumors () in the PEI group (Fisher’s exact test ). The PEI group and TACE group were comparable in terms of remaining vital tumor tissue (Fisher’s exact test ).

(a)

(b)

Figure 5: HCC recurrence (a) and survival (b) with respect to tumor morphology. HCC recurrence (hospital deaths excluded) (a) was significantly influenced by tumor morphology (Log Rank ). Survival (hospital deaths and non-HCC recurrence related deaths excluded) (b) was significantly influenced by the intrahepatic tumor dissemination of the primary HCC (Log Rank ).

The maximum cumulative rate for HCCR was 33% (83/251) and was reached at 10.4 years after LT. There were no time-dependent differences for appearance of extra-, intra-, or combined extrahepatic/intrahepatic HCCR (data not shown). HCCR as a time-dependant covariate was identified by Cox regression analysis as the single strongest hazard for survival (; ), with no differences between extra-, intra-, or combined extrahepatic/intrahepatic locations (Figure 3(b)). Cumulative survival at 5, 10, and 30 years after LT was 80%, 67%, and 45% in HCC recurrence-free patients compared to 28%, 15%, and 10% irrespective of extra-, intra-, or combined extrahepatic/intrahepatic locations (Figure 3(b)). Univariate Cox regression analysis of hazards for HCCR (Table 5) revealed a significantly higher risk for HCCR if transplanted outside hMILAN (, ) and a significantly higher risk for HCCR depending on UICC-7 staging (, Log Rank), vascular infiltration (, Log Rank), and tumor grading (, Log Rank). Underlying diseases had a significant impact neither on HCC recurrence () (Table 5) and on HCC recurrence related deaths () (Table 6) nor on hospital mortality () and overall mortality () (data not shown). Neoadjuvant therapy in general did not avoid HCC recurrence () (Table 5) but proved to be significantly advantageous if the tumor had been turned into a complete necrosis (e.g., through PEI, TACE, or RF) or if the tumor had been resected prior to LT (Figures 8 and 9). Neoadjuvant therapy did improve survival significantly, if non-HCCR related deaths were excluded from the survival analysis (, ) (Table 6 and Figure 9(e)). Figures 5 and 6 show that different monomodal/multimodal neoadjuvant treatments had different advantages in relation to the tumor anatomy of the HCC to be treated. Lowest HCC recurrence rates were observed in the group of nondetectable HCCs, which was significantly lower at any time as compared to any other group. Uninodular tumors and unilateral/multinodular tumors had the same cumulative rate of HCC recurrence up to five years after transplantation. Only the follow-up of more than five years revealed further and significant increase of HCC recurrences in unilateral/multinodular tumors as compared to the uninodular group. The highest rate of HCC recurrences was observed in multinodular/bilateral group, which was also significantly higher as compared to the group of multinodular/unilateral HCC. Multinodular unilateral tumors benefited more from PEI whereas multinodular bilateral tumors more likely benefited from TACE. This correlation was found for HCC recurrences as well as for HCC recurrence related deaths (Figures 6(c), 6(d), 7(c), and 7(d)).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 6: HCC recurrence with respect to tumor morphology and neoadjuvant therapy. The effectiveness as estimated by rate of HCC recurrences was analysed with respect to different neoadjuvant therapy regimen and tumor morphology. Hospital deaths and treatment groups with were excluded from analysis. Thus, only surgery remained for estimation of cumulative HCC recurrence in the group of nondetectable tumors (a). In the group of uninodular HCC (b) there was no significant difference in HCC recurrence rates comparing the mono- and multimodular pretreatments. Multinodular/unilateral HCC (c) had a significantly lower rate of HCC recurrence (Log Rank ) if treated by PEI, while TACE did not make a difference for this group of tumors at all (Log Rank ). In multinodular/bilateral tumors (d) TACE was significantly better as compared to PEI (Log Rank ). The PEI group had the same cumulative rate of HCC recurrence as the no-treatment group.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 7: Survival with respect to tumor morphology and neoadjuvant therapy. Hospital mortality and non-HCC recurrence related deaths as well as treatment groups with were excluded. In the category of nondetectable tumors only surgery remained with . The cumulative survival in this subcategory was 80% (a). In the category of uninodular HCC (b) there was no difference in survival comparing patients that had been pretreated by PEI or TACE. For the combination of PEI and TACE a significantly better survival was observed (Log Rank ) as compared to PEI or TACE alone. For multinodular/unilateral HCC (c) TACE did not make a difference, while pretreatment with PEI achieved a significant better survival (Log Rank ). In multinodular/bilateral tumors (d) survival was significantly better for the group of patients who were pretreated with TACE as compared to PEI or no pretreatment.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

Figure 8: Cumulative recurrence of HCC (hospital mortality excluded) () (for statistics see Table 3). (a) Underlying disease had no significant impact on HCC recurrence. (b) UICC-7 staging had a significant impact on HCCR. Only UICC I and II staged tumors were comparable to the reference category of no or necrotic tumors, while tumors of UICC-7 IIIA-IVB had significantly higher rates of HCCR. (c) The group of patients transplanted outside the histologic MILAN (hMILAN) had a maximum cumulative HCC recurrence rate of almost 70% at 10.4 years after LT, while patients transplanted inside hMILAN (reference category) only had a maximum cumulative HCC recurrence rate of about 25% at 7 years after LT. (d) Vascular infiltration was a highly significant predictor of HCC recurrence, while tumors without vascular infiltration had a comparable HCC recurrence rate compared to the reference group of no or necrotic tumors. (e) Neoadjuvant therapy had no significant impact on HCC recurrence. (f) Tumor grading was a significant hazard for HCC recurrence. G1 staged tumors had a comparable risk for HCC recurrence to the reference category (no or necrotic tumors), while G2 and G3-4 staged tumors were strong significant hazards for HCC recurrence.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

Figure 9: Cumulative survival after LT for HCC (HCC recurrence related deaths only) () (for statistics see Table 4). (a) With the exception of a better survival comparing the hepatitis C versus cryptogenic cirrhosis subcategories there were no other significant differences for survival related to underlying diseases. (b) Survival for UICC I and II staged tumors was comparable to the reference category (no or necrotic tumors), while the risk for HCC recurrence death increased significantly and equivalently with each step of UICC-7 staging above IIIA. (c) Tumors outside the histologic MILAN were significant hazards for survival. Nevertheless, even in the group of patients transplanted outside the histologic MILAN (hMILAN) the cumulative survival was 30% at 25 years after liver transplantation. The cumulative survival of patients who were transplanted inside the histologic MILAN (hMILAN) was 72% at 30 years after liver transplantation. (d) Small (V1) and large (V2) vascular infiltration were significant hazards for a HCC recurrence related death, while tumors without (V0) vascular infiltration were no significant hazards for survival compared to the reference category of no or necrotic tumors. (e) Neoadjuvant therapy in general decreased the HCC recurrence related death rate significantly. (f) Tumor grading was a significant predictor of survival. While G1 staged tumors had no increased risk for HCC recurrence related death compared to the reference category (no or necrotic tumors), G2 and G3-4 graded tumors were identified as significant hazards for HCC recurrence related deaths. The risk to die from HCC recurrence after liver transplantation was twice as high for G3-4 tumors as compared to G2 graded tumors.

Survival was also significantly related to the UICC-7 staging (Table 6 and Figure 9(b)), meaning that survival decreased with each step-up in UICC-7 staging—with the exception of UICC I and II staged tumors—which had a comparable survival to the reference category of “no or necrotic tumors” (, ; , , resp.). If patients were transplanted outside the histologic MILAN criteria, then the HCC recurrence rate was significantly higher (, ) (Table 5 and Figure 8(c)) and survival significantly deteriorated (, ) (Table 6 and Figure 9(c)). Vice versa, if transplanted inside hMILAN the cumulative survival rate was 72% at 14 years (, Log Rank) (Figure 9(c)). Small (V1) and large (V2) vascular infiltrations were significant hazards for HCC recurrence (, ; , ; resp.) (Table 5 and Figure 8(d)) and HCC recurrence related risks for survival (, ; , ; resp.) (Table 6 and Figure 9(d)).

HCCR and survival were both significantly influenced by tumor grading (, Log Rank). The risk for HCCR increased (G2: , ; G3-4; , ) (Table 5 and Figure 8(f)) and survival decreased significantly with each step of tumor dedifferentiation (G3-4: , ) (Table 6 and Figure 9(f)). Furthermore, we found a significant increase in numbers of vascular infiltrating tumors and an increase of large vessel infiltrations per step of tumor dedifferentiation () () (Figure 10).

(a)

(b)

Figure 10: (a) Proportion of vascular infiltration with respect to tumor grading (G). The incidence of vascular infiltration and the proportion of small (V1) and large (V2) infiltrated vessels increased with each step of tumor dedifferentiation () (). The overall incidence of vascular infiltration was 7%, 31%, and 48% for G1, G2, and G3-4 graded tumors, respectively. The proportion of small vascular infiltration (V1) was 5%, 12%, and 21% for G1, G2, and G3-4 graded tumors, respectively. The proportion of large vessel infiltration (V2) was 2%, 20%, and 27% for G1, G2, and G3-4 graded tumors, respectively. (b) Proportions of uninodular/multinodular tumors with unilateral/bilateral hepatic spreading in G1–4 graded tumors. There was a close correlation between tumor grading and intrahepatic tumor spreading. The proportion of multinodular and bilateral spread tumors increased with each step of tumor dedifferentiation () (). The proportion of uninodular tumors was 59%, 43%, and 27% for G1, G2, and G3-4 graded tumors, respectively. The proportion of multinodular/unilateral tumors was 26%, 26%, and 31% for G1, G2, and G3-4 graded tumors, respectively. The proportion of multinodular/bilateral tumors was 14%, 31%, and 42% for G1, G2, and G3-4 graded tumors, respectively.

Because long-term survival was mainly limited by HCCR (, ; time-dependent Cox regression) and HCCRs were diagnosed as late as 10 years after LT, but not later than 10.4 years after LT, we aimed to determine the cohort identifiers with respect to this 10.4-year cut-off.

Therefore we analysed the database and compared the group of patients with HCCR occurrence (below 10.4 years) with the group of patients who had HCCR-free follow-up of more than 10.4 years after LT (hospital deaths censored). We found that hMILAN, UICC-7, vascular infiltration, and tumor grading were highly significant prognostic parameters (, Table 7), while neoadjuvant therapy and underlying diseases remained nonsignificant.

Table 7: Distribution of covariates and subcategories in HCCR versus HCCR-free postoperative episodes (cut-off time 10.4 years) () (hospital deaths and patients without HCCR within 10.4 years excluded).

Main category
Overall () (%)
Subcategory
Follow-up

<10.4 years ()
>10.4 years ()
value

Underlying disease
7 (6.1%)
Hepatitis B with D
3 (3.7%)
4 (12.1%)
0.076

35 (30.4%)
Hepatitis B
23 (28.0%)
12 (36.4%)

30 (26.1%)
Hepatitis C
20 (24.4%)
10 (30.3%)

3 (2.6%)
Hepatitis C with B
1 (1.2%)
2 (6.1%)

15 (13.0%)
Alcohol
14 (17.1%)
1 (3.0%)

16 (13.9%)
Cryptogenic
13 (15.9%)
3 (9.1%)

9 (7.8%)
Other
8 (9.8%)
1 (3.0%)

UICC-7
9 (7.8%)
No or necrotic tumor
3 (3.7%)
6 (18.2%)
0.000

19 (16.5%)
I
7 (8.5%)
12 (36.4%)

27 (23.5%)
II
16 (19.5%)
11 (33.3%)

18 (15.7%)
IIIA
18 (22.0%)
0

27 (23.5%)
IIIB
25 (30.5%)
2 (6.1%)

7 (6.1%)
IIIC
5 (6.1%)
2 (6.1%)

5 (4.3%)
IVA
5 (6.1%)
0

3 (2.6%)
IVB
3 (3.7%)
0

hMILAN
50 (43.5%)
Inside
27 (32.9%)
23 (69.7%)
0.000

65 (56.5%)
Outside
55 (67.1%)
10 (30.3%)

Before treatment
64 (55.7%)
No
43 (52.4%)
21 (63.6%)
0.274

51 (44.3%)
Yes
39 (47.6%)
12 (36.4%)

Vascular infiltration
9 (7.8%)
No or necrotic tumor
3 (3.7%)
6 (18.2%)
0.000

55 (47.8%)
0
32 (39.0%)
23 (69.7%)

19 (16.5%)
1
17 (20.7%)
2 (6.1%)

32 (27.8%)
2
30 (36.6%)
2 (6.1%)

Grading (G)
9 (8.3%)
No or necrotic tumor
3 (2.8%)
6 (5.5%)
0.000

20 (18.3%)
1
9 (8.3%)
11 (10.1%)

52 (47.7%)
2
42 (38.5%)
10 (9.2%)

28 (25.7%)
3-4
24 (22.0%)
4 (3.7%)

HCC = hepatocellular carcinoma.

UICC-7 = 7th edition TNM classification of Unité International Contre Cancer.

hMILAN = histologic MILAN classification.

Vascular infiltration: V0 = none, V1 = small vessels, and V2 = large vessels.

Tumor grading: G1 = low, G2 = intermediate, and G3-4 = high to anaplastic.

4. Discussion

The results of this study containing the complete data of our center since 1975 demonstrate that hepatocellular carcinoma can be cured by LT—even in advanced tumor stages. As expected, long-term survival was mainly limited by HCC recurrence (HCCR) (, ; time-dependent Cox regression) and any covariate with high potency for HCC recurrence therefore was a significant negative predictor of survival as well. Vice versa, covariates that were not associated with a significantly higher rate of HCC recurrences (e.g., underlying diseases) had no significant impact on tumor-free survival. We were surprised though to find that not only intrahepatic HCCRs (some of which might have been de novo HCCs) but extrahepatic HCCR also can occur more than 10 years after LT—without synchronous intrahepatic HCC recurrences. We believe that these tumors must have been dormant metastatic HCC manifestations, which existed probably at the time of LT. Thus, it seems that persistent HCC metastasis can reside in extrahepatic locations without being diagnosed or being clinically relevant for many years despite a constant immunosuppressive therapy after transplantation. HCC recurrence-free survival beyond the observed cut-off of 10.4 years’ follow–up is a very good prognostic sign independent of the initial tumor staging (e.g., hMILAN and UICC-7 staging) (Table 7). Few patients even were cured from HCCR with observed long-term survival; for example, one patient did survive more than 30 years after repeated resection of lung metastases at one and two years after LT and finally died by natural cause. These findings are only obtainable by long-term observational studies covering at least two decades of follow-up after LT. The fact that even patients with advanced HCCs and tumor stages beyond today’s listing criteria did survive for astonishingly long periods of time (as shown by this series of patients) demonstrates the outstanding role of LT in the treatment of HCC.

It is clear that the histologic MILAN has no pretransplant predictive value, because it is a histological posttransplantation parameter of the recipient’s liver. In this context it is interesting to realize that there was significant proportion of patients who did survive up to 25 years after LT, despite the fact that their tumors had been falsely categorized inside the iMILAN classification.

When putting those information together with the knowledge that sensitivity and accuracy of modern imaging techniques have increased over the decades, then one might conclude that the commonly used iMILAN criteria need a revision based on contemporary data. Such an update of iMILAN criteria should take into account that there is—and probably always will be—an existing variance between preoperative iMILAN and postoperative hMILAN.

Furthermore, for a more accurate assessment of the long-term prognosis, it could be beneficial not only to classify the tumors according to size and numbers of tumors but to consider also the bilateral distribution of tumors on both liver lobes as a prognostic relevant cofactor (Figure 5, Tables 5 and 6).

Hence it is no surprise that several authors already have cast serious doubt [44, 45] on the concept of relying solely on the commonly used iMILAN status for the listing of patients and suggested the extension of the iMILAN criteria, which has already resulted in the definition of alternative listing criteria (e.g., the University of California San Francisco (UCSF) criteria) [46]. But these alternative allocation algorithms also rely solely on pretransplant imaging technology and lack long-term follow-up data that covers at least two decades after LT.

Neoadjuvant therapy in general was only slightly advantageous with respect to HCC recurrence but nevertheless did prolong survival significantly. Because the effect of different neoadjuvant treatment strategies in different patients by different specialists against different tumors of different numbers, sizes, gradings, and status of vascular infiltration is variant, the extent of induced tumor necrosis is completely variant as well. The bottom line is that lowest HCCR rates and best survival rates had been observed when all tumor mass was completely necrotic or missing (e.g., after resection) (Figures 5, 8(b), 8(d), 8(f), 9(b), 9(d), and 9(f)). In other words, the possibly advantageous effect of a neoadjuvant therapy depends on whether all tumor mass is transferred into a complete necrosis or not.

The data further demonstrate that tumor grading (G) is currently an underrated pretransplant prognostic parameter, which seems to be equally relevant for long-term prognosis after LT as compared to allocation algorithms such as iMILAN, which are susceptible for the underrating of relevant histological tumor parameters—for example, the status of vascular infiltration.

Our data also demonstrates the existing close correlation of tumor dedifferentiation with intrahepatic tumor spreading (Figure 10(a)) and the potency of tumor cell differentiation (grading, G) to predict vascular infiltration (Figure 10(b)). As tumor grading and vascular infiltration have a significant prognostic impact on HCC recurrence and patient survival, these cofactors should be routinely utilized for a better timing of LT in HCC patients.

5. Conclusion

Our retrospective data analysis demonstrates the historical evolution in liver transplantation from the 1970s until today. We clearly show that the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma can be survived for the long-term after liver transplantation (LT). Vascular infiltration is one decisive predictor of HCCR and a major hazard for survival but is not easily and reliably detectable before LT. Furthermore, the data shows that grading is closely related to vascular infiltration and a multinodular and bilateral tumor spreading. Grading can be easily and reliably determined prior to LT by biopsy. We believe that this observation should be taken into account in liver allocation and the timing of LT. Biopsies could be well acquired synchronously during RFA or PEI bridging interventions. Furthermore, due to the fact that needle tract seeding has a very low incidence of only 0.13% [47] and in face of the potential benefits we believe that repeated fine needle biopsies [48, 49] of HCC tumors should be considered while the patient is listed for LT. One thinkable scenario though might be that a detected dedifferentiation would trigger a drop-out from the waiting list due to expected poor prognosis and the implied ethical and judicial dilemma for patients who may remove themselves from the liver transplant waiting list by agreeing to the consequences of liver biopsy cannot be easily resolved. Vice versa, a consequence of more positive thinking could be a faster donor liver allocation process in case of detected progressive cellular dedifferentiation, hoping to perform LT before vascular infiltration and metastatic seeding of HCC have taken place. Of course, a single biopsy provides no complete picture of the entire tumor, especially not if the tumor has a multinodular morphology with different tumor gradings in each tumor nodule. However, our data show that every single detected dedifferentiation represents a significant risk increment for HCC recurrence and therefore should be considered accordingly, not only during the initial listing of patients, but also in patients who are already listed and waiting for a donor organ.

Overall, we believe that an updated and refined liver allocation score for HCC patients could be developed to gain a higher predictive power compared to the usual iMILAN classification. Further refined biometrical studies on this issue are in progress.

Abbreviations

LT: | Liver transplantation
HCC: | Hepatocellular carcinoma
HCCR: | Hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence
hMILAN: | Histology-based MILAN
iMILAN: | Imaging-based MILAN.

Conflict of Interests

The work of the author Harald Schrem was supported by a grant from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (reference number 01EO1302). Otherwise, this research did not receive any specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or nonprofit sector. All authors declare that there is no conflict of interests that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research reported.

Authors’ Contribution

Nikos Emmanouilidis and Rickmer Peters contributed equally. Nikos Emmanouilidis and Rickmer Peters participated in research design, participated in the writing of paper, participated in the performance of the research, and participated in data analysis. Bastian P. Ringe participated in the writing of paper and participated in the performance of the research. Zeynep Güner, Wolf Ramackers, Hüseyin Bektas, Frank Lehner, Michael Manns, and Jürgen Klempnauer participated in the performance of the research. Harald Schrem participated in the writing of paper, participated in the performance of the research, and participated in data analysis.

Acknowledgment

The authors are grateful for the database retrieval enabled by Karlheinz Heiringhoff.

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