With the increasing diversification and personalization of consumer demand in the international market, coupled with the rapid development of the internet, the many advantages of cross-border e-commerce as an emerging trading model have become more apparent. When the hybrid system synergy model is based on the effective combination of the systems, the overall performance is greater than the sum of various elements’ simple superposition. As the upstream chain of modern logistics, cross-border e-commerce requires its virtual characteristics to develop in the direction of informationization, automation, and intelligence. Only when they are interdependent and mutually promoted can they achieve greater synergy. The regional difference measurement theory is often used to measure the effect of cross-border e-commerce industry transfer. First, build a cross-border e-commerce industry transfer effect measurement model to analyze the development level of China’s cross-border e-commerce, for example, the measurement model of commercial industry transfer effects from 2001 to 2016. It is mainly because the development of modern logistics lags behind cross-border e-commerce, resulting in the inability of cross-border e-commerce and modern logistics to form an orderly coupling in the system structure and function. Therefore, to better promote the coordinated development of cross-border e-commerce and modern logistics, it is necessary to stimulate the functions of various subsystems and promote the synergy and deep integration of multiparty entities such as government, enterprises, and industry associations.
Since the outbreak of the financial crisis in 2008, the global economy has been weakening, China’s economic downward pressure has continued to increase, and the import and export trade market has continued to slump. After the first negative growth in foreign trade in 2009, negative growth reappeared in 2015. In sharp contrast, China’s cross-border e-commerce has been developing at a fast rate, and its total transaction volume has increased by 32% annually, far higher than the annual growth rate of 7.7% in foreign trade. According to data released by the General Administration of Customs in March 2016, cross-border e-commerce import transactions increased 16 times year-on-year in 2015, and export transactions increased by 4.9 times year-on-year. As a new trading method, cross-border e-commerce, relying on the advantages of the Internet, can break through time and space restrictions and provide a more open multilateral market, which has become an important engine to promote China’s foreign trade industry. With the development of cross-border e-commerce, consumers are increasingly demanding cross-border consumer product certification and logistics service timeliness, experience, and cost [
The existing literature has extensively explored the advantages of O2O or channel integration. At the same time, it also found that in the process of multichannel management, there are problems caused by unreasonable resource allocation and conflicting information in the channel, which ultimately affects the enterprise. From the perspective of consumers, some scholars explore the factors that influence consumers’ choice of channels. However, research on how businesses choose between traditional sales models, e-commerce, and O2O models is rarely seen [
In recent years, along with the development of China’s regional economy, industrial problems have emerged, and industrial transfer research has rapidly warmed up in the country, gradually developing into a research hotspot. In general, domestic scholars’ current research status in this field is to reevaluate the theory, while the foreign research is more theoretical and less empirical; the foreign countries started earlier, but the results are scattered in various subject areas and a theoretical system has not been formed. Marchet et al. propose an omnichannel commercial logistics model to analyze e-commerce logistics, which solves the cumbersome problems of e-commerce logistics and increases the orderliness of logistics [
With the increasing diversification and personalization of consumer demand in the international market, coupled with the rapid development of the internet, the many advantages of cross-border e-commerce as an emerging trading model have become more apparent [
The research contributions of this paper include the following: Propose a logistics analysis method based on a hybrid system collaboration model. Based on the system’s effective combination, the overall performance will be greater than the sum of individual elements’ simple superposition. As the upstream chain of modern logistics, cross-border e-commerce needs its virtual characteristics to develop informatization, automation, and intelligence. Only by interdependence and mutual promotion can we achieve greater synergy. The paper puts forward the regional difference measurement theory and applies it to the measurement of the effect of cross-border e-commerce industry transfer. Constructed a measurement model for the effect of cross-border e-commerce industry transfer and researched the development level of cross-border e-commerce in my country.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section
This section gives a brief review of the various transfer effects of the cross-border e-commerce industry. At present, the representative research on the relationship between cross-border e-commerce and modern logistics mainly focuses on the following aspects [
The third is the opportunity for the development of the Belt and Road. For example, Niu et al. [
The fourth is the emerging cross-border logistics model and assessment. Kasemsap [
The above research provides the research basis and reference for this paper and leaves a large room for expansion. On the one hand, most of the research focuses on the one-way impact of modern logistics on cross-border e-commerce and cross-border e-commerce logistics problems with new logistics models. On the other hand, research methods are primarily qualitative analysis, while quantitative analysis uses simple linear correlation analysis and other methods to demonstrate the relationship between the two. The indicators are relatively simple; it is difficult to measure the mutual influence relationship [
Cross-border e-commerce refers to business activities in which different trading entities in the territory use the internet to realize commodity transactions through e-commerce platforms, conduct online payments, ensure transportation of goods, and conclude transactions through cross-border logistics. Drawing on Haken’s synergy definition, this paper examines the linkage state and the process between cross-border e-commerce and modern logistics from a systematic perspective. It focuses on the degree of consistency [
Cross-border e-commerce has a very important strategic significance as a technological foundation for promoting economic integration and trade globalization. Cross-border e-commerce has broken through the obstacles between countries and made international trade move to borderless trade. At the same time, it is also causing tremendous changes in world economic trade [
Import and export trade scale of cross-border e-commerce.
For a long time, influenced by the international economic situation and the practice of international industrial transfer, the definition of early industrial transfer mostly stayed where developed countries have advantages. Later, the practice of industrial transfer was no longer confined to a single declining industry but gradually expanded to an expansionary industry and gave a more comprehensive description of the industry in terms of nature, methods, and effects. With regional economic theory development, there are more and more statistical methods for assessing regional differences [
In image-driven transmission, network transmission security is very important. The sources of network and communication security risks are mainly identified from the three aspects of network and security equipment hardware, software, and network communication protocols. These three aspects play a decisive role in the transmission of network information. As the infrastructure of network communication, network, and security equipment, its hardware performance, reliability, and network structure design determine the efficiency of data transmission to a certain extent. The risks brought about by network communication protocols are more reflected in the design flaws of the protocol layer. Although this defect’s failure probability is very low, once the problem occurs, it is very serious.
To measure the development level of China’s cross-border e-commerce industry transfer effect effectively, we first need to construct a corresponding order parameter index system. The selected indicators need to characterize each subsystem’s development level to measure cross-border e-commerce and modern logistics correctly. This paper draws on the research results according to each subsystem’s characteristics and the availability of relevant index data. It compares the representative cross-border e-commerce evaluation index system of industry transfer effect to initially select cross-border e-commerce development. Modern logistics service capabilities, as the order parameters of the cross-border e-commerce subsystem and modern logistics subsystem, measure the development capabilities of the cross-border e-commerce system with 12 indicators such as total volume, quality, potential, and structure. Scale, infrastructure, informatization level, three dimensions, 12 indicators, and evaluation of cross-border e-commerce system service are given in Table
Cross-border e-commerce evaluation index system.
First-level indicator | Second-level indicator | Third-level indicator |
---|---|---|
Cross-border e-commerce development capability | Total amount | National e-commerce transactions total/trillion yuan |
Total import and export transactions/trillions of yuan | ||
Total cross-border e-commerce transactions/trillions of yuan | ||
Quality | Cross-border e-commerce transaction size annual growth rate (%) | |
Cross-border e-commerce trade contribution rate (%) | ||
Potential | Household consumption level/yuan | |
Retail industry employees/10,000 people | ||
Number of netizens/100 million people | ||
Structure | Cross-border e-commerce import scale (%) | |
Cross-border e-commerce export scale (%) | ||
Cross-border e-commerce B2B transaction size (%) | ||
Cross-border e-commerce B2C transaction size (%) |
Business process for cross-border e-commerce transactions.
The traditional Malmquist TFP index has been around for a long time, and the Swedish economics and statistician Malmquist used the index to analyze consumption changes over time [
In general, the expression of the Malmquist TFP index is as follows:
Suppose there is a decision unit
The following is a Malmquist exponential formula based on the Industrial transfer effect measurement, denoted as CC-Malmquist.
In the past 40 years of reform and opening up, China’s cross-border e-commerce supply and demand have shown rapid growth due to China’s rapid economic growth. Looking back at history, during the 34 years from 1978 to 2011, China’s GDP grew at an average annual rate of 9.8% at comparable prices, creating a miraculous growth that has attracted worldwide attention. However, China has paid a huge price for high economic growth in many aspects, such as resources and the environment. According to statistics, at least 80% of China’s GDP growth in the past has been obtained by relying on “overdraft” of resources and the ecological environment. Factors such as emphasizing the economy, neglecting the environment, and excessive pursuit of output value development have made the environmental resources overloaded. The interprovincial cross-border e-commerce consumption situation in China is as follows. The continuous growth of China’s extensive economy has brought unprecedented pressure on resources and the environment. Therefore, cross-border e-commerce efficiency has become one of the issues of general concern to the Chinese government and the international community. China’s vast territory and different geological structures have formed the basic characteristics of China’s cross-border e-commerce resources: one is widely distributed, and the other is an uneven distribution. The composition of cross-border e-commerce consumption in various regions has inextricably linked with the distribution of cross-border e-commerce structure types.
The cross-border e-commerce intensity, that is, the “cross-border e-commerce-GDP” indicator, refers to the cross-border e-commerce required for unit economic output. It belongs to the cross-border e-commerce efficiency index under the single factor productivity framework. Because it is simple in calculation and strong in operability, it is the most commonly used mixed indicator for measuring the efficiency of cross-border e-commerce in a country or region. Here, we present the interprovincial cross-border e-commerce intensity values for representative years in China, as shown in Table
The Chinese interprovincial cross-border e-commerce.
2001 | 2004 | 2007 | 2010 | 2013 | 2016 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beijing | 1.67 | 1.04 | 0.80 | 0.57 | 0.54 | 0.49 |
Tianjin | 1.70 | 1.41 | 1.11 | 0.80 | 0.78 | 0.74 |
Hebei | 2.20 | 1.93 | 1.96 | 1.52 | 1.47 | 1.35 |
Shanxi | 4.09 | 4.02 | 2.95 | 2.14 | 2.12 | 1.83 |
Inner Mongolia | 2.53 | 2.35 | 2.48 | 1.66 | 1.58 | 1.44 |
Liaoning | 2.28 | 1.94 | 1.87 | 1.30 | 1.26 | 1.13 |
Jilin | 2.07 | 1.85 | 1.65 | 1.12 | 1.06 | 0.96 |
Heilongjiang | 1.90 | 1.65 | 1.46 | 1.20 | 1.22 | 1.08 |
Shanghai | 1.21 | 1.07 | 0.91 | 0.73 | 0.69 | 0.65 |
Jiangsu | 1.00 | 0.91 | 0.92 | 0.72 | 0.69 | 0.62 |
Zhejiang | 1.09 | 0.92 | 0.90 | 0.70 | 0.68 | 0.61 |
Anhui | 1.61 | 1.51 | 1.21 | 0.94 | 0.88 | 0.79 |
Fujian | 0.88 | 0.78 | 0.94 | 0.76 | 0.73 | 0.67 |
Jiangxi | 1.25 | 1.06 | 1.06 | 0.77 | 0.76 | 0.67 |
Shandong | 1.33 | 1.08 | 1.28 | 0.99 | 0.96 | 0.89 |
Henan | 1.54 | 1.43 | 1.38 | 1.05 | 1.01 | 0.93 |
Hubei | 1.47 | 1.59 | 1.51 | 1.13 | 1.06 | 0.95 |
Hunan | 1.10 | 1.22 | 1.40 | 1.07 | 1.02 | 0.93 |
Guangdong | 0.98 | 0.84 | 0.79 | 0.64 | 0.62 | 0.58 |
Guangxi | 1.30 | 1.18 | 1.22 | 0.93 | 0.91 | 0.83 |
Hainan | 0.93 | 0.74 | 0.92 | 0.76 | 0.75 | 0.66 |
Chongqing | 1.53 | 1.61 | 1.42 | 1.12 | 1.08 | 0.99 |
Sichuan | 1.63 | 1.59 | 1.53 | 1.20 | 1.15 | 1.04 |
Guizhou | 4.31 | 3.59 | 3.25 | 1.99 | 1.93 | 1.78 |
Yunnan | 1.77 | 1.70 | 1.73 | 1.32 | 1.30 | 1.20 |
Shan’xi | 1.64 | 1.65 | 1.44 | 1.01 | 0.98 | 0.88 |
Gansu | 3.06 | 2.45 | 2.26 | 1.69 | 1.62 | 1.44 |
Qinghai | 3.40 | 2.99 | 3.07 | 2.24 | 2.17 | 1.90 |
Ningxia | 4.44 | 3.45 | 4.14 | 2.68 | 2.50 | 2.18 |
Xinjiang | 2.44 | 2.25 | 2.11 | 1.69 | 1.76 | 1.52 |
China’s cross-border e-commerce products mainly include 3C electronic products, maternal and child health products, cosmetics, shoes and hats, home gardening, outdoor products, and auto parts. 3C electronic products have the characteristics of high standardization and low return rate and are suitable for sale through e-commerce channels. Manufacturers of corresponding cross-border e-commerce are also the main producers and manufacturers of these commodity categories. At present, in the field of cross-border e-commerce, bank payment, credit card payment, third-party payment, and other payment methods coexist. Among them, cross-border e-commerce B2B currently completes transactions in the traditional offline mode. The payment methods are mainly credit card and bank transfer such as Western Union. Cross-border e-commerce B2C primarily uses online payment methods to complete transactions, and third-party payment tools have been widely used. The main characteristics of supply chain finance have realized e-commerce, combining logistics and capital flow, and financial zing logistics. Each platform, such as supply chain data, financial networks, transaction standardization, multiple standardized manifests, standardized mortgages, and platform specialization, has its own characteristics, some are large vertical e-commerce platforms, and some are vertical consumption platforms. The characteristics of supply chain finance are based on subversion, and the transaction process of enterprises is transferred to supply chain finance. The whole process of capital and logistics is controlled, and closed-loop control is realized. The customer’s order service on the Alibaba platform combined with short-term export credit insurance financing and factoring as an entry point: the order is the starting point of a transaction once the overseas buyer orders through the Alibaba platform. With the order as the chain, the foreign trade inquiry is matched, and the order management is carried out. The logistics supply chain and fund settlement form a closed loop, enabling process traceability and quality control, which ultimately protects the transactions between buyers and sellers. The financial framework of the cross-border e-commerce supply chain is shown in Figure
Cross-border e-commerce supply chain financial framework.
In terms of index selection, the number of sample sizes must be no less than twice the evaluation indicators. Fully considering data availability and drawing on the cross-border e-commerce, labor, and capital, three-factor production function ideas are established. Based on the comprehensive theory, the following input-output indicator system has been constructed: one of the output indicators is the region’s actual GDP. There are three input indicators, namely, capital investment, cross-border e-commerce investment, and labor input. The actual GDP of the region uses each region’s annual GDP data to reflect the output level of each decision-making unit. Considering the issue of comparability, this paper takes 2007 as the base period. It uses the regional GDP index and flattens it to obtain the constant local price’s real GDP in 2007. Capital investment is measured by capital stock. The currently widely used method is to calculate each province’s capital stock and city at constant prices using the perpetual inventory method after estimating a base year. Hsiao et al. systematically estimated the interprovincial physical capital stock in China [
Input-output indicator system.
Input indicator | Output indicator |
---|---|
Capital: interprovincial material capital stock | |
Labor: labor input with labor quality | GDP: actual regional GDP |
Cross-border e-commerce: total interprovincial cross-border e-commerce consumption |
The formation of industrial belts is a distinctive feature of regional economic development, while infrastructure, central cities, and tertiary industries are the main components. To this end, according to the connotation of the industrial belt, the main driving forces for the formation and evolution of the Jiangsu industrial belt can be compared and analyzed from the aspects of resource development, infrastructure, central city, technological progress, and export-oriented economy. As the command center, service center, and regulation center of regional economic development, the central city is an important industrial belt node. With the growth of the central city’s economy and the expansion of its scale, the diffusion effect is increasing, and the organization drives the economic development of the radiation region. Increasingly, central cities with higher development levels often bring out industrial belts with higher levels of development. The cities along the Yangtze River and Shanghai-Nanjing industrial belt are densely populated and economically developed. Among them, there are 2 mega-cities, 4 large cities, 8 medium-sized cities, 7 small cities along the Yangtze River, and several established towns. Urban population and built-up area: it has reached 12.1253 million and 1467.41 square kilometers, respectively; there are 4 megacities, 2 medium cities, 1 small city, and several established towns in the Shanghai-Nanjing industrial belt. The urban population and built-up area have reached 11.954 million and 1415.16 square kilometers. The coastal and eastern Bohai Sea industrial belts are populated and economically developed in the north of Jiangsu Province. There are 1 megacity, 1 large city, and 2 medium cities along the East Longhai Sea. The built-up area reached 2,904,700 and 400.08 square kilometers, respectively; the construction of the coastal industrial belt started late, and the overall development level of the city is lagging. There are only 3 large cities, 4 medium cities, 10 small cities, and an urban population. The area of the district is 4,375,700 and 1,590.94 square kilometers, respectively. Therefore, large- and medium-sized cities in the four major industrial belts’ urban axis system are developed and have various functional types. There are both national-level industrial bases and comprehensive regional cities, which constitute the Jiangsu industrial belt’s basic skeleton.
To comprehensively compare the impact of the above five kinds of dynamics on the formation and development of industrial belts in Jiangsu Province, a linear regression model and an entropy method were used to comprehensively and quantitatively analyze them. From five aspects: resource development promotion, infrastructure guidance, central city traction, science and technology promotion, and outward development. Taking 2001–2016 as the research period, the main dynamic process of the formation and development of the industrial belt since implementing the regional common development strategy in Jiangsu Province has been evaluated. According to the weights of each evaluation index and its normalized value, the comprehensive value is shown in Figure
Economic development level and development momentum of major industrial belts in Jiangsu Province.
Comparison results of different models.
It can be seen from Figures
Under the new normal, promoting the coordinated development of cross-border e-commerce and modern logistics is a complex system engineering, which requires the cooperation and deep integration of multiparty entities such as government, enterprises, and industry associations. At present, it is urgent to construct a modern logistics integrated service system to realize the orderly coupling of the cross-border e-commerce and modern logistics in the system structure and function to maximize the synergy between cross-border e-commerce and modern logistics. It is important to construct a coordinated development path and strive to achieve an interactive development of cross-border e-commerce and modern logistics.
First, strengthen the construction of cross-border e-commerce infrastructure. Give priority to supporting information infrastructure projects such as network broadband so that they can enjoy the policy dividends brought about by the Belt and Road Initiative strategy. It will guide Internet information technology innovation, enhance R&D and independent innovation capabilities, and apply innovation results to practice. Better serve cross-border e-commerce. Second, improve the comprehensive service system for cross-border logistics. Establish a one-stop large customs clearance port for multi-sector cooperation to improve the commodity circulation rate. Encourage domestic express logistics companies to cooperate with internationally renowned companies to provide more high-quality and efficient cross-border logistics services. Third, develop cross-border e-commerce industrial parks. The organic management f information flow, logistics, and capital flow can effectively play its role. It is strengthening information and promoting regular declarations to create more profit space for cross-border e-commerce enterprises. And, promote dynamic management. The government should also actively participate in constructing online trade zones, establish coordination mechanisms with other participating countries and regions, and promote consumer rights protection with sound policies and regulations; establish an integrated trade growth model to help SMEs integrate into international trade.
First, build an integrated platform to promote industrial integration. The shortcomings of cross-border e-commerce logistics in China are mainly complicated processes, long distances, and low circulation efficiency. The platform has been connected to the wiring and information flow under the logistics system. The information platform of logistics, business flow, and logistics ensure the smooth operation of the cross-border e-commerce logistics supply chain. Secondly, innovate cross-border logistics services and rationally choose logistics services. Cross-border logistics enterprises should integrate resources and establish a one-stop integrated service system to meet various cross-border consumers’ multilevel needs.
In addition to line logistics, it is also possible to promote overseas models and establish overseas warehousing bases in countries and regions where trade with China is frequent. In this way, the goods only need to be transferred to warehouses at two fixed locations when entering and leaving the country. The types of demand for environmental e-commerce users determine the logistics mode. For example, ordinary postal services are used for the low-end consumer goods in the B2C mode and the international air express service is used for high-end luxury goods. It is also possible to use two or more modes in combination and adjust them in due course.
The coordinated development of cross-border e-commerce and modern logistics requires the joint efforts of governments, enterprises, and industry associations to enhance integration. At present, the synergy between multiparty entities needs to focus on the following two aspects: first, strengthen talent cultivation. Governments, universities, enterprises, industry associations, and other stakeholders work closely to improve the diversified talent cultivation mechanism. They highlight government-policy-oriented functions, university personnel training functions, corporate and industry association practices and training functions, and cultivating diversified channels. The second is to strengthen market orientation. The ultimate goal of cross-border e-commerce and modern logistics collaboration is to achieve more efficient development and create more social and economic value. This requires us to be market-oriented and give full play to the basic functions of the resource allocation market. All of them are based on market demand, strengthening information sharing and resource integration, increasing product service complementarity, and optimizing supply chains’ integration. In addition, it is necessary to tap the potential needs of consumers, such as broadening consumers’ overseas shopping channels and shortening overseas shopping logistics time.
The industrial transfer is a complex economic phenomenon involving multiple entities, multiple spaces, and multidisciplinary attributes. Therefore, the difficulty of the research is relatively high, although the research has achieved more results. As a spatial organization form of regional economic development, industrial belts’ construction and development have received more and more attention and become an important factor for balanced growth and driving the regional economy. Development and other aspects have played a significant role. The construction of industrial belts has gradually become a critical organizational form for the intensive and specialized development of traditional industries and modern manufacturing industries in China and a vital force for promoting the leap-forward development of regional economies. Since the implementation of the regional common development strategy in 1994, the important position of cross-border e-commerce industry belt construction in regional economic development has risen to a considerable extent. In chronological order, the economy develops gradually. The regional economy has gradually formed a pattern of interactive development. The layout and development of cross-border e-commerce industry belts have effectively curbed the widening differences between the north and the south. While promoting the industry belt’s economic status in the province, the intensity of economic interaction between industry and county has enhanced. The factors affecting the formation and evolution of cross-border e-commerce industry belts are complex and diversified. The driving force for the formation and development of industrial belts is constantly changing—gradually from single propulsion to diversification, that is, from resource development to infrastructure-based transformation.
The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.
The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest.