Extension of Axiomatic Design Method for Fuzzy Linguistic Multiple Criteria Group Decision Making with Incomplete Weight Information

Axiomatic design AD provides a framework to describe design objects and a set of axioms to evaluate relations between intended functions and means by which they are achieved. It has been extended to evaluate alternatives in engineering under fuzzy environment. With respect to multiple criteria group decision making MCDM with incomplete weight information under fuzzy linguistic environment, a new method is proposed. In the method, the fuzzy axiomatic design based on triangle representation model is used to aggregate the linguistic evaluating information. In order to get the weight vector of the criteria, we establish a nonlinear optimization model based on the basic ideal of fuzzy axiomatic design FAD , by which the criteria weights can be determined. It is based on the concept that the optimal alternative should have the least weighted information content. Then, the weighted information content is derived by summing weighted information content for each criterion. The alternative that has the least total weighted information content is the best. Finally, a numerical example is used to illustrate the availability of the proposed method.


Introduction
The increasing complexity of the socio-economic environment makes multiple criteria decision-making MCDM problems widespread in engineering decision making.For example, MCDM has been used in industrial engineering and manufacturing systems 1-5 , aerospace mechanical engineering 6 , bioengineering 7 , computer engineering 8-11 , chemical engineering 12, 13 , and construction engineering 14 .MCDM refers to making preference decisions over the available alternatives that are characterized by multiple criteria 15 .Decision makers give opinions for each criterion of alternatives with quantitative and qualitative terms.In decision-making process, the exact preference information is better than inexact preference information about the alternatives with respect to a criterion.In addition to the precision decision-making problems, in reality, decision makers often face vague and fuzzy decision-making problems.Many aspects in the real world cannot be assessed in a quantitative form but rather in a qualitative way, that is, with vague or imprecise knowledge.For example, when classifying the documents, linguistic labels like "high", "medium", and "low" are used to judge the document relevance 8 .Since making decisions with linguistic information is a usual task faced by many decision makers, approaches have been proposed for dealing with the linguistic information 16, 17 .Fuzzy set theory FST is a methodology for representing and manipulating the fuzzy data instead of precise data.It is an extension of ordinary set theory for dealing with uncertainty and imprecision associated within formation.The theory of fuzzy logic provides a mathematical strength to capture the uncertainties associated with human cognitive process, such as thinking and reasoning 16 .
The classical MCDM methods cannot effectively handle problems with fuzzy information.Hence, fuzzy multiple criteria decision making FMADM has attracted great interest of the researchers 18-27 .Many classical MCDM methods are extended under fuzzy environment and used for various problems.For example, Chen 28 extended the TOPSIS in the fuzzy environment.In the proposed fuzzy TOPSIS method, the rating of each alternative and the weight of each criterion are described by linguistic terms which are expressed in triangular fuzzy numbers.The fuzzy VIKOR method 29 has been developed to solve fuzzy multicriteria problem with conflicting and noncommensurable different units criteria.Opricovic 30 used the fuzzy VIKOR to plan water resources.Chang 31 proposed a new approach for handling fuzzy AHP, with the use of triangular fuzzy numbers for pairwise comparison scale of fuzzy AHP and the use of the extent analysis method for the synthetic extent value of the pairwise comparison.Goumas and Lygerou 32 made an extension of the PROMETHEE method for decision making in fuzzy environment.In the study, the proposed method is applied for the evaluation and ranking of alternative energy exploitation schemes of a low-temperature geothermal field.Chen et al. 33 proposed an approach to evaluate restoration plans for power distribution systems based on the hybrid fuzzy grey relational model.
AD principles were initiated by Suh and Sekimoto 34 and are wildly used in engineering 34-42 .The ultimate goal is to establish a scientific basis for designing to improve design activities by providing the designer with a theoretical foundation based on logical and rational thought process and tools 35 .AD principles allow for the selection of not only the best alternative within a set of criteria but also the most appropriate alternative.It is the main difference between the classical MCDM method and AD.Recently, the MCDM methods based on AD principles are proposed and widely used in engineering.For example, Babic 36 developed a method based on AD principles.The method assists the designers in determining the appropriate flexible manufacturing system configuration at the design stage.Kulak 37 developed a decision support system called FUMAHES based on information axiom of the design principles to handle equipment selection problem.Kulak and Kahraman 38 proposed the new MCDM method based on information axiom under fuzzy environment.The evaluation of the alternatives and the definition of functional requirements were defined by triangular fuzzy numbers.The proposed approach was applied to multicriteria comparison of advanced manufacturing systems.Kulak and Kahraman 39 applied the information axiom to a multicriteria transportation company selection problem.Kulak et al. 40 developed weighted information axiom approach for the multiattribute decision problems for the first time.The proposed approach integrated with the unweighted information axiom was used to select the punching machines.Gonc ¸alves-Coelho and Mourão 41 used axiomatic design principles to select the manufacturing technologies.The axiom was used to check whether the design parameters satisfied the functional requirements.Subsequently, the information axiom was employed to select the most appropriate technology.Celik et al. 42 used the fuzzy information axiom to select the best alternatives among shipyards.The information axiom allows decision makers to define the design interval for each criterion.
Although the axiomatic design has been extended to solve the group decision-making problems under fuzzy environment in which both the criteria values and criteria weights take the form of fuzzy linguistic information, it fails to solve the group decision-making problems with linguistic evaluation information in which criteria weights are incompletely known.In this paper, a new method for fuzzy linguistic multiple criteria group decision-making problem with incomplete weight information based on the traditional ideas of axiomatic design is developed.The remainder of this paper is set out as follows.In the next section, we introduce some basic concepts of axiomatic design and fuzzy set theory.In the third section, we develop a practical method based on the traditional ideas of axiomatic design for linguistic group decision-making problem with incomplete weight information.In Section 4, we give an illustrative example to illustrate the availability of the proposed model.In the final section, we conclude the paper.

Axiomatic Design
Axiomatic design AD is a scientific and systematic basis that provides structure to design process for engineers.The most important concepts in axiomatic design are the design axioms, which are independence axiom and information axiom.The details of the two design axioms are described as follows 34-42 .

Independence Axiom
It means that the independence of functional requirements FRs must always be maintained, where FRs are defined as the minimum set of independent requirements that characterize the design goals.Moreover, it states that, in an acceptable design, the design parameters DPs can be adjusted to satisfy its corresponding FR without affecting other FRs.

Information Axiom
The best design is a functionally uncoupled design that has the minimum information content.In other words, among those designs that satisfy the independence axiom, the best design is the design that has the smallest information content.
The information axiom is a conventional method and facilitates the selection of proper alternative.It is symbolized by the information content that is related to the probability of satisfying the design goals.The information content I is given by where p i is the probability of achieving a given FR.
If there is more than one FR, information content is the sum of all these probabilities, which is calculated as In design situation, the probability of success is given by what the designer wishes to achieve in terms of tolerance i.e., design range and what the system is capable of delivering i.e., system range .The overlap between the design range and the system range is the region where the acceptable solution exists.Therefore, in the case of uniform probability distribution function p i may be written as Therefore, the information content is equal to In order to deal with linguistic information, the information axiom is extended under fuzzy environment and is used as a new methodology for multiple criteria decision making under fuzzy environment 38 .Triangular fuzzy numbers TFNs are used to depict the design goal and properties of the alternatives.The common area is the intersection area of the system's TFN and the design's TFN Figure 1 .Therefore, information content under fuzzy environment is calculated by

Fuzzy Set Theory
In most decision-making problems, decision maker often provides his evaluation information in a linguistic form.For example, when evaluating airline safety, linguistic labels like "high", "medium", and "low" are used 43 .Fuzzy set theory is a commonly used method to deal with the linguistic information.It is possible to use different fuzzy numbers depending on the situation.Since triangular fuzzy numbers are computational simplicity and are the effective way to formulate decision problems in linguistic environment 44 , they are adopted in the study.The preliminary of fuzzy set theory is given as follows 16 .
Definition 2.1.A fuzzy set A in a universe of discourse X is characterized by a membership function μ A x which associates with each element x in X a real number in the interval 0, 1 .The function value μ A x is termed the grade of membership of x in A. Definition 2.2.A triangular fuzzy number a can be defined by a triplet a 1 , a 2 , a 3 as shown in Figure 2. The membership function μ a x is defined as follows: 2.7

The Axiomatic Design Method for Linguistic Group Decision-Making Problems with Incomplete Weight Information
In this study, both ratings of alternatives and functional requirements FRs are evaluated by each expert.Therefore, a group decision-making method needs aggregating of experts' opinions and taking functional requirements into consideration 45 .In the following, the steps of the method are presented.Let A {A 1 , A 2 , . . ., A m } be a discrete set of alternatives, C {C 1 , C 2 , . . ., C n } the set of criteria, and D {D 1 , D 2 , . . ., D t } the set of decision makers, and assume that the degree of importance of expert D i is η i , where η i ∈ 0, 1 and the group decision-making matrix, where x k ij ∈ S is a preference values, which take the form of triangular fuzzy number, given by the decision maker D k ∈ D, for the alternative A i ∈ A, with respect to the criterion C j ∈ C. Let F { f 1 , f 2 , . . ., f n } be a set of functional requirements FRs , that is, the set of goals for the criteria, where f j ∈ F take the form of triangular fuzzy number.The decision makers use the fuzzy linguistic terms to express their preferences.The fuzzy linguistic terms and their corresponding values are shown in Table 1.
The information about criteria weights is incompletely known.Let w {w 1 , w 2 , . . ., w n } ∈ H be the weight vector of criteria, where w j ≥ 0, j 1, 2, . . ., n, n j 1 w j 1, H is a set of the known weight information, which can be constructed by the following forms 45-49 , for j / i. Form 1.A weak ranking: w i ≥ w j .Form 2. A strict ranking: w i − w j ≥ α i , α i > 0. Form 3. A ranking of differences: w i − w j ≥ w k − w l , for j / l / k.Form 4. A ranking with multiples: w i ≥ β j w j , 0 ≤ β j ≤ 1. Form 5.An interval form: Axiomatic design method with incomplete linguistic weight information has the following steps.
Step 1. Transform the data into triangular fuzzy numbers.Preference values and functional requirements take the form of triangular fuzzy number in decision making.Since linguistic terms are not mathematically operable, they must be transformed to numbers.They can be transformed to fuzzy numbers in Table 1.
Step 2. Aggregate the experts' opinions.Since the aggregation method of expert opinions presented by Chen is more efficient in calculating the degree of similarity between the subjective estimates of experts, it is adopted in the study 45 .The steps of the method are as follows.Step 2.1.Calculate the degree of agreement.Based on 3.1 , calculate the degree of agreement S R i , R j of the opinions between each pair of experts D i and D j , where S R i , R j ∈ 0, 1 , 3.1 Step 2.2.Calculate the average degree of agreement A E i of expert D i , where 3.2 Step 2.3.Calculate the relative degree of agreement RA E i of expert D i , where

3.3
Step 2.4.Assume that the weight of the degrees of importance of the experts and the weight of the relative degree of agreement of the experts are y 1 and y 2 , respectively, where y 1 ∈ 0, 1 and y 2 ∈ 0, 1 .Calculate the consensus degree coefficient C E i of expert D i , where * RA E i .

3.4
Step 2.5.The aggregation result of the fuzzy opinions is R, where where operators ⊗ and ⊕ are the fuzzy multiplication operator and the fuzzy addition operator, respectively.
Step 3. Calculate the information content.For each FR i the information content is calculated by where r ij1 and f j3 are the lower and upper values of the alternative A i under the criterion C i , respectively, and f j1 and f j3 are the lower and upper values of FR i .
Step 4. Calculate the weighted information content.The information content of ith alternative on ith criterion can be got as follows: where I w i is the weighted information content of ith alternative, I ij is the information content of ith alternative on ith criterion, and w j is the weight of ith criterion.
Note that since the alternative is better with less information content, the weight w j is not used directly but is transformed to a decreasing function as in the equation.Then with a larger weight of the criterion, the information contents decrease further and the corresponding alternative gets a higher priority.
Since we need the overall performance of the alternative on each criterion, the weighted average method is used and the total weighted information content of the alternative is the sum of all the weighted information content of the alternative on each criterion.Then the total weighted information content can be got as follows: where I w i is the weighted information content of ith alternative, I ij is the information content of ith alternative on ith criterion, and w j is the weight of ith criterion.
However, the information about criteria weights is incompletely known, and we should get criteria weights firstly.The alternative that has the minimum information content value is the best alternative for our goal, in order to get the weighted information content, we establish the following multiple objective optimization model M: subject to : ω ∈ H, i 1, 2, . . ., m.

3.9
By solving the model M, we get the optimal solution w w 1 , w 2 , . . ., w n , which can be used as the weight vector of criteria.Then the weighted information content of each alternative can be obtained with 3.8 .

Table 2:
The evaluation information of KMSs given by the first respondent.
Step 5. Select the best alternative.According to the information content value, the ranking order of all alternatives can be determined.If any alternative has the minimum information content value, then, it is the most desirable alternative.

Illustrative Example
In this section, we use an example of selecting the knowledge management system in computer software engineering to illustrate the proposed model.Knowledge management system KMS refers to the computer information systems employed to better retain, utilize, and share organizational knowledge.It is the key to implement knowledge management for organizations 50 .In order to find the most appropriate KMS, six knowledge management systems are to be evaluated.Let A {A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , A 4 , A 5 , A 6 } be the set of KMSs.We invited three respondents to participate in this study.Because of the different backgrounds of the respondents, their opinions are not treated equally.The weights of the respondents are 0.3, 0.3, and 0.4, respectively.The respondents must take a decision according to the five criteria including knowledge retrieval C 1 , knowledge map C 2 , access control C 3 , expansion C 4 , and integration C 5 .These criteria are constructed from functional and performance aspects.The respondents use the terms in Table 1 to give their opinions.The linguistic evaluation information of knowledge management systems given by respondents is shown in Tables 2, 3, and 4. The functional requirements FRs of the criteria are shown in Table 5. Suppose that the degrees of importance of the experts and the weight of the relative degree of agreement of the experts are equal and the values are 0.5.
According to the judgment of the three respondents, the information about the criterion weights is partly known as follows:

4.1
Step 1. Transform the linguistic evaluation information and functional requirements into triangular fuzzy numbers.The transformed results are presented in Tables 6, 7, 8, and 9.
Table 3: The evaluation information of KMSs given by the second respondent.
The evaluation information of KMSs given by the third respondent.
Step 2.1.Calculate the degree of agreement as follows:

4.2
Step 2.2.Calculate the average degree of agreement of expert as follows:

Table 5:
The functional requirements of criteria.
The transformed evaluation information of KMSs given by the first respondent.Step 2.3.Calculate the relative degree of agreement of expert as follows:

4.5
Step 2.5.Aggregate the fuzzy opinions.The aggregated results are obtained, and they are presented in Table 10.
From the table we see that the value of alternative A 5 on criterion C 4 is beyond the scope of the function requirement.Therefore A 5 is dropped from the set of available alternatives.

4.9
The calculated results of all the alternatives are shown in Table 12.
Step 5. Select the best alternative.Rank the alternatives in ascending order of the total weighted information content.The final ranking of the alternatives is

4.10
From the final ranking, clearly, we see that A 4 is the fittest knowledge management system, followed by A 6 A 3 A 2 , while A 1 is considered as the least fit.The final ranking of the alternatives is the trade-off of the performances on the criteria.For example, the value of A 6 on C 4 is the closest to the design requirement.However, the values of A 6 on the other criteria are far from the design requirements.On the contrary, all the values of alternative A 4 on the criteria are not too far from the design requirements and hence the overall performance is better.

Conclusions
In this paper, we make the extension of axiomatic design method for fuzzy linguistic multiple criteria group decision making with incomplete weight information.With respect to multiple criteria group decision making MCDM based on axiomatic design with incomplete weight information under fuzzy linguistic environment, the new method is proposed.In order to get the weight vector of the criteria, the nonlinear optimization model based on the basic ideal of axiomatic design is constructed.It is based on the main principle of fuzzy axiomatic design that the optimal alternative should have the least weighted information content.Then, the total weighted information content of each alternative is derived by summing weighted information content for each criterion.The alternatives are ranked in descending order of total weighted information content.The availability of the proposed method is validated by the numerical example.
The major advantages of the proposed method are as follows.
i The user can give linguistic opinions in the application of axiomatic design for MCDM problems because of the extension of axiomatic design under fuzzy linguistic environment.
ii In case of incomplete weight information, the axiomatic design still works well because of the extension of axiomatic design method with incomplete weight information.
iii The method allows for the selection of not only the best alternative within a set of criteria but also the most appropriate alternative.It is an extension of traditional MCDM methods which can only deal with extreme numbers.Moreover, the numerical example can be a reference for the knowledge management system evaluation and selection.
In the future research of axiomatic design, the weights of the criteria in the other form rather than numeric intervals will be considered.

1 Figure 1 :
Figure 1:The common area of system and design ranges.

2 . 6
Definition 2.3 arithmetic operations on fuzzy numbers .While there are various operations of triangular fuzzy numbers, only the main operations used in this study are illustrated.If we define two positive triangular fuzzy numbers a a 1 , a 2 , a 3 and b b 1 , b 2 , b 3 , then

Table 1 :
Linguistic values for rating of criteria and grade of importance.

Table 7 :
The transformed evaluation information of KMSs given by the second respondent.

Table 8 :
The transformed evaluation information of KMSs given by the third respondent.Calculate the information content.The calculation of information content I 11 of alternative A 1 on criterion C 1 is provided as an illustration: FR 1 is the function requirement of criterion C 1 and A 11 is the evaluation information of the alternative A 1 on criterion C 1 .The calculating results of all the information content are shown in Table11.

Table 9 :
The transformed functional requirements of the criteria.

Table 10 :
The aggregated evaluation information of the alternatives.By utilizing the weight vector w and by 3.7 and 3.8 , we can calculate the weighted information content and total weighted information content.In the following the calculation of alternative A 1 is provided as an illustration:

Table 11 :
The information content of the alternatives.

Table 12 :
The weighted information content of the alternatives.