Adaptive Sliding Mode Control Using Robust Feedback Compensator for MEMS Gyroscope

An adaptive slidingmode control using robust feedback compensator is presented for aMEMSgyroscope in the presence of external disturbances and parameter uncertainties. An adaptive controller with a robust term is used to improve the robustness of the control system and compensate the systemnonlinearities.The proposed robust adaptive control can estimate the angular velocity and all the system parameters including damping and stiffness coefficients in the Lyapunov framework. In addition, standard adaptive control scheme without robust algorithm is compared with the proposed robust adaptive scheme in the aspect of numerical simulation and algorithm derivation. Numerical simulations show that the robust adaptive control has better robustness in the presence of external disturbances than the standard adaptive control.


Introduction
In recent years, MEMS gyroscopes are commonly used microsensors for measuring angular velocity because of their compact size, low cost, and high sensitivity.Most MEMS gyroscopes utilize electrostatic force and capacitive detection.However, there are some damping effects and cross-stiffness in the presence of fabrication imperfections, and the performance of MEMS deteriorates due to the effects of timevarying parameters, external disturbances, and quadrature errors.Therefore, the measurement of angular velocity and minimization of the cross-coupling in the MEMS gyroscope should be investigated and studied.In recent years, the applications of adaptive control and robust control have achieved great developments.To control the MEMS gyroscopes, people proposed advanced control methods such as adaptive control, which can modify its characteristics with the varying parameters.Arancibia et al. [1] presented an adaptive control scheme for laser-beam steering by a twoaxis MEMS mirror.A robust adaptive control strategy using a fuzzy compensator for MEMS triaxial gyroscope is proposed in [2].A robust adaptive control for MEMS triaxial gyroscope is developed in [3].Jagannathan and Hameed [4] presented an adaptive force-balancing control scheme with actuator limits for a MEMS -axis gyroscope.Zhu et al. [5] developed an alternative for the control of parallel-plate electros actuators.Leland [6] derived and summarized an adaptive controller to control all modes of a vibrational MEMS gyroscope.Park and Horowitz [7] presented adaptive add-on control algorithms for the conventional modes of operation of MEMS -axis gyroscopes.Wang et al. [8] presented a micromachined vibratory gyroscope with two proof masses to adaptively measure a rotation rate.Liu et al. [9] introduced the design of a digital closed drive loop for a MEMS vibratory packaged gyroscope.Salah et al. [10] developed a new control strategy to sense the time-varying angular rate for MEMS axis gyroscopes.Some design and control methods have been proposed for MEMS gyroscope in [11][12][13][14][15]. Liu [16] proposed a robust adaptive control for an uncertain mechanical system.
In this paper, robust adaptive control scheme which has the advantage of combining the tracking capability of adaptive control with the robustness of robust control is proposed for the control of MEMS gyroscope.In addition, in the presence of external disturbance and model uncertainty, robust control is incorporated into the adaptive control to improve the dynamic characteristics and the robustness of the control system.The robust term can maintain some characteristics of the control system in the presence of parameter perturbations.
The robust adaptive control scheme with an additional robust term is firstly applied to the MEMS gyroscopes to improve the transient performance.Moreover, a standard adaptive control without feedback robust algorithm is proposed to estimate angular velocity and all unknown parameters for the purpose of comparison.The novelty in the paper is that a feedback algorithm is incorporated into the robust adaptive controller to improve the robustness of the control system and minimize the cross-coupling between two axes.The stability and convergence of the closed-loop control system can be guaranteed.
This paper focuses on the design and stability analysis of the robust adaptive control for MEMS gyroscopes.Meanwhile, in order to discuss the effect of the proposed control scheme, a comparative study between the standard adaptive control and the robust adaptive control is conducted, thus evaluating the performance index such as the convergence of angular velocity, tracking error, and the robustness of the control system.The advantages of the proposed control scheme are summarized compared to existing ones.
(1) A feedback algorithm is incorporated into the robust adaptive controller to deal with nonlinearities of a system.The robust adaptive controller can improve the robustness of the MEMS and estimate angular velocity and all unknown system parameters correctly.Meanwhile, cross-coupling between two axes is minimized in the presence of external disturbances.A novel robust adaptive control scheme is proposed and used to estimate angular velocity and all uncertain parameters with improved transient performance.
(2) Using Lyapunov analysis, the stability and convergence of the control system can be guaranteed.The tracking errors all converge to zero, and all the unknown parameters including angular velocity converge to their true values.Incorporating feedback algorithm into a robust adaptive controller, the control system tracks the desired reference trajectory much more quickly compared with other ones.
This paper is organized as follows.In Section 2, the dynamics of MEMS gyroscopes sensor is introduced.In Section 3, the design of robust adaptive control for MEMS gyroscopes is proposed.In Section 4, simulation results are provided, and comparative study between robust adaptive control and standard adaptive control is implemented.Conclusions are provided in Section 5.

Dynamics of MEMS Gyroscope
The dynamics of MEMS gyroscope are described in this section.Dynamics of a MEMS gyroscope are derived from Newton's law in the rotating frame.
In a -axis gyroscope, by supposing the stiffness of spring in  direction much larger than that in the ,  directions, motion of poof mass is constrained to only along the - plane as shown in Figure 1.Assuming that the measured angular velocity is almost constant over a long enough time interval, the equation of motion of a gyroscope is simplified as follows.
Taking fabrication imperfections, which cause extra coupling between and -axes, and external disturbances into account, the governing equation for MEMS gyroscope is In ( 1)   and   are damping;   and   are spring coefficients;   and   called quadrature errors are coupled damping and spring terms, respectively, due in large part to the asymmetries in suspension structure and misalignment of sensors and actuators.
Dividing both sides of (1) by ,  0 , and  2 0 , which are a reference mass, length, and natural or resonant frequency, respectively, and considering lumped external disturbances, we get the form of the nondimensional equation of motion as where and   / 2 0 →   , and  1 and  2 denote disturbances in the two axes.Note that, the lumped disturbances  1 and  2 could also contain the effects of the time-varying unknown but bounded parameter uncertainties.
The vector form of MEMS gyroscope dynamics model can be written as where ], and  represents the matched lumped parameter uncertainty and external disturbance.
We make the following assumption: the lumped uncertainty and disturbance  is bounded such that ‖‖ ≤ , where  is a known positive constant.

Robust Adaptive Control
In this section, a robust adaptive control scheme with application to a MEMS gyroscope is given.The control objective is to improve the robustness of the control system and minimize system nonlinearities; thus all unknown system parameters and angular velocity can be estimated correctly.The block diagram of a robust adaptive control for a MEMS gyroscope is shown in Figure 2. The tracking error between gyroscope state and reference state acts as the input of the robust adaptive controller which is proposed to control the system; thus the angular velocity and all the unknown parameters can be estimated.
Suppose that a reference trajectory is generated by an ideal oscillator and the control target is to make the trajectory of the gyroscopes follow that of the reference model.The reference model   =  1 sin( 1 ) and   =  2 sin( 2 ) can be redefined in vector terms as where  = [ ].  =  −   is the tracking error.
The sliding surface is designed as where  is a positive definite constant matrix which needs to be selected,  = diag{ 1 ,  2 }.
The adaptive controller  is proposed as where > 0, and   and  are constant matrices to satisfy the desired transient performance of the control system. is the estimate of  * ;  1 = −   is a feedback component.Consider is the sliding mode control component.Substituting ( 12) into (10) yields where θ =  −  * .Consider the following Lyapunov function: where  =   ,  =   are positive definite and symmetric matrix.The derivative of  is To make V ≤ 0, choose the robust adaptive law as θ = −  .
The choice yields In (18), the second term represents the effect of the feedback component  1 = −  .Without the feedback component and with  satisfying  ≥  + , where  is a positive constant, V becomes negative semidefinite; that is, V ≤ −‖‖ ≤ 0. V is negative definite implying that  and K converge to zero.V is negative semidefinite ensuring that , , and θ are all bounded.It can be concluded from ( 14) that ṡ is also bounded.Barbalat's lemma can be used to prove that lim  → ∞ () = 0.The inequality V ≤ −‖‖ implies that  is integrable as 0) is bounded and () is nonincreasing and bounded, it can be concluded that lim  → ∞ ∫  0 ‖‖ is bounded.Since lim  → ∞ ∫  0 ‖‖ is bounded and ṡ is also bounded, according to Barbalat's lemma, () will asymptotically converge to zero, lim  → ∞ () = 0.If  is persistently exciting signal [17], then θ () = −  () guarantees that θ → 0,  will converge to its true values.Then the unknown angular velocity as well as all other unknown parameters can be consistently estimated and the control is asymptotically stable.
Remark 3.For the purpose of comparison, a standard adaptive control is also proposed for a MEMS gyroscope.The difference between robust adaptive control and standard adaptive control schemes is that a feedback controller is not incorporated into the adaptive controller which is proposed as Remark 4. In order to eliminate the control discontinuities, a smooth sliding mode control that can reduce chattering problem is proposed as where  is a small positive constant.

Simulation Example
In this section, the robust adaptive sliding control and the adaptive sliding control are both evaluated on the MEMS gyroscope model for the purpose of comparison.The control objective is to estimate angular velocity and all the unknown parameters and make the control system track the reference trajectory.Random signal with zero mean and unity variance The desired motion trajectories are   =  1 sin( 1 ),   =  2 sin( 2 ), where  1 = 1 kHz,  2 = 2 kHz.The  and  in ( 17) are chosen as  = diag{10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10} and  = diag{1000, 1000}.The   and  in ( 12) are chosen as   = diag{1000, 1000} and  = diag{100, 100}.Figures 3 and 4 compare the tracking errors, where  1 = −  denotes tracking error in  axle and  2 = −  denotes tracking error in  axle.It is observed that the tracking errors all converge to zero asymptotically and the tracking error of robust adaptive sliding control has better transient performance than that of standard adaptive sliding control.Figures 5 and 6 compare the adaptation of angular velocity; it can be seen that the estimation of angular velocity Ω  using the robust adaptive control converges to its true value more quickly than that using standard adaptive sliding control.Figures 7, 8, and 9 compare the adaptation of parameters using these two different controllers, respectively.It can be observed from these figures that the former achieves better parameter identification performance than the latter.
In summary, with the control law (12) and the parameter adaptation law (17), if the gyroscope is controlled to follow the mode-unmatched reference model, the persistent excitation condition is satisfied; that is,  1 ̸ =  2 , and all unknown gyroscope parameters, including the angular velocity, are estimated correctly.In the presence of external disturbance and model uncertainties, the robust adaptive sliding control has better robustness and transient dynamic characteristics than adaptive sliding control.

Conclusion
In the paper, a novel robust adaptive control scheme is proposed for MEMS gyroscopes.For the purpose of comparison, a robust adaptive control and a standard adaptive control without feedback algorithm are investigated.Numerical simulations show that if the persistent excitation can be satisfied, all unknown parameters, including the angular velocity, converge to their true values, and tracking error converges to zero asymptotically, using these two adaptive approaches.But in the presence of external disturbance and model uncertainties, the robust adaptive control has better robustness and dynamic characteristics than standard adaptive control.

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: Block diagram of a robust adaptive control for a MEMS gyroscope.

Figure 7 :
Figure 7: Adaptation of control parameters using robust adaptive control.

Figure 8 :
Figure 8: Adaptation of control parameters using standard adaptive control.

Figure 9 :
Figure 9: Comparison of system parameters between robust adaptive control and adaptive control.