Mathematical Problems in Engineering

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 461251, 9 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/461251

Research Article

Analysis of Weighted Multifrequency MUSIC-Type Algorithm for Imaging of Arc-Like, Perfectly Conducting Cracks

Young-Deuk Joh

Department of Mathematics, Kookmin University, Seoul 136-702, Republic of Korea

Received 20 June 2013; Revised 24 September 2013; Accepted 2 October 2013

Academic Editor: Suh-Yuh Yang

Copyright © 2013 Young-Deuk Joh. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the structure of the weighted multifrequency multiple signal classification (MUSIC) type imaging function in order to improve the traditional MUSIC-type imaging. For this purpose, we devise a weighted multifrequency MUSIC-type imaging function and examine a relationship between weighted multifrequency MUSIC-type function and Bessel functions of integer order of the first kind. Some numerical results are demonstrated to support the survey.

1. Introduction

Inverse problem, which deals with the reconstruction of cracks or thin inclusions in homogeneous material (or space) with physical features different from space, is of interest in a wide range of fields such as physics, engineering, and image medical science which are closely related to human life; refer to [1–9]. That is why inverse problem has been established as one interesting research field. Compared to the early studies on inverse problem in which much research had been done theoretically, in recent studies, more practical and applicable approaches have been undertaken and the reconstructive way appropriate to each specific study field started to be investigated thanks to the development of computational science using not only computers but also mathematical theory. As we can see through a series of papers [10, 11], the reconstruction algorithm, based on the iterative scheme such as Newton’s method, has been mainly studied. Generally, in regard to algorithms using Newton’s method, in the case of the initial shape quite different from the unknown target, the reconstruction of material leads to failure with the nonconvergence or yields faulty shapes even after the iterative methods are conducted. Hence, in such an iterative method, several noniterative algorithms have been proposed as a way to find the shape of initial value close to that of the unknown target as quickly as possible.

The noniterative algorithms such as multiple signal classification (MUSIC), subspace migrations, topological derivative, and linear sampling method can contribute to yielding the appropriate image as an initial guess. Previous attempts to investigate MUSIC-type algorithm presented various experiments with the use of MUSIC-type algorithm. For instance, the use of MUSIC-type algorithm for eddy-current nondestructive evaluation of three-dimensional defects [12], and MUSIC-type algorithm designed for extended target, the boundary curves which have a five-leaf shape or big circle was presented [13]. In addition, MUSIC-type algorithm was introduced for locating small inclusions buried in a half space [2] and for detecting internal corrosion located in pipes [3]. Although the past phenomena about experimental results could not be theoretically explained because the mathematical structure about these algorithms was not verified, recent studies [14–19] managed to partially analyze the structure of some algorithms. On the basis of these studies, the present study examined the structure of algorithms to make improvements in imaging the defects. Therefore, this paper aims to improve traditional MUSIC-type imaging algorithm by weighting applied to each frequencies.

This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we discuss two-dimensional direct scattering problem in the presence of perfectly conducting crack and MUSIC-type algorithm. In Section 3, we introduce a weighted multifrequency MUSIC-type imaging algorithm and analyze its structure to confirm that it is an improved version of traditional MUSIC algorithm. In Section 4, we present several numerical experiments with noisy data. In Section 5, our conclusions are briefly presented.

2. Direct Scattering Problem and Single- and Multifrequency MUSIC-Type Algorithm

In this section, we simplify surveying the two-dimensional direct scattering problem for the existence of perfectly conducting cracks and the single- and multifrequency MUSIC algorithm. For more information, see [10, 20].

2.1. Direct Scattering Problem and MUSIC-Type Imaging Function

First, we consider the two-dimensional electromagnetic scattering by a perfectly conducting crack located in the homogeneous space . Throughout this paper, we assume that the crack is a smooth, nonintersecting curve, and we represent such that

where is an injective piecewise smooth function. We consider only the transverse magnetic (TM) polarization case. Let us denote to be the time-harmonic total field, which can be decomposed as

where = is the given incident field with incident direction (unit circle) and is the unknown scattered field that satisfies the Sommerfeld radiation condition

uniformly in all directions . Now, the total field satisfies the two-dimensional Helmholtz equation

with a given positive frequency . In the case that is absent, incident field can also be a solution of (4).

The far-field pattern is defined as function that satisfies

as uniformly on . Then, based on [21], the far-field pattern of the scattered field can be expressed by the following equation:

where is an unknown density function (see [10]).

Second, we present the traditional MUSIC-type algorithm for imaging of perfectly conducting cracks. For the sake of simplicity, we exclude the constant from formula (6). Based on [20, 22], we assume that the crack is divided into different segments of size of the order of half the wavelength . Having in mind the Rayleigh resolution limit for far-field data, only one point at each segment is expected to contribute to the image space of the response matrix (i.e., see [20, 22, 23]). Each of these points, say , , will be imaged via the MUSIC-type algorithm. With this assumption, we perform the following singular value decomposition (SVD) of the multistatic response (MSR) matrix :

where superscript is the mark of Hermitian, and are, respectively, the left- and right-singular vectors of , and denotes singular values that satisfy

If so, are the basis for the signal and span the null space of , respectively. Therefore, one can define the projection operator onto the null subspace, . This projection is given explicitly by

where denotes the identity matrix. For any point , we define a test vector as

Based on this, we can design a MUSIC-type imaging function such that

Then, the map of will have peaks of large and small magnitudes at and , respectively.

2.2. Multifrequency MUSIC-Type Imaging Function

We design multifrequency MUSIC-type imaging function and try to describe its structure. First, we introduce a multifrequency MUSIC-type algorithm defined by

Then, we can introduce the following lemma. A more detailed derivation can be found in [16].

Lemma 1 (see [16]). Assume that and are sufficiently large; then,

where function is defined as

So we can recognize the mathematical structure of multifrequency MUSIC-type algorithm. However, the finite representation of does not exist. Because of this term, although this can be negligible (see [15]), the map of should generate unexpected points of small magnitudes. In order to solve this problem, the last term of [14] should be eliminated. For this, we suggest a weighted multifrequency MUSIC-type imaging algorithm in the upcoming section.

3. Weighted Multifrequency MUSIC-Type Algorithm and Its Structure

In order to propose the weighted multifrequency MUSIC-type imaging algorithm, we introduce the following lemma derived from [16].

Lemma 2 ([16, page 218]). For sufficiently large and , the following relationship holds:

With this, let us define an alternative projection operator weighted by applied frequency as

Then, the following result can be obtained.

Theorem 3. Assume that and are sufficiently large; then,

Proof. The following equations are satisfied by the definition of and by Lemma 2:

Next, we introduce a weighted multifrequency MUSIC-type imaging function based on MUSIC-type imaging function defined by

Then, we can obtain the structure of .

Theorem 4. Assume that and are sufficiently large; then,

where function is defined as

Proof. By Theorem 3, we can calculate the following:

Then, since is sufficiently large, we can observe that

and applying an indefinite integral of the Bessel function (see [24, page 106])

yields

Hence, we can obtain

Therefore,

This completes the proof.

Looking at the results of Theorem 4, in contrast to the , the does not have the term. Therefore, we expect that the imaging results of the will be better than . In the next section, numerical experiments will be presented to support this.

4. Numerical Experiments

In this section, some numerical examples are displayed in order to support our analysis in the previous section. Applied frequencies are of the form , where , (=10) is the given wavelength. The observation directions are taken as

For illustrating arc-like cracks, three are chosen:

where

It is worth emphasizing that all the far-field data of (6) are generated by the method introduced in [25, Chapter 3, 4]. After generating the data, a 20 dB white Gaussian random noise is added to the unperturbed data. In order to obtain the number of nonzero singular values for each frequency, a -threshold scheme (choosing first singular values such that ) is adopted. A more detailed discussion of thresholding can be found in [20, 22].

Figures 1 and 2 show the imaging results via multifrequency MUSIC and weighted multifrequency MUSIC algorithms for single crack and , respectively. As we already mentioned, since the term can be disregarded, it is very hard to compare the improvements via visual inspection of the reconstructions. However, based on Figure 3, we can examine that the proposed weighted multifrequency MUSIC algorithm successfully reduces these artifacts, so we can conclude that this is an improved version.

(a)  Map of

(b) Map of

Figure 1: Shape reconstruction of via MUSIC algorithm.

(a) Map of

(b) Map of

Figure 2: Same as Figure 1 except the crack is .

(a) Map of

(b) Graph of oscillating pattern

(c) Map of

(d) Graph of oscillating pattern

Figure 3: Blue- and red-colored lines are and , respectively, at ((a) and (b)) and ((c) and (d)).

Figure 4 shows the imaging results via multifrequency MUSIC and weighted multifrequency MUSIC algorithms for multiple cracks . Similar to the imaging of single crack, we can observe that weighted multifrequency MUSIC algorithm improves the traditional one, although it is hard to compare the improvements via visual inspection.

(a)  Map of

(b) Map of

Figure 4: Same as Figure 1 except the crack is .

Figure 5 shows the noise contribution in terms of SNR. In order to observe the effect of noise, 30 dB and 10 dB white Gaussian random noises are added to the unperturbed data. Based on these results, we can easily observe that both traditional and proposed MUSIC algorithms offer very good result when 30 dB noise is added. However, when 10 dB noise is added, the traditional MUSIC algorithm yields a poor result while the proposed algorithm yields an acceptable result.

(a) Map of

(b) Map of

(c) Map of

(d) Map of

Figure 5: Influence of noise. 30 dB ((a) and (b)) and 10 dB ((c) and (d)) white Gaussian random is added.

Now, we consider the imaging of oscillating crack. For this, we consider the following cracks (see Figure 6):

(a) Crack

(b) Crack

Figure 6: Shape of oscillating cracks and .

Figure 7 shows the maps of and for the crack . In this result, we can observe that both traditional and proposed MUSIC algorithms produce acceptable result, but the proposed algorithm successfully eliminates replicas.

(a) Map of

(b) Map of

Figure 7: Shape reconstruction of via (a) and (b).

Figure 8 shows the maps of and for highly oscillating crack . Opposite to Figure 7, both traditional and proposed MUSIC algorithms yield poor result. This example shows the limitation of proposed algorithm.

(a) Map of

(b) Map of

Figure 8: Same as Figure 7 except the crack is .

5. Conclusion

Based on the structure of multifrequency MUSIC-type imaging function, we introduced a weighted multifrequency MUSIC-type imaging function. Through a careful analysis, a relationship between imaging function and Bessel function of the first kind of integer order is established, and we have confirmed that the proposed imaging algorithm is an improved version of the traditional one.

Although, the proposed algorithm produces very good results and improves the traditional MUSIC algorithm, it still needs some upgrade, for example, imaging of highly oscillating cracks. Development of this should be an interesting and remarkable research project. In this paper, we considered the MUSIC algorithm in full-view inverse scattering problem. Based on the result in [26], the MUSIC algorithm cannot be applied to limited-view problems but the reason is still unknown. Identifying the structure of the MUSIC algorithm in the limited-view inverse scattering problems will be the forthcoming work.

Acknowledgments

The author would like to express his thanks to Won-Kwang Park (Kookmin University) for his valuable discussions and MATLAB simulations to generate the forward data and MUSIC-type imaging function. The author would like to acknowledge two anonymous referees for their precious comments. This work was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (no. 2011-0007705) and the research program of Kookmin University in Korea.

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