Resonant Orbital Dynamics in LEO Region : Space Debris in Focus

The increasing number of objects orbiting the earth justifies the great attention and interest in the observation, spacecraft protection, and collision avoidance. These studies involve different disturbances and resonances in the orbital motions of these objects distributed by the distinct altitudes. In this work, objects in resonant orbital motions are studied in low earth orbits. Using the twoline elements (TLE) of the NORAD, resonant angles and resonant periods associated with real motions are described, providing more accurate information to develop an analytical model that describes a certain resonance. The time behaviors of the semimajor axis, eccentricity, and inclination of some space debris are studied. Possible irregularmotions are observed by the frequency analysis and by the presence of different resonant angles describing the orbital dynamics of these objects.


Introduction
The objects orbiting the Earth are classified, basically, in low earth orbit (LEO), medium earth orbit (MEO), and geosynchronous orbit (GEO).The LEO region has a big quantity of space debris and, consequently, most of the objects are found in low earth orbits.Considering approximately 10000 cataloged objects around the earth, one can verify the distribution of the objects as 7% of operational spacecraft, 22% of old spacecraft, 41% of miscellaneous fragments, 17% of rocket bodies, and about 13% of mission-related objects.The uncatalogued objects larger than 1 cm are estimated in some value between 50000 and 600000 [1,2].
In the last years, the study about space debris mitigation in LEO region has been motivated by the increasing number of this kind of object through the years.These aspects considered in the studies englobe the observation, spacecraft protection, and collision avoidance [3,4].The space debris are composed of aluminum from spacecraft structures, alumina from solid rocket motor exhausts, zinc, and titanium oxides from thermal control coatings and their sizes range from several meters to a fraction of a micrometer in diameter [5].
Currently, the orbital motions of the cataloged objects can be analyzed using the 2-line element set of the North American Defense (NORAD) [6].The TLE are composed of seven parameters and epoch.These data can be compared, for example, with the mathematical model of the propagator used to describe the motion of the artificial satellite.A similar study is done for the Brazilian satellite CBERS-1 in cooperation with China.In this case, orbital perturbations due to geopotential, atmospheric drag, solar radiation pressure, and gravitational effects of the sun and the moon are considered in the numerical integration of the orbit, and the results are compared with the TLE data [7][8][9].
The space between the earth and the moon has several artificial satellites and distinct objects in some resonance.Synchronous satellites in circular or elliptical orbits have been extensively studied in literature, due to the study of resonant orbits characterizing the dynamics of these satellites since the 60's (see [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] and references here in).In some of these works, resonant angles associated with the exact resonance are considered in the numerical integration of the equations of motion, with the purpose to describe the resonance defined by the commensurability between the mean motion of the artificial satellite or space debris and the earth's rotation angular velocity.However, tesseral harmonics   produce multiple resonances in the neighborhood of the exact resonance, and some variations in the orbital motions of objects are not described.
The main goal of this work is to define resonant angles and resonant periods associated with real motions, providing more accurate information to develop an analytical model that describes a certain resonance.A model to detect resonant objects and the subset of interesting resonant objects is then presented.The time behavior of orbital elements, resonant angles, and resonant periods of specified objects is analyzed.
In the studies about irregular motions, a new way to determine the frequency analysis is presented.

Resonant Objects Orbiting the Earth
In this section, the TLE data are used to verify if the objects are in resonant motions and to define the resonance in which the most of objects are found [6].
The present distribution of objects indicates the commensurability between the frequencies of the mean motion  of object and the earth's rotation motion.See the histogram in Figure 1.
In Figure 1, it is verified that most of the objects is in the region 13 ≤  (rev/day) ≤ 15.
To study the resonant objects using the TLE data, a criterium is established for the resonant period  res , by the condition  res > 300 days.Note that the resonant period is related to a resonant angle which can influence the orbital motion of a particular artificial satellite.The value of  res helps to understand the influence of each resonant angle, and this knowledge can provide a more rigorous analytical formulation of the problem.A minimum value is established for the resonant period in order to define the main resonant angles that compose an orbital motion.The resonant angles are represented by the symbol   . res is obtained by the relation and φ  is calculated from [10]as follows: where , , , Ω, , and  are the classical Keplerian elements:  is the semimajor axis,  is the eccentricity,  is the inclination of the orbit plane with the equator, Ω is the longitude of the ascending node,  is the argument of pericentre and  is the mean anomaly, respectively; Θ is the Greenwich sidereal time and   is the corresponding reference longitude along the equator.The term ( − )(/2) in ( 2) is a correction factor used in some representations of the earth gravitational potential [23][24][25][26].This term is constant and do not appear in   / used in the calculations of the present work.So, φ  is defined as Substituting  =  − 2 in (3), φ  is obtained as follows: The terms ω , Ω, and Ṁ can be written considering the secular effect of the zonal harmonic  2 as [7,27] is the earth mean equatorial radius and   = 6378.140km,  2 is the second zonal harmonic,  2 = 1.0826 × 10 −3 .The term Θ, in rad/day, is In order to use orbital elements compatible with the way in which two-line elements were generated, some corrections are done in the mean motion of the TLE data.Considering  1 as the mean motion of the 2-line, the semimajor axis  1 is calculated [7] where  is the earth gravitational parameter,  = 3.986009 × 10 14 m 3 /s 2 .Using  1 , (7), the parameter  1 is calculated by (8) [7] Now, a new semimajor axis   , used in the calculations of the resonant period, is defined using  1 from (8) [7] and the new mean motion   , used in the calculations, is found considering the semimajor axis corrected Now, (1) to (10) can be used in a Fortran program to correct the observational data and to provide resonant angles and resonant periods related to orbital motions.The file analyzed is " 2011 045" from the website Space Track [6], and it corresponds to February, 2011.In Table 1, the number of data and the number of objects are specified.
The simulation identified objects with resonant period greater than 300 days.Several values of the coefficients, , , and  are considered in (2) producing different resonant angles to be analyzed by (1).See Table 2 showing details about the results of the simulation.
Note that Table 2 shows only the data satisfying the established criterium,  res > 300 days.The results show the resonant angles and resonant periods which compose the orbital motions of the resonant objects.Table 3 shows values of the coefficient  and the correspondent number of objects.It is possible to verify that most of the orbital motions are related to the coefficient  = 14 considering the value of the semimajor axis up to 15000 km.
Comparing the number of objects satisfying the condition of  res > 300 days in the different regions,  < 15000 km and  ≥ 15000 km, it is verified that about 62.37% of the resonant objects has  < 15000 km.See this information in Table 4.
These studies allow to investigate the real influence of the resonance effect in the orbital dynamics of artificial satellites and space debris.The number of resonant objects in comparison with the total number of objects in the TLE data shows the great influence of the commensurability between the mean motion of the object and the earth's rotation angular velocity in its orbits.In this way, a more detailed study about the resonant period and the resonant angles is necessary.
In the next section, the orbital motions of some space debris in resonance are studied.

Study of Objects in 14:1 Resonance
Considering the results of the simulations shown in the second section, some cataloged space debris is studied with respect to the time behavior of the semi-major axis, eccentricity, inclination, resonant period, resonant angle, and the 0 Semimajor axis (km) Resonant period (days) frequency analysis of the orbital elements.These data are analyzed in this section observing the possible regular or irregular orbital motions.
Figure 2 shows the semimajor axis versus resonant period of objects satisfying the condition  res > 300 days.The objects are distributed by the value of semimajor axis in three different regions: (1)  < 15000 km, (2) 15000 km ≤  < 40000 km, and (3)  ≥ 40000 km.
Figure 2 shows some objects around the 1:1, 2:1 and 14:1 resonances.The orbital motions of these objects are influenced by the resonance for several years and possible irregular motions can be confined in a region delimited for resonant angles with biggest resonant periods.In order to study the orbital motions of these objects, four cataloged space debris are analyzed in the LEO region; see Figure 2. From the TLE data, objects are identified by the numbers 325, 546, 2986, and 4855.These objects have been chosen because they show resonant period  res > 10000 days.
Figures 3, 4, 5, and 6 show the time behavior of the semimajor axis, eccentricity, and inclination of the objects 325, 546, 2986, and 4855, and the frequency analysis of these orbital elements.
Usually, in the studies of the dynamical systems with the purpose to identify chaos, the frequency analysis is considered for a long time.But, in low earth orbits, a big number of cataloged objects have their motions influenced by different resonant periods and unknown objects can collide with each other providing more unpredictability in their motions.In this case, the frequency analysis can be more appropriate for a short time.
Several authors, [28][29][30][31][32][33], also use the frequency analysis to study the possible regular or irregular orbits in different     [28,29,33].Generally, the frequency analysis is applied in the output of the numerical integration in the study of dynamical systems.However, in the present work, this analysis is used in the real data of the orbital motions of the objects 325, 546, 2986, and 4855, from the TLE data of the NORAD [6].
For regular motions, the orbital elements oe() show a dependence on time as follows [28,29,33]: where  ℎ represent the amplitudes, h ∈ Z  and f is a frequency vector.The components of f compose the fundamental frequencies of motion, and the spectral decomposition of the orbital motion is obtained from the Fourier transform when the independent frequencies are constant in the course of time [33].It is possible to observe that f depends on the kind of trajectory [28].
The same numerical procedure is done for irregular and regular motions.The difference in behavior of these orbital motions is used to identify the two kinds of trajectories.The power spectrum of regular motion can be distinguished because it generally has a small number of frequency components produced by the Fourier transform.The irregular trajectories are not conditionally periodic and they do not compose an invariant tori.In this way, the Fourier transform of an orbital element, for example, is not a sum over Dirac -functions, and consequently the power spectrum is not discrete for irregular motions [28,33].
Observing the time behavior of the orbital elements of the objects 325, 546, 2986, and 4855 in Figures 3, 4, 5, and 6, one can verify possible regular and irregular motions in the trajectories of these space debris.The time behavior of the inclination shows irregularities.Analyzing object 325, note that, in 200 days, a fast increase in the inclination occurs, but, this variation is about 0.01 ∘ and it may be related to some disturbance added to the motion.
The power spectrum of the orbital elements is not discrete and they have a big number of frequency components in Figures 3 to 6. So, it is also important to observe if the orbital motion is influenced by different resonant angles.
Table 5 shows the resonant angles related to the orbital motions of objects 325, 546, 2986, and 4855 corresponding to the period January-September, 2011.Observing Table 5, one can verify that the orbital dynamics of objects 2986 and 4855 are influenced by some resonant angles, while for the objects 325 and 546, several resonant angles influence their orbits simultaneously.
If the commensurability between the orbital motions of the object and the earth is defined by the parameter  and by the condition  = ( + )/, one can say that the exact 14:1 resonance is defined by the condition  = 1/14.This way, by analyzing Table 5, it is verified that the motions of objects 325 and 2986 are influenced by the exact 14:1 resonance,  = 1/14, while the objects 546 and 4855 are influenced by resonant angles in the neighborhood of the exact resonance.The condition  for object 546 is  = 3/43 and for object 4855 is  = 3/41.
Figures 7, 8, 9, and 10 show the time behavior of the resonant period corresponding to the resonant angles presented in Table 5.
Analyzing the time behavior of the resonant period in Figures 7, 8, 9, and 10, it is verified that the resonant angles remain confined for a few days.The term confined means that the orbital motion is inside a region delimited for resonant angles with biggest resonant periods.The orbital motion of object 546 has resonant angles which satisfy the established criterium  res > 300 days for 70 days and, consequently, the orbital dynamics of this object may be losing the influence of the 14:1 resonance.Figures 9 and 10, corresponding to the irregular orbits requiring a full system with all resonant angles as described in Table 5. Figures 11,12,13,and 14 show the time behavior of the φ  corresponding to the resonant angles presented in Table 5.
Analyzing  Objects 325 and 2986 have their orbital motions influenced by the exact 14:1 resonance and they need a full system with different resonant angles which compose their motions.Otherwise, the orbital motion of object 4855 is defined for resonant angles separately, which can be defined as a regular orbit.
The results and discussions show the complexity in the orbital dynamics of these objects caused by the resonance effects.Furthermore, the increasing number of space debris and collisions between them can cause big problems for artificial satellites missions.

Conclusions
In this work, the orbital dynamics of synchronous space debris are studied.From the TLE data of the NORAD, objects orbiting the earth in resonant orbital motions are investigated.
Results show that some objects around the exact 1:1, 2:1, and 14:1 resonances remain in resonance for a long time.In other words, the orbital motions will be influenced for resonant angles for several years and possible irregular motions can be confined in a region delimited for resonant angles with biggest resonant periods.
Analyzing the cataloged objects satisfying the established criterium of the resonant period greater than 300 days, four space debris (325, 546, 2986, and 4855) are studied observing the irregular characteristics in their orbits.The time behavior of the orbital elements and the respective frequency analysis are used to verify the orbits of these objects.
Several resonant angles influence, simultaneously, the orbital motions of objects 325 and 2986.The time behavior of the inclination and the frequency analysis confirm the irregularities in their orbits.The orbital dynamics of object 546 is firstly influenced by several resonant angles in the neighborhood of the 14:1 resonance, but, after some days, the regular characteristic in its orbit seems to dominate.The time behavior of the φ  of object 4855 shows resonant angles separately indicating a regular orbit.
The resonant orbital dynamics of artificial satellites and space debris can be described using observational data.Resonant angles which compose the orbital motions are defined before the development of analytical model, providing more accuracy.Using the same procedure shown in the present work, the resonant periods associated with resonant angles can be determined and the study about any resonance, involving the commensurability between the mean motion of object and the earth's rotation motion, can be described with more details.
Using real data, the time behavior of orbital elements allows to validate by comparison several analytical models describing perturbations in orbital motions, like atmospheric drag, solar radiation pressure, gravitational effects of the sun and the moon, for example.The frequency analysis from observational data is a new way to verify unstable regions.
In a future work, the method presented in this paper will be used to determine all resonant angles that influence a determined orbital motion and the analytical model presented in a previous paper [19]; it will be necessary to propagate the orbit, using each resonant angle and the correspondent resonant period previously determined.The description of the resonance problem is tending to a more understandable way.

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: Histogram of the mean motion of the cataloged objects.

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: Semimajor axis versus resonant period of objects satisfying the condition  res > 300 days.The objects studied in LEO region are identified by the numbers 325, 546, 2986, and 4855.

Figure 3 :Figure 4 :Figure 5 :Figure 6 :
Figure 3: Orbital motion of object 325 corresponding to January-September, 2011: (a) time behavior of the semimajor axis, (b) power spectrum of the semimajor axis, (c) time behavior of the eccentricity, (d) power spectrum of the eccentricity, (e) time behavior of the inclination, and (f) power spectrum of the inclination.

Figure 7 :Figure 8 :
Figure 7: Time behavior of the resonant period corresponding to the orbital motion of object 325.

Figure 9 :
Figure 9: Time behavior of the resonant period corresponding to the orbital motion of object 2986.

Figure 10 :
Figure 10: Time behavior of the resonant period corresponding to the orbital motion of object 4855.

Figure 11 :Figure 12 :Figure 13 :Figure 14 :
Figure 11: Time behavior of φ  corresponding to the orbital motion of object 325.

Table 1 :
2-line data of objects orbiting the earth.

Table 2 :
Results of the simulation: objects in resonant orbital motions.

Table 3 :
Number of objects according to the number of the coefficient , considering the value of the semimajor axis up to 15000 km.

Table 4 :
Number and percentage of objects satisfying the condition  res > 300 days.