A New Exact Solution of Burgers ’ Equation with Linearized Solution

This paper considers a general Burgers’ equation with the nonlinear term coefficient being an arbitrary constant. Two identical solutions of the general Burgers’ equation are separately derived by a direct integration method and the simplest equation method with the Bernoulli equation being the simplest equation. The proposed exact solutions overcome the long existing problem of discontinuity and can be successfully reduced to linearity, while the nonlinear term coefficient approaches zero. In addition, a general Cole-Hopf transform is introduced. Finally, the proposed derived solution is compared with the perturbation solution and other existing exact solutions. A new phenomenon, which we named “kink sliding,” is observed.


Introduction
Burgers' equation was first introduced by Bateman [1] in 1915 and later analyzed by Burgers [2] in 1948.The equation is used as a model in many fields such as acoustics [3], continuous stochastic processes [4], dispersive water [5], shock waves [5], heat conduction [6], and turbulence [7].Burgers' equation can also be considered as a simplified form of the Navier-Stokes equation [8] due to the form of the nonlinear convection term and the occurrence of a viscosity term.
Burgers' equation is one of the very few nonlinear partial differential equations that can be solved exactly.When the absolute value of the nonlinear term coefficient of Burgers' equation is 2 or 1, the exact solutions can be derived by the modified extended tanh-function method [9], the Expfunction method [10], the tanh-coth method [11], and the Cole-Hopf transform method [11][12][13][14][15][16].In this paper, the nonlinear term coefficient of Burgers' equation is considered an arbitrary constant.The exact solutions of thisgeneral Burgers' equation are derived by the four methods mentioned above [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16].In addition, they are also separately derived by the simplest equation method with the Riccati equation being the simplest equation and a newly developed general Cole-Hopf transform method [11,12].It is shown that when the coefficient of the nonlinear term is the same as the regular Burgers' equation, the derived exact solutions are the same as those in the existing literature.However, all these exact solutions do not satisfy the continuity condition and will not be reducible to linear solutions when the coefficient of the nonlinear term in the Burgers' equation approaches zero.
In this paper, new exact solutions of the general Burgers' equation are separately derived by a direct integration method and the simplest equation method with the Bernoulli equation being the simplest equation, respectively.The two exact solutions are shown to be the same.In addition, the newly derived solution can be successfully reduced to linearity, while the nonlinear term coefficient approaches zero.Finally, the proposed derived solution is compared with the perturbation solution and other existing exact solutions.Several numerical results are presented and illustrated.

General Burgers' Equation
Consider the general Burgers' equation: Mathematical Problems in Engineering where the nonlinear term coefficient  is an arbitrary constant and ] is the coefficient of the kinematics viscosity of fluids and is equal to 1/.Further,  is the Reynolds number, and when it is large the equation describes shock wave behavior [3].

Existing Exact Solutions.
Following the solution methods and procedures of the modified extended tanh-function method [9], the Exp-function method [10], and the tanhcoth method [11], the following sets of solutions have been obtained.One set, when  > 0, is a front wave (kink) solution, while the other is a traveling wave solution, For  < 0, the two traveling wave solutions are Here,  is the wave speed.When  = 1, solution (2) is the same as that obtained by Ebaid [10]; however, when  = −2, ] = 1, solutions (2) to ( 5) are the same as those obtained by Wazwaz [11].Many other solutions can also be found in Wazwaz's book [12].

The
To solve the problem by the simplest equation method [17,18], the solution can be assumed to be in the form of where   are constants to be determined;  is the exact solution of a chosen nonlinear ordinary differential equation, called the simplest equation; and  is a constant to be determined and the power of the specified solution function finite series, .Now, consider the following Riccati equation as the simplest equation: where  is wave number and  > 0. The exact solution for the chosen Riccati equation ( 8) is To determine the parameters, substitute ( 7) and ( 8) back into (6) and balance the linear terms of the derivative's highest order, which yields   with the highest order nonlinear term   in (6).Setting coefficients of like power of  to be zeros yields the following equations: The equations give  = 1 and  0 = /,  1 = −2]/.Consequently, the exact solution of the Burgers' equation is obtained: If one sets  = /2], then  > 0. It can accordingly be found that solution (11) is exactly the same as that given in (2).
The regular Cole-Hopf transformation in the following form is first modified: where  is a constant to be specified.Substituting ( 12) into (1) yields Obviously, if  = 2, (13) can be reduced to Mathematical Problems in Engineering 3 Consequently, the following linear equation is generated: Moreover, it is a heat conduction equation with a solution in the form of [11,12] where  1 is an arbitrary constant.Therefore, the general Cole-Hopf transformation for the Burgers' equation is and an exact solution of the general Burgers' equation can be derived as From the solutions above, it can be observed that the tanh-coth solutions, (2)-( 5), the Cole-Hopf solution, (18), the solution derived from the simplest equation method with the Riccati equation being the simplest equation, and ( 11) are all proportional to 1/.In particular, when ] = 1, the Cole-Hopf solution, namely (18), with  1 = −1 is the same as one of the tanh-coth solutions, namely (2), with  = 1.
It is well known that, for solution continuity, if the nonlinear coefficient  in a nonlinear differential equation (1) approaches zero, the equation is reduced to a linear one and the nonlinear solution should be reducible to a linear solution.However, from the existing exact solutions above, it can be observed that when the nonlinear coefficient  is reduced to zero, the solutions become infinite.Therefore, none will satisfy the solution continuity condition.In the following, a new exact solution of the general Burgers' equation with a linearized solution is developed.

New Exact Solution
3.1.Direct Integration Method.Integrating (6) once with respect to  and setting the integration constant to be zero yields Equation ( 19) can then be expressed as where  = −/],  = /2].
Integrating (20) once with respect to  and using the result given in the integration table [19], it becomes Therefore where  0 is an integral constant.As a result, a new exact solution of the general Burgers' equation can be derived as When the nonlinear coefficient  in nonlinear differential equation (1) approaches zero, the exact solution, namely (23), is reduced to This solution is consistent with the exact solution of the following linearized equation from Burgers' equation:

The Simplest Equation Method with the Bernoulli Equation being the Simplest Equation.
Following the simplest equation method as discussed in Section 2.2, the same new exact solution can also be obtained by employing the simplest equation method with the following Bernoulli equation being the simplest equation [20][21][22]: Equation ( 26) has the exact solution in the form of After substituting (7) and (26) back into (6) and balancing the linear terms of the derivative's highest order,   , with the highest order nonlinear term   in (6),  = 1, and the following equations are obtained These equations give  0 = 0,  1 = 1, and  = −/],  = /2].Consequently, the solution is derived as In terms of  and  variables, the new exact solution of the general Burgers' equation can be expressed as After multiplying the numerator and denominator of (30) by 2] (/])(−+ 0 ) , the same solution as that given in (23) is obtained.
Mathematical Problems in Engineering

The Perturbation Solution.
The perturbation method is commonly used to study nonlinear equations and obtain approximate analytic solutions.The transformed general Burgers' equation, (6), can be set into the form where  =  is a perturbation term.The perturbation solution is assumed to be in the following form: Substituting ( 32) into (31) and setting like power coefficients of  to be zeros, the following equations are obtained: The approximated solution is where  1 is a constant.When the coefficient of the perturbation term  is zero, (31) is reduced to a common linear differential equation.Solution (34) is reduced to being linear and is the same as the solution reduced from (24).

Numerical Results and Discussions
To illustrate the analysis, several numerical results are presented and illustrated.
Figure 1 illustrates the difference between the new solution and the perturbation solution, with ] = 1 and  = 1, at  = 0, as the nonlinear term coefficient () varies from −1 to 1.For comparison, the constant  0 in (23) and ( 34) is set to zero.It can be found that when  = 0, both solutions lead to linear solutions and are the same; however, when the absolute value of  is increased to one, the perturbation solution will have significant errors.Figure 2 shows the difference between the new exact solution and the perturbation solution with the absolute value of  being one, ] = 1 and  = 1, at various .It can be observed that the difference between the two solutions becomes negligible when  is large ( > 4).
A kink wave is defined as a traveling wave which (1) rises or descends from one asymptotic state to another and (2) approaches a constant at infinity [12].Moreover, when  approaches positive and negative infinities, the corresponding tanh-coth solutions from (2) are The corresponding Cole-Hopf solutions from (18), at  = ±∞, are   The corresponding new exact solutions from (23), at  = ±∞, are Hence, they satisfy the second condition of a kink wave.After numerical calculation using the software MATLAB, it can be found that the solutions of (1) with  < 0, (2), and (18) all satisfy the first condition of a kink wave.The kinds of waves of the tanh-coth solutions, (2)-( 5), the Cole-Hopf solution, (18), and the new exact solution, (23), are summarized in Table 1.
In the following, the three different kinds of solutions, (2), (18), and (23), are examined and compared.As the nonlinear term coefficient of  varies from −1 to 1, the difference between the new exact solution and the Cole-Hopf solution, (18), with ] = 1,  = 1,  1 = −1,  = 1, and  = 1, is shown in Figure 3.It should be mentioned that under this case, the tanh-coth solution, (2), is the same as the Cole-Hopf solution.It can be found that the new exact solution is a continuous function of  while the other solution has discontinuity at  = 0.This phenomenon can be easily observed from the solution forms, namely, (2) and (18).When the nonlinear coefficient  in the tanh-coth solution and the Cole-Hopf solution is reduced to zeros, the solutions approach infinity.
Figure 4 shows the influence of the kinematics viscosity coefficient ] on the three solutions as  = 1,  = 1,  = 1,  1 = −1, and  = −2 or −1.As can be seen, the coefficient ] has no influence on the tanh-coth solution.As the coefficient ] is increased, the new exact solution increases and the Cole-Hopf solution decreases, respectively.Under the unique case with  = 1, ] = 1,  1 = −1, and  = −2, the three different solutions are the same.
Figure 5 shows the new exact solution, the tanh-coth solution, and the Cole-Hopf solution with various  and different negative nonlinear coefficients .It can be found that these three solutions are all kink solutions and are consistent with the summarized results in Table 1.As mentioned in Section 2.3, with constants , , , and  1 , the tanh-coth solution and the Cole-Hopf solution are both proportional to 1/ and become infinite as  approaches zero.The steep slope in the solutions is kept at the same location; however, this is not the case for the new exact solution.Under the same physical conditions, the new exact solution will not become infinite as  approaches zero.Moreover, the location of the steep slope in the new exact solution will slide and change as  is changed.As shown in Figure 5, the location of the steep

Table 1 :
Waves types of the tanh-coth solutions, the Cole-Hopf solution, and the new exact solution of the general Burgers' equation.