Mathematical Problems in Engineering
Volume 2015 (2015), Article ID 568176, 9 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/568176

Research Article

Computation of Flow Past an In-Line Oscillating Circular Cylinder and a Stationary Cylinder in Tandem Using a CIP-Based Model

Yingnan Fu,¹ Xizeng Zhao,1,2 Xinggang Wang,² and Feifeng Cao³

¹Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
²State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029, China
³Institute of Harbor-Channel and Coastal Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China

Received 13 April 2015; Revised 21 May 2015; Accepted 27 May 2015

Academic Editor: Ming Zhao

Copyright © 2015 Yingnan Fu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Viscous flow past an upstream in-line forced oscillating circular cylinder with a stationary cylinder downstream at Reynolds number of 100 is investigated using a CIP model. The model is established in a Cartesian coordinate system using a high-order difference method to discretise the Navier-Stokes equations. The fluid-structure interaction is treated as a multiphase flow with fluid and solid phases solved simultaneously. An immersed boundary method is used to deal with the fluid-body coupling. The CFD model is firstly applied to the computation of flow past a fixed circular cylinder for its validation; then flow over two stationary tandem cylinders is investigated and good agreements are obtained comparing with existing ones. Computations are then performed with flow past two tandem cylinders with an upstream in-line oscillating cylinder with a small spacing . Considerable attention is paid to the spectrum characteristics and vortex modes.

1. Introduction

Flow over multiple bluff bodies is one of the classical issues in fluid mechanics. It is of great importance in engineering applications, such as heat exchangers, adjacent tall buildings, and piles of offshore platforms. The interaction between the multiple bodies and the wake is much more complicated than that of flow past a single body.

The tandem arrangement is one of the simplest configurations of the multiple bluff bodies. Extensive experimental and numerical studies have been reported about flow past two stationary tandem circular cylinders. Zdravkovich (1977) [1] revealed a discontinuous “jump” at some critical spacing in his measurements and found the discontinuity is caused by the abrupt change from one stable flow pattern to another at the critical spacing. Li et al. (1991) [2] utilized a finite element program to simulate flow past two tandem circular cylinders at different intervals for . Discontinuity changes in the flow pattern, the Strouhal number, and the pressure distribution were detected. Mittal et al. (1997) [3] used a finite element formation to simulate three configurations at and 1000. It was observed that the flow characteristics depend strongly on the arrangements of the cylinders and the Reynolds number. Meneghini et al. (2001) [4] presented the results of flow around tandem circular cylinders for Reynolds number of 200. Vorticity contours and force tine histories were displayed. Jester and Kallinderis (2003) [5] employed a second-order upwind scheme to investigate this problem. Qualitative and quantitative comparisons were made with published experimental data. The mean and fluctuating lift and drag coefficients were recorded for center-to-center cylinder spacings between 2 and 10 diameters in Sharman et al. (2005) [6]. Results showed that the critical spacing was between 3.75 and 4 diameters. Mussa et al. (2009) [7] applied the LBE (Lattice Boltzmann Equation) method with MRT (multiple relaxation time) to simulate the flow past two tandem cylinders in an unbounded domain with and got perfect results. Numerical studies of Liu et al. (2013) [8] showed that separated point of the shear layer backwards when increases because of the interference of downstream cylinder.

The study concerning oscillating circular cylinders in tandem arrangement is relatively rare. Direct numerical simulation was carried out by Li et al. (1992) [9] to study the response of a transversely oscillating cylinder in uniform flow and in the wake of an upstream cylinder. They found that the response of the cylinder wake was either a periodic (lock-in) or a quasi-periodic (nonlock-in) state. Mahir and Rockwell (1996) [10] investigated the wakes between and downstream of a tandem arrangement of two transversely oscillating cylinders with a phase difference experimentally. Their results showed that the lock-in range is much wider than that of a corresponding single cylinder. Following the experiment of Mahir and Rockwell (1996) [10], Papaioannou et al. (2006) [11] conducted a numerical study to investigate the holes in the Arnold tongues. Zou et al. (2004) [12] simulated the flow past a forced system of a stationary circular cylinder and a forced transversely oscillating cylinder downstream. The vortex switch and the change of vortex modes were observed in the “lock-in” region. Prasanth and Mittal (2009) [13] investigated the flow-induced oscillation of two circular cylinders in tandem arrangement at low Reynolds number numerically. The phase between the transverse responses of the two cylinders was studied. Nonlinear responses to a transversely oscillating cylinder in the wake of a stationary upstream cylinder were studied by Yang and Zheng (2010) [14], based on velocity phase portraits. They categorized the nonlinear response states into three states: lock-in, transitional, and quasi-periodic. Huera-Huarte and Bearman (2011) [15] carried out an experiment to investigate vortex and wake-induced vibrations of two tandem flexible circular cylinders. Different response regimes have been identified based on the type of oscillations exhibited by the cylinders: vortex-induced (VIV), wake-induced (WIV), or combinations of both. Bao et al. (2012) [16] employed LBM (Lattice Boltzmann Method) to study flow around a transversely oscillating cylinder in tandem with a stationary cylinder downstream. The influences of spacing, oscillation frequency, and amplitude were investigated. Tao et al. (2013) [17] utilized LBM to study flow past a pair of rotating circular cylinders in tandem arrangement at . Flow past two cylinders in tandem arrangement under forced vibration has been studied experimentally by Yang et al. (2014) [18] employing the hydrogen bubble visualization technique at .

One of the greatest challenges in the simulation of flow around oscillating cylinders is to deal with moving solid boundaries in complex geometries, especially for large amplitude body motions. The ALE (Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian) method has been used in some studies. This means that the domain should be remeshed at every time interval; it is time-consuming. Hence, a numerical method should be proposed without aforementioned restrictions. In this paper, an Immersed Boundary Method [19] is adopted to treat the movable structure boundaries. Meanwhile, the fluid-structure interaction is treated as a multiphase problem. To do so, the CIP/CCUP (constraint interpolation profile/CIP combined, unified procedure) [20] is combined with the Cartesian grid system where the multiphase problem is solved in one set of equations. The CIP method has been applied for water-body interaction problems of free surface flow [21, 22]. In the present study, the CIP method is used for the study of flow over a streamwise oscillating circular cylinder with a stationary cylinder downstream.

To date, few studies considering the flow past two tandem circular cylinders with the upstream one forced to oscillate streamwise to the flow could be found. The objective of the present study is to extend the CIP-based method for this gap. In this paper, the Reynolds number remains at 100, oscillating amplitude is , and the spacing between two tandem cylinders is . By changing the oscillating frequency () of the upstream cylinder (; is the natural shedding frequency of the two stationary tandem cylinders), the response of the wake is investigated. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 gives the CIP-based numerical model. The flow solver and the coupling of fluid-body are briefly introduced. In Section 3, the current numerical model is first applied to flow over a fixed circular cylinder and two stationary tandem circular cylinders. Then, flow past an oscillating circular cylinder with a stationary cylinder downstream is computed in Section 4. Summary and conclusions are given in the final section.

2. Mathematical Modeling

2.1. Governing Equations

The basic equations governing the incompressible fluid flow are the mass conservation equation and the Navier-Stokes momentum equations written as

where Cartesian tensor notation is used ( 1, 2) and , , , and are the time, velocities, hydrodynamic pressure, and spatial coordinates, respectively. represents momentum forcing components. is the viscous term given by

where and are the density and viscosity, respectively, appropriate for the phase that is occupying the particular spatial location at a given instant.

The numerical model considers the fluid-body interaction as a multiphase problem that includes fluid and structure. A fixed Cartesian grid that covers the whole computation domain is used. A volume function (or color function) ( and 2 indicate fluid and solid, resp.) is defined to represent and track the interface. The total volume function for fluid and body is solved by using the following advection equation:

Here, . The density and viscosity of the solid phase are assumed to be the same as those of a liquid phase to ensure stability. The volume function for solid body is determined by a Lagrangian method in which a rigid body is assumed. The volume function for fluid is then determined by . After all volume functions have been calculated, the physical property , such as the density and viscosity, is calculated by the following formula:

2.2. Numerical Methods

Following Zhao and Hu (2012) [23], the governing equations are discretized using a high-order finite difference method on a Cartesian grid system. A staggered grid configuration is used to discretize the dependent variables. The governing equations (1) are solved using a fractional step scheme:

In the advection phase the spatial derivatives of the velocities are needed to apply the CIP method [20] for this phase. In the first nonadvection phase, terms of diffusion and external forces are solved by explicit method and renewed intermediate velocities are obtained. In the final phase, the velocities are updated coupling with pressure field.

To model the body motions, the fluid-structure interaction is coupled by using the Fractional Area Volume Obstacle Representation (FAVOR) method. The FAVOR was shown to be one of the most efficient methods to treat the immersed solid bodies. The effect of a moving solid body on the flow is considered by imposing the velocity field of the solid body into the flow at the solid edge. The following equation is introduced to update the local information of the fluid domain covered by the body:

Here, is the local velocity of the solid body and denotes the flow velocity obtained from the fluid flow solver. The solid phase is obtained using a virtual particle method [21]. , the local velocity of the solid body, is tracked by a Lagrange method. By integrating the pressure on the body surface, the hydrodynamic forces acting on the body are first calculated. With Newton’s Law, the body motion accelerations and velocities are calculated. More details can be found in previous references [21, 24].

3. Numerical Results

3.1. Flow Past a Stationary Circular Cylinder

Convergence study has first been performed for flow past a stationary circular cylinder at low Reynolds number () as a reference for further investigation. The Reynolds number was defined on the diameter of the circular cylinder and the dynamic viscosity coefficient . Three different nonuniform meshes are used with a minimum grid size of , , and , respectively. Results of the mean value of drag coefficient () and the Strouhal number () are shown in Table 1 and compared with previous experimental and numerical results. It can be seen that the computation converges fast and the results of mesh 1 and mesh 2 show excellent agreements with both the experimental and numerical data in existing literatures. Thus mesh 2 is adopted in the following calculations.

Table 1: Comparison of mean drag coefficient () and Strouhal number () with those of other authors.

Data
Min size of mesh
Number of meshes

Mesh 1
0.01D
307800
1.38
0.166

Mesh 2
0.02D
92800
1.34
0.166

Mesh 3
0.04D
32175
1.28
0.166

Exp. (1959) [28]

1.26

Exp. (1988) [29]

0.164

Herfjord (1996) [30]

1.36
0.168

Calhoun (2002) [31]

1.33
0.175

Linnick and Fasel (2005) [32]

1.34
0.166

Berthelsen and Faltinsen (2008) [33]

1.38
0.169

Rajani et al. (2009) [34]

1.34
0.157

3.2. Flow Past Two Stationary Cylinders in Tandem

Generally, the flow patterns of flow past two stationary tandem cylinders can be divided into two regimes by the critical spacing . When , there is no clear vortex shedding from the upstream cylinder (vortex suppression regime, VS). When , the vortex sheds from both the upstream and downstream cylinders (vortex formation regime, VF).

In this section, flow past two stationary cylinders in tandem at is computed with different spacing ratios . The computational domain is scheduled in Figure 1. The inlet is located upstream of the front cylinder, and the outlet is located downstream of the front cylinder. The upper and lower boundaries are placed away from the centerline of the domain. On the inlet, the streamwise velocity is set to make for the fixed tandem circular cylinders and the transverse velocity is zero. On the outlet, a zero gradient boundary condition is specified. A free-slip boundary condition is imposed on the lateral boundaries and no-slip condition is applied on the surface of the two cylinders. Figure 2 shows the computational mesh and the detailed view of the mesh with .

Figure 1: Sketch of the computational domain for flow past two tandem circular cylinders.

(a)

(b)

Figure 2: The computational mesh for flow past two tandem circular cylinders and local mesh near the cylinders with .

Figure 3 illustrated the variation of coefficients at different spacing ratios , ranging from 1.5 to 7.0. The computed is shown in Figure 3(a), where the results of Li et al. (1991) [2], Sharman et al. (2005) [6], and Zheng et al. (2008) [25] are also presented for comparison. It shows a good agreement with existing results except for the results of Li et al. (2008) [2] a little larger. Figure 3(b) displays the mean value of the drag coefficient and shows a good consistency with that of Sharman et al. (2005) [6]. A sudden jump can be observed at , which means that the critical spacing is between 3.5 and 4.0. Figure 3(c) shows the same property as Figures 3(a) and 3(b). Figure 4 plots the vorticity contours at and 4.0. Positive contours are plotted in slid lines and negative contours in dashed lines. There is no clear vortex shedding from the upstream cylinder at . After the critical spacing, the vortex shedding from both the cylinders can be observed at .

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 3: Variation of coefficients with spacing ratio for flow past two stationary circular cylinders: (a) Strouhal number ; (b) mean value of the drag coefficient ; (c) value of the lift force coefficient .

(a)

(b)

Figure 4: Vorticity contours of flow past two stationary tandem circular cylinders: (a) ; (b) .

3.3. Flow Past a Streamwise Oscillating Circular Cylinder with a Stationary Cylinder Downstream in Tandem

In this section, flow past a streamwise oscillating circular cylinder with a stationary cylinder downstream in tandem with the spacing ratio at is investigated. is in the regime of VS, where the wake interaction of upstream and downstream is much more complicated than that of VF because of the close distance. The computational domain and mesh are similar to that of flow past two stationary cylinders, as shown in Figures 1 and 2. The upstream cylinder oscillates streamwise with an imposed motion . The oscillating amplitude is set to be , relatively large amplitude for vortex mode analysis [26]. The natural shedding frequency of flow past two stationary cylinders is 0.122 from the results of Section 2.2. The oscillating frequency varies from 0.5 to 1.7. In the present study, the computational time is set as 300 s and time interval is 0.002 s. The actual consuming time is no more than 83 min per condition using PC Intel i7-3770.

Figure 5 plots the spectrum of lift force for both the cylinders. It can be noticed that the upstream and downstream wakes have peaks at , , or their harmonics. The corresponding vorticity contours are presented in Figure 6. When , the natural shedding frequency plays a dominant role in the wake of both the cylinders. The vortex shedding is familiar with that of flow past two stationary tandem cylinders as shown in Figure 6(a). As the oscillating frequency increases to 0.7, the natural shedding frequency dominates the upstream wake, while the forced frequency plays an important role in the downstream wake, and its harmonics becomes stronger. Corresponding vorticity contour displays a symmetric S pattern the same as flow past an oscillating cylinder [27]. The vortex shed simultaneously from both the upper and lower sides of the cylinders. At , the significant peaks appear at the excitation frequency, and exists in a much lower energy. The formation of vortex remains the same as that of . There is a sudden change at , emerges and plays the significant role in both the upstream and downstream wake, and its harmonics and also behave at . The vortex sheds in an irregular 2P structure at and turns to a regular 2P at as displayed in Figures 6(f)-6(g). Figure 7 shows the vorticity contours in one period. The vorticity contours at and are nearly identical in the near-wake region at and 1.0, but it plots a good coincidence of and at . It can be seen from Figures 8(c)-8(d) that a limit cycle is temporally repeated in the lift portrait plots for both the upstream and downstream cylinder at , which shows a lock-in phenomenon. However, in Figures 8(a)-8(b), there are no single orbits but multiple loops, which indicate a quasi-periodic characteristic for both the upstream and downstream cylinder.

(a)

(b)

Figure 5: Spectrum analysis of the lift force for flow around upstream oscillating cylinder and downstream fixed cylinder: (a) upstream cylinder; (b) downstream cylinder.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

Figure 6: Vortex contours of flow around upstream oscillating cylinder and downstream fixed cylinder: (a) ; (b) ; (c) ; (d) ; (e) ; (f) ; (g) ; (h) .

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 7: Vortex contours in one period: (a) ; (b) ; (c) .

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 8: Phase portrait plot at and 1.5: (a, c) upstream cylinder; (b, d) downstream cylinder.

4. Conclusions

A CIP-ZJU model is utilized to simulate the viscous flow past one and two circular cylinders in this paper. The model is established in a Cartesian coordinate system, using a CIP method as the base flow solver to discretise the N-S equations. The fluid-structure interaction is treated as a multiphase flow with fluid and solid phases solved simultaneously. An Immersed Boundary Method was used to deal with the fluid-body coupling.

Flow past a stationary circular cylinder at is computed firstly to validate the method. Good agreements are obtained comparing with existing literatures. Then flow around two stationary tandem circular cylinders is computed at of different spacing ratios . The critical spacing is between 3.5 and 4.0 as the results shown, which agrees well with previous data. Benchmark test cases showed that the CIP-based numerical discretization is accurate enough for low Reynolds number flows.

Flow around an upstream in-line oscillating cylinder and a stationary cylinder in tandem with spacing ratio at is investigated. The oscillating amplitude is set as , and the oscillating frequency is varied from 0.5 to 1.7. The spectrum analysis of lift force for both cylinders is discussed. When , the natural shedding frequency and the imposed frequency appear in the peaks. As the excitation frequency increases, plays a dominate role in both the upstream and downstream of the tandem system and and appear in a very low power. At the low oscillating frequency , the shape of vortex is similar to that of flow past two stationary cylinders and the phase portrait of lift force shows a quasi-periodic characteristic. With the frequency increasing, S mode is observed at and the vorticity contours show a good accordance of and . A sudden change of the vortex formation is displayed at , when vortex of irregular 2P mode shed from the cylinders. Regular 2P mode is formed at , and the vorticity contours show a good identity every . The portrait lift force displays a lock-in phenomenon with a single limit cycle.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (51209184 and 51479175), Open Research Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering (2013490211), Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (20120101120150), and Key Laboratory of Water-Sediment Sciences and Water Disaster Prevention of Hunan Province (Grant no. 2013SS03).

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