The coordinated development of urban public infrastructure system and urban economic, social, and environmental system is an important goal for the integrated management and sustainable development of urban public infrastructure system. This paper constructs a research model of the degree of coupling coordination between urban public infrastructure system and urban economic, social, and environmental system using the analytic network process (ANP), the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), a combination evaluation method based on game theory, and a coupling coordination degree model. Using Beijing data from 2000 to 2016, the degree of coupling coordination between the Beijing urban public infrastructure system and the urban economic, social, and environmental system is empirically analyzed. This study finds that (1) the supply level of Beijing’s urban public infrastructure system has an obvious impact on the degree of coupling coordination between the two systems. (2) The global financial crisis reduced the supply speed of the urban public infrastructure system in Beijing, and put the dynamic coupling state of the two systems in the low-level symbiosis stage. Beijing needs to improve the supply of urban public infrastructure to support the development of the urban economic, social, and environmental system. (3) Improving the supply level of the urban environmental infrastructure in Beijing, especially improving sewage disposal capacity and increasing the number of special vehicles for urban sanitation and the amount of domestic waste clearance, will positively affect the degree of coupling coordination between two systems. (4) An increase in the GDP of Beijing has a direct positive impact on the degree of coupling coordination. In addition, the increase in the social development level of the employees in three industries in Beijing has a significant impact on the degree of coupling coordination.
An infrastructure system consisting of subsystems such as energy, transportation, water resources, postal service and telecommunication, and environmental facilities is an important basis for economic productivity and population welfare [
The urban public infrastructure system is a multibody, complex, and composite system of energy, transportation, postal services and telecommunications, the environment, water resources, and other subsystems. These subsystems are interdependent and interrelated and form the whole urban public infrastructure system together, providing the basic products and services needed for urban development [
Understanding the interdependence of the various subsystems of urban public infrastructure is a prerequisite for studying the overall supply of urban public infrastructure systems. Different scholars define and classify the interdependence among subsystems of urban public infrastructure. Rinaldi believes that thee physical, information, spatial, and logical interdependence exists among the subsystems of urban public infrastructure [
The urban public infrastructure system should promote the city’s economic growth, social welfare, and environmental quality development. An improvement in the supply level of urban public infrastructure systems will increase the labor productivity of the society, expand total social demand, increase the accumulation of fixed capital, increase the total output of the society, and guarantee the economic growth of the city [
Interaction between urban public infrastructure supply and urban economic and social environment.
There is no research on the coordinated development of infrastructure and the economic environment in foreign countries. In the UK, the Infrastructure Transformation Research Consortium (ITRC), which consists of researchers from seven universities, including Oxford, Cambridge, Newcastle, and Leeds, proposes that urban infrastructure systems are complex applied systems [
The similarities between the two types of studies are as follows: Both have comprehensive strategic objectives. The ultimate goal of both studies is to achieve sustainable regional or urban development through an orderly allocation of resources. Both have received considerable attention at the national level. In the UK, the national infrastructure system is highly regarded, while the national finance department proposes using an integrated approach to the development of national infrastructure plans [ Both have a similar research objective: ITRC focuses on the long-term supply management of energy, transportation, water resources, solid waste and wastewater clean-up and recycling, and data and information communication services. The main research objective related to China’s infrastructure and urban coordinated development is the relationship between the supply level of urban infrastructure systems and the level of urban development.
The differences between the two studies are as follows: Their research focus is different. SOSM proposes managing the infrastructure system across departments as a whole for the purpose of transforming, storing, and transmitting infrastructure traffic by managing physical infrastructure entities and the corresponding human system behaviors to allow for the long-term performance evaluation of the various departments involved in infrastructure. Research on the coordinated development of urban infrastructure and urban economic, social, and environmental systems considers the overall supply of urban public infrastructure and the given resources and their ability to support sustainable urban development, mainly by considering the overall management of the interaction between the supply level of infrastructure systems and the level of urban development. The scope of each type of research is different. The scope of research conducted using SOSM is limited to the UK’s national infrastructure because the UK’s infrastructure supply policy is made at the national level, and data on infrastructure supply, inputs, and outputs throughout the Commonwealth are available. Considering China’s vast geographical scope and regional differences, China’s research on the coordination of infrastructure and urban development mainly considers the synergistic relationship between the infrastructure provided by cities or regions and their jurisdiction and the development level of the cities or regions. Generally, coordinated development studies are not conducted at the national level. The perspective of each type of research is different. The research framework of SOSM combines top-down infrastructure supply management with bottom-up infrastructure providers and the behavioral performance of service objects based on the quality of service of the infrastructure (such as reliability, cost, security, and environmental impact) and focuses on the long-term management of national infrastructure through the linkage and management of a large number of infrastructure service departments. Coordinated development research generally does not consider subjective demand and differences in infrastructure service objects. This research mainly examines the level of urban public infrastructure supply by considering the number of services provided by urban infrastructure (e.g., electricity supply and garbage removal) and explores the interaction between infrastructure supply levels and the level of urban development. Each type of research has a different understanding of the interdependence of the infrastructure subsystems. SOSM is based on the premise that the interdependence of infrastructure subsystems is the basis for national infrastructure system integration modeling. It has been proposed that infrastructure involves more than the operation of a single specialized department. It is necessary to present the interdependence of various departments of the infrastructure using a cross-sectoral integration model and evaluate the cross-department performance of each subsystem of infrastructure. Existing research on urban coordinated development of infrastructure and the level of urban development does not recognize the interdependence of infrastructure subsystems and proposes that the urban public infrastructure system should support the level of urban development but not enforce an excessive level of urban development, which would waste social resources.
The earliest research on urban infrastructure and urban coordinated development was conducted by Zhang Junyong, who believes that urban infrastructure construction investment and economic development have a mutually reinforcing relationship [
In short, there is still a wide range of research fields that consider the coordinated development of domestic and foreign urban infrastructure supply and the level of urban development. (1) In terms of the evaluation index system, existing research is more focused on the coordinated development of the level of infrastructure supply and the level of urban development. This study incorporates indicators for the level of urban development measuring the environmental pressures in cities and constructs indicators for the urban economic, social, and environmental system by focusing on the three aspects of urban economic development, social welfare, and environmental pressure. This is a new breakthrough in the construction of an index system. (2) In terms of research methods, the methods used to generate the weights of the evaluation indicators are mainly limited to using the coupling coordination degree model. The dynamic coupling and coordination model has not been used. (3) In terms of the research design, this study focuses on the infrastructure system and the interdependence of the infrastructure subsystems. This study applies the network analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and considers the infrastructure of the interdependence of the subsystems to evaluate the supply level of the urban public infrastructure system.
This paper constructs a model of the coupling coordination degree of an urban infrastructure system and an urban economic, social, and environmental system using Beijing as an example. In addition, this paper provides a theoretical basis and discusses methods for ensuring the long-term and sustainable supply management of urban public infrastructure systems. The research design used in this paper is shown in Figure
Research design flow chart.
Beijing is the capital of China. It is the political, economic, and cultural center of the country and has advanced and comprehensive urban public infrastructure. In addition, data on Beijing’s urban public infrastructure are abundant, typical, and representative. Research on the system integration supply management of Beijing’s urban public infrastructure shows that it can be used as a model for other cities.
To measure the relationship between the urban infrastructure system and the urban economic, social, and environmental system, this paper initially develops an index framework based on relevant references [
Evaluation indicators of the supply levels of the various subsystems of urban public infrastructure.
Criteria layer | System layer | Indicator layer | Unit |
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Economic benefit |
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Kilowatt-hours/person | 0.0307 | 0.0294 | 0.0298 |
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tons of standard coal/person | 0.0421 | 0.0664 | 0.0593 | ||
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% | 0.0206 | 0.0157 | 0.0171 | ||
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m2/person | 0.0265 | 0.0114 | 0.0158 | ||
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Social benefit |
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km/km2 | 0.0586 | 0.1575 | 0.1287 |
|
m2/person | 0.0277 | 0.0241 | 0.0251 | ||
|
Number | 0.0491 | 0.0442 | 0.0456 | ||
|
10,000 persons | 0.0571 | 0.1011 | 0.0883 | ||
|
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Environment benefit |
|
|
m2/person | 0.0436 | 0.0580 | 0.0538 |
|
10,000 m3/day | 0.0404 | 0.0302 | 0.0332 | ||
|
unit | 0.0335 | 0.0217 | 0.0251 | ||
|
10,000 tons | 0.0519 | 0.0941 | 0.0818 | ||
|
|
m3/person | 0.1020 | 0.0957 | 0.0975 | |
|
km/km2 | 0.0458 | 0.0590 | 0.0552 | ||
|
10 thousand m3/day person | 0.0400 | 0.0307 | 0.0334 | ||
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km/km2 | 0.0542 | 0.0221 | 0.0314 | ||
|
|
CNY/person | 0.0709 | 0.0864 | 0.0819 | |
|
Household/100 people | 0.0349 | 0.0151 | 0.0209 | ||
|
% | 0.0466 | 0.0088 | 0.0198 | ||
|
Unit | 0.1238 | 0.0028 | 0.0380 |
Urban economic social and environmental system evaluation indicators.
Dimension layer | Indicator layer | Unit |
|
|
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
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|
100 million CNY | 0.0728 | 0.3365 | 0.2560 |
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% | 0.0646 | 0.0586 | 0.0604 | |
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10,000 USD | 0.1349 | 0.0342 | 0.0649 | |
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% | 0.0634 | 0.1103 | 0.0960 | |
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|||||
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CNY | 0.1194 | 0.0580 | 0.0767 |
|
CNY | 0.1197 | 0.0941 | 0.1019 | |
|
Person | 0.0757 | 0.0302 | 0.0441 | |
|
% | 0.0725 | 0.0217 | 0.0372 | |
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|
mg/m3 | 0.0670 | 0.0078 | 0.0259 |
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10 thousand tons | 0.1234 | 0.0766 | 0.0909 | |
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10 thousand tons | 0.0375 | 0.0251 | 0.0289 | |
|
10 thousand tons | 0.0492 | 0.0133 | 0.0243 |
The relevant data on the supply level of various subsystems of Beijing’s infrastructure and on the development level of Beijing’s urban economic, social, and environmental system (2000–2016) were acquired from the Beijing Statistical Yearbook (Beijing Bureau of Statistics 2000–2016) through simple processing. All per capita indicators (including Positive indicator: Negative indicator:
The standardized data of urban public infrastructure system.
year | Per capita social electricity consumption |
Per capita energy consumption |
Natural gas ratio |
Per capita heating area |
Railway and highway facilities density |
Per capita urban road area |
Number of public transportation lines |
Bus operation passenger traffic |
Per capita park green area |
Sewage treatment capacity |
Total number of urban vehicle sanitation special equipment |
Domestic garbage removal volume |
Per capita annual water supply |
Tap water supply pipe density |
Per capita tap water comprehensive production capacity |
Sewage pipe density |
Per capita postal and telecommunications volume |
Mobile phone penetration rate |
Fixed line mainline penetration rate |
Bureau number of post and telecommunications |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.3735 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 1.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.6906 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0375 | 0.0000 |
2001 | 0.0364 | 0.0355 | 0.4163 | 0.1323 | 0.0329 | 0.4355 | 0.0000 | 0.1052 | 0.0637 | 0.0310 | 0.1859 | 0.0238 | 0.8757 | 0.0573 | 0.6780 | 0.0515 | 0.0002 | 0.1214 | 0.2048 | 0.0047 |
2002 | 0.2486 | 0.1929 | 0.4871 | 0.2382 | 0.0878 | 1.0000 | 0.1088 | 0.2088 | 0.1398 | 0.1078 | 0.2048 | 0.0447 | 0.5718 | 0.1010 | 1.0000 | 0.1335 | 0.0405 | 0.2386 | 0.3106 | 0.0177 |
2003 | 0.3754 | 0.3775 | 0.4421 | 0.4598 | 0.0961 | 0.0347 | 0.1912 | 0.0487 | 0.2748 | 0.1789 | 0.2572 | 0.1140 | 0.5935 | 0.1783 | 0.9396 | 0.1741 | 0.0989 | 0.3087 | 0.5085 | 0.0250 |
2004 | 0.5346 | 1.0000 | 0.4167 | 0.5401 | 0.1169 | 0.3915 | 0.1941 | 0.2276 | 0.2780 | 0.2616 | 0.3969 | 0.1911 | 0.4806 | 0.2535 | 0.6726 | 0.1751 | 0.1406 | 0.3923 | 0.8464 | 0.0213 |
2005 | 0.6168 | 0.6046 | 0.5918 | 0.6281 | 0.1248 | 0.6958 | 0.2088 | 0.2715 | 0.3634 | 0.4043 | 0.3861 | 0.2756 | 0.4204 | 0.2375 | 0.2708 | 0.1108 | 0.2142 | 0.4234 | 1.0000 | 0.0273 |
2006 | 0.7935 | 0.8251 | 0.6777 | 0.6882 | 0.8050 | 0.5245 | 0.2029 | 0.1504 | 0.3634 | 0.4188 | 0.4271 | 0.4224 | 0.3393 | 0.4586 | 0.3365 | 0.2561 | 0.3042 | 0.4430 | 0.8362 | 0.0278 |
2007 | 0.8480 | 0.9660 | 0.8351 | 0.7056 | 0.8344 | 0.5360 | 0.2765 | 0.1991 | 0.4565 | 0.4540 | 0.4337 | 0.5292 | 0.2861 | 0.5905 | 0.3396 | 0.4149 | 0.4704 | 0.4265 | 0.7713 | 0.1077 |
2008 | 0.9348 | 0.5646 | 0.9242 | 0.7949 | 0.7852 | 0.8167 | 0.3647 | 0.4542 | 0.6118 | 0.4155 | 0.5139 | 0.6257 | 0.2100 | 0.6958 | 0.2889 | 0.4317 | 0.5685 | 0.4015 | 0.6143 | 0.1062 |
2009 | 0.6154 | 0.4736 | 0.9181 | 0.7843 | 0.8338 | 0.7522 | 0.4294 | 0.6161 | 0.7516 | 0.4705 | 0.5081 | 0.6248 | 0.1509 | 0.7678 | 0.2873 | 0.4378 | 0.6478 | 0.4430 | 0.5461 | 0.1202 |
2010 | 0.6977 | 0.5010 | 0.9482 | 0.7856 | 0.8759 | 0.6693 | 0.5059 | 0.6919 | 0.8292 | 0.4891 | 0.5768 | 0.5847 | 0.0588 | 0.9124 | 0.2762 | 0.4351 | 0.7866 | 0.5070 | 0.4471 | 0.1949 |
2011 | 0.6670 | 0.3221 | 0.9069 | 0.8526 | 0.9162 | 0.5281 | 0.6147 | 0.7720 | 0.8758 | 0.4982 | 0.6396 | 0.5871 | 0.0501 | 1.0000 | 0.3496 | 0.4825 | 0.1624 | 0.6229 | 0.4027 | 0.2003 |
2012 | 0.7493 | 0.3294 | 0.9535 | 0.8643 | 0.9388 | 0.4847 | 0.6000 | 0.8674 | 0.9068 | 0.5377 | 0.8046 | 0.6113 | 0.0110 | 0.6863 | 0.0000 | 0.6432 | 0.2056 | 0.7785 | 0.3652 | 0.3074 |
2013 | 0.7987 | 0.3475 | 0.9351 | 0.8849 | 0.9602 | 0.5308 | 0.8088 | 0.9729 | 0.9379 | 0.5471 | 0.8536 | 0.6518 | 0.0000 | 0.7361 | 0.1110 | 0.7472 | 0.2914 | 0.8176 | 0.3072 | 0.4034 |
2014 | 0.8186 | 0.3363 | 0.9293 | 0.9136 | 0.9817 | 0.5898 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 0.9689 | 0.6132 | 0.9078 | 0.7595 | 0.0175 | 0.7895 | 0.3443 | 0.7759 | 0.3696 | 1.0000 | 0.2253 | 0.4405 |
2015 | 0.8369 | 0.2923 | 0.9769 | 0.9405 | 0.9859 | 0.5739 | 0.9971 | 0.8107 | 0.9845 | 0.6432 | 0.9661 | 0.8574 | 0.0312 | 0.8351 | 0.3379 | 0.8787 | 0.5771 | 0.9835 | 0.1433 | 0.6948 |
2016 | 1.0000 | 0.4077 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 0.6353 | 1.0000 | 0.8023 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 0.0519 | 0.8695 | 0.3264 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 0.9304 | 0.0000 | 0.8269 |
The standardized data of urban economic social and environmental system.
Year | Gross regional product actual value |
The proportion of the tertiary industries |
Actual use of foreign investment amount |
Fixed assets investment ratio |
Per capita household disposable income |
Per capita consumption expenditure |
Number of employees in three industries |
Urbanization rate |
Annual average inhalable particles |
Total wastewater discharge |
General industrial solid waste production volume |
Sulfur dioxide emissions |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2000 | 0.0000 | 0.2210 | 0.0000 | 0.7978 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.9459 | 0.0000 | 0.7017 | 1.0000 |
2001 | 0.0674 | 0.2918 | 0.0035 | 0.8216 | 0.0262 | 0.0144 | 0.0160 | 0.0574 | 0.9865 | 0.0044 | 0.6976 | 0.8959 |
2002 | 0.1294 | 0.3938 | 0.0195 | 0.8978 | 0.0451 | 0.0602 | 0.0997 | 0.1127 | 1.0000 | 0.0532 | 0.5834 | 0.8572 |
2003 | 0.1952 | 0.1303 | 0.0343 | 1.0000 | 0.0753 | 0.0884 | 0.1398 | 0.1680 | 0.6622 | 0.0555 | 0.7664 | 0.8161 |
2004 | 0.2817 | 0.0000 | 0.1175 | 0.8840 | 0.1127 | 0.1245 | 0.3908 | 0.2219 | 0.7703 | 0.1116 | 0.9274 | 0.0000 |
2005 | 0.3315 | 0.3173 | 0.1567 | 0.7514 | 0.1556 | 0.1596 | 0.4306 | 0.6778 | 0.6757 | 0.1498 | 0.8256 | 0.8511 |
2006 | 0.3833 | 0.4023 | 0.2482 | 0.8470 | 0.2052 | 0.2127 | 0.5000 | 0.7574 | 0.9324 | 0.2016 | 1.0000 | 0.7837 |
2007 | 0.4862 | 0.3598 | 0.2934 | 0.7235 | 0.2480 | 0.2297 | 0.5383 | 0.7757 | 0.7568 | 0.2383 | 0.8886 | 0.6771 |
2008 | 0.5498 | 1.0000 | 0.2478 | 0.1641 | 0.3063 | 0.2677 | 0.6019 | 0.8205 | 0.4054 | 0.3091 | 0.7260 | 0.5501 |
2009 | 0.5350 | 0.3088 | 0.2934 | 0.6932 | 0.3492 | 0.3158 | 0.6308 | 0.8322 | 0.3919 | 0.6672 | 0.8442 | 0.5303 |
2010 | 0.6347 | 0.0992 | 0.3835 | 0.5891 | 0.3990 | 0.3844 | 0.6863 | 0.9384 | 0.3919 | 0.6100 | 0.8805 | 0.5136 |
2011 | 0.7641 | 0.5099 | 0.4086 | 0.3365 | 0.4806 | 0.4533 | 0.7497 | 0.9691 | 0.2973 | 0.7277 | 0.6832 | 0.4370 |
2012 | 0.8096 | 0.4136 | 0.4698 | 0.3146 | 0.5566 | 0.5226 | 0.8123 | 0.9652 | 0.2297 | 0.6602 | 0.6536 | 0.4190 |
2013 | 0.8707 | 0.3739 | 0.5575 | 0.2521 | 0.6387 | 0.5974 | 0.8683 | 0.9767 | 0.2162 | 0.7161 | 0.5711 | 0.3884 |
2014 | 0.8795 | 0.4561 | 0.6461 | 0.2460 | 0.7152 | 0.6557 | 0.8945 | 0.9878 | 0.3243 | 0.7959 | 0.5390 | 0.3519 |
2015 | 0.9002 | 0.7932 | 0.9971 | 0.1736 | 0.9059 | 0.9458 | 0.9434 | 1.0000 | 0.1351 | 0.8091 | 0.1111 | 0.3175 |
2016 | 1.0000 | 0.5694 | 1.0000 | 0.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 0.9991 | 0.0000 | 1.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.1482 |
The ANP is a multiobjective decision-making method developed by Professor Saaty
Game theory is an important part of operations research and is used for studying competitive elements. Drawing on game theory, relevant experts have developed a game theory combination weighting method [
The calculation process of combination weighting method based on game theory is as follows: Obtain
We use game theory to find the most satisfactory
Based on the differential properties of the matrix, the first derivative condition of the optimization of equation (
Equation (
After obtaining
Finally, the combined weight is
The model used to evaluate the supply level of the urban public infrastructure system (see Figure
Model used to evaluate the management of the supply level of the urban public infrastructure system.
The main process used to evaluate the supply level of the urban public infrastructure system is described below:
According to the urban development orientation, the established stock of the urban public infrastructure and the interdependence of the public infrastructure determine the structural relationship of the urban public infrastructure system and act as the basis for constructing the structure of the urban public infrastructure system ANP management activities. This process needs to be conducted by experts.
The ANP super matrix and the weighted super matrix are calculated. The evaluation criteria used for the ANP act as the basis for evaluating the relationships in the system and reflect the overall goal of the evaluation. Let the evaluation criteria in the ANP structure be
To accurately reflect the interaction between the subsystems, the stability of the supermatrix must be processed. Stability processing is performed on the superweighting matrix
Equation (
After the subsystem weights are obtained, the weights of the internal indicators of each subsystem are obtained using AHP.
The entropy method is used to obtain the evaluation index weight of each subsystem [
Using a combination weighting method based on game theory, the weights of the evaluation indexes of each subsystem are obtained.
The supply level of each subsystem and the overall system are obtained.
The supply level of each subsystem and the system supply level are obtained by using index weights are calculated using a combination weighting method based on game theory.
The supply level of the urban public infrastructure system is obtained by using the following formula:
The evaluation value of the urban public infrastructure system and the urban economic, social, and environmental system is calculated, which are represented by The coupling degree of the urban public infrastructure system and the urban economic social and environmental system is calculated:
Evaluation of the supply level of urban infrastructure system and the demand level of the urban economic, social, and environmental system.
Years | Urban infrastructure system supply level ( |
Urban economic, social, and environmental system evaluation value ( |
---|---|---|
2000 | 0.1383 | 0.1590 |
2001 | 0.1675 | 0.1882 |
2002 | 0.2247 | 0.2310 |
2003 | 0.2413 | 0.2474 |
2004 | 0.3200 | 0.2683 |
2005 | 0.3204 | 0.3344 |
2006 | 0.4425 | 0.3979 |
2007 | 0.5045 | 0.4131 |
2008 | 0.5320 | 0.4138 |
2009 | 0.5528 | 0.4670 |
2010 | 0.5862 | 0.4884 |
2011 | 0.5519 | 0.5416 |
2012 | 0.5568 | 0.5556 |
2013 | 0.6076 | 0.5870 |
2014 | 0.6606 | 0.6210 |
2015 | 0.6860 | 0.6924 |
2016 | 0.6372 | 0.7097 |
To clarify the relationship between the urban public infrastructure system and the urban economic, social, and environmental system, this paper assumes that both of these systems and their relationship form a composite system. Based on theory of the evolution of subsystems in a general system, we construct a DCCM to analyze the evolution state and coupling state of the composite systems. The changes between the urban public infrastructure system and the urban economic, social, and environmental system are nonlinear, so the evolution equation can be expressed as
Using the above method, we establish the general function of the urban public infrastructure system and the urban economic, social, and environmental system.
We assume that the urban public infrastructure system and the urban economic, social, and environmental system and their relationship are in the same system, which has two elements
Dynamic coupling degree between urban public infrastructure and the urban economic, social, and environmental system (created by author based on Li Chongming’s study [
In this case, the variable
Dynamic coupling and coordination of the composite system.
Range of |
Stage | System development stage | System status |
---|---|---|---|
|
I | Low-level symbiosis | At this stage of development, the development speed of urban public infrastructure systems is very low, and the impact of urban public infrastructure systems on urban economic, social, and environmental systems is almost 0. |
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II | Primary coordinated development stage |
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Coordinated development stage |
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|
Coordinated development stage |
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III | Extreme development stage | With the accelerated development of urban economic, social, and environmental systems, urban public infrastructure systems have increased the demand for urban development, and the contradiction between infrastructure systems and urban systems has emerged, and began to limit the improvement of urban development level. |
|
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IV | High-level coordinated development stage | The composite system gradually transforms into a common development stage, and finally reaches the high-level coordinated development of the urban public infrastructure system and the urban economic, social, and environmental system |
The authors edited the table by themselves according to Li Chongming’s literature [
Under the constraints of the comprehensive development level of the economic, social, and environmental subsystems in cities, this paper uses Super Decisions software to evaluate the supply level of the urban public infrastructure. Taking into account the strong professionalism of the research questions, this paper selects eight experts, including senior management personnel and senior engineers, who have 10–20 years of experience in the urban public infrastructure field, to score the judgment matrix reflecting the supply structure management of the urban public infrastructure system. The experts evaluated based on a comparison of contribution rates, the principle of the universality rate and the principle of irreplaceability. The results are shown in Tables
ANP judgment matrix of the system (based on
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|
1 | 1/2 | 2 | 5 | 3 |
|
2 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 4 |
|
1/2 | 1/3 | 1 | 4 | 2 |
|
1/5 | 1/6 | 1/4 | 1 | 1/3 |
|
1/3 | 1/4 | 1/2 | 3 | 1 |
ANP judgment matrix of the system (based on
|
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|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
1 | 1/2 | 2 | 5 | 3 |
|
2 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 4 |
|
1/2 | 1/3 | 1 | 4 | 2 |
|
1/5 | 1/6 | 1/4 | 1 | 1/3 |
|
1/3 | 1/4 | 1/2 | 3 | 1 |
ANP judgment matrix of the system (based on
|
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|
|
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 1/2 | 3 | 5 |
1/2 | 1 | 1/3 | 2 | 4 |
2 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 7 |
1/3 | 1/2 | 1/4 | 1 | 3 |
1/5 | 1/4 | 1/7 | 1/3 | 1 |
ANP judgment matrix of the system (based on
|
|
|
|
|
---|---|---|---|---|
|
1 | 4 | 2 | 6 |
|
1/4 | 1 | 1/2 | 3 |
|
1/2 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
|
1/6 | 1/3 | 1/5 | 1 |
ANP judgment matrix of the system (based on
|
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|
|
|
---|---|---|---|---|
|
1 | 3 | 2 | 5 |
|
1/3 | 1 | 1/2 | 3 |
|
1/2 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
|
1/5 | 1/3 | 1/4 | 1 |
ANP judgment matrix of the system (based on
|
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|
---|---|---|---|---|
|
1 | 1/2 | 1 | 3 |
|
2 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
|
1 | 1/2 | 1 | 3 |
|
1/3 | 1/4 | 1/3 | 1 |
ANP judgment matrix of the system (based on
|
|
|
|
|
---|---|---|---|---|
|
1 | 1/2 | 3 | 5 |
|
2 | 1 | 4 | 6 |
|
1/3 | 1/4 | 1 | 3 |
|
1/5 | 1/6 | 1/3 | 1 |
ANP judgment matrix of the system (based on
|
|
|
|
|
---|---|---|---|---|
|
1 | 1/2 | 3 | 5 |
|
2 | 1 | 4 | 7 |
|
1/3 | 1/4 | 1 | 3 |
|
1/5 | 1/7 | 1/3 | 1 |
In the ANP model of the overall supply level of the urban public infrastructure system, evaluation criteria for economic growth (
When all the judgment matrices pass the consistency test, the ANP supermatrix, the weighted supermatrix, and the limit matrix of the urban public infrastructure system supply level evaluation model are generated using Super Decisions software. Since the limits in the limit matrix converge and are unique, the weights of the interdependent subsystems in the model of the supply level of urban public infrastructure are obtained, which is
Through the collection, processing, and standardization of the statistical yearbook data used in the evaluation indexes of the five subsystems in Beijing, the entropy weight of the evaluation index is calculated using the entropy method (see Table
The weight of the evaluation index of each subsystem obtained by the entropy method is
The evaluation value of the urban infrastructure system supply level is obtained by using equation (
Using the entropy method and the AHP method on the urban economic, social, and environmental system indicators shown in Table
The time series of the evaluation values of the supply level of the urban public infrastructure system and the demand level of the urban economic, social, and environmental system from 2000 to 2016 can be divided into four stages. The evaluation value of the urban public infrastructure system from 2000 to 2005 is very close to the demand level of the urban economic, social, and environmental system. From 2006 to 2011, the supply level of the urban infrastructure system is greater than the demand level of the urban economic, social, and environmental system. From 2011 to 2015, the supply level of the urban public infrastructure system is close to the evaluation level of the demand level of the urban economic, social, and environmental system. In 2016, the demand level of the urban economic, social, and environmental system is greater than the supply level of the urban public infrastructure system. During the 11th Five-Year Plan period, the average annual growth rate of urban infrastructure fixed asset investment reached 27%, which is much higher than 7.29% in the 15th period and 7.35% in the 12th Five-Year Plan period. As a result of the global financial crisis, Beijing’s GDP had negative growth in 2009, which explains why the supply of the urban public infrastructure system from 2006 to 2010 is higher than the demand for the urban economic, social, and environmental system.
Table
Degree of coordination between the urban public infrastructure system and urban economic, social, and environmental system.
Years | Coordination degree |
Coupling coordination degree |
Coordination level |
---|---|---|---|
2000 | 0.9976 | 0.3851 | Mild imbalance development |
2001 | 0.9983 | 0.4214 | Slightly unbalanced development |
2002 | 0.9999 | 0.4773 | Slightly unbalanced development |
2003 | 0.9999 | 0.4943 | Slightly unbalanced development |
2004 | 0.9961 | 0.5413 | Slightly unbalanced development |
2005 | 0.9998 | 0.5721 | Slightly unbalanced development |
2006 | 0.9986 | 0.6478 | Mild imbalance development |
2007 | 0.9950 | 0.6757 | Mild imbalance development |
2008 | 0.9922 | 0.6850 | Mild imbalance development |
2009 | 0.9965 | 0.7128 | Moderately balanced development |
2010 | 0.9958 | 0.7315 | Moderately balanced development |
2011 | 1.0000 | 0.7394 | Moderately balanced development |
2012 | 1.0000 | 0.7458 | Moderately balanced development |
2013 | 0.9999 | 0.7728 | Moderately balanced development |
2014 | 0.9995 | 0.8003 | Highly balanced development |
2015 | 1.0000 | 0.8302 | Highly balanced development |
2016 | 0.9986 | 0.8200 | Highly balanced development |
To determine the influence of the evaluation values of two systems on the coupling coordination degree
Summary of multiple linear regression models.
Model |
|
|
Adjust the |
Standard estimated error |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.997a | 0.995 | 0.994 | 0.0111601 |
aPredictor (constant):
Multiple linear regression coefficientsa.
Model | Nonstandardized coefficient | Standard coefficient |
|
Sig. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Standard error | Trial version | |||
1 (constant) | 0.293 | 0.008 | 38.834 | 0.000 | |
|
0.555 | 0.054 | 0.707 | 10.224 | 0.000 |
|
0.244 | 0.057 | 0.299 | 4.322 | 0.001 |
aDependent variable:
According to the evaluation value of the supply level of the urban infrastructure system (
Trend function of the Beijing urban infrastructure system and the urban economic, social, and environmental system.
Degree of the dynamic coupling coordination between the urban infrastructure system and the urban economic, social, and environmental system in Beijing.
Figure
The degree of the coupling between the urban public infrastructure system and the urban economic, social, and environmental system is affected by many factors. This paper mainly examines the impact of 20 evaluation indicators of the urban public infrastructure system and 12 evaluation indicators of the urban economic, social, and environmental system. Using SPSS software, a linear regression analysis was performed between coupling degree
As shown in Table
Impact of the 20 indicators of the urban public infrastructure system on the degree of coupling coordination.
Indicator layer | Linear regression equation |
|
Sort | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Urban public infrastructure system |
|
|
0.807 | 8 |
|
|
0.042 | ||
|
|
0.896 | 2 | |
|
|
0.942 | 2 | |
|
|
0.911 | 13 | |
|
|
0.163 | ||
|
|
0.686 | 11 | |
|
|
0.789 | 11 | |
|
|
0.941 | 10 | |
|
|
0.862 | 1 | |
|
|
0.898 | 3 | |
|
|
0.951 | 4 | |
|
|
0.943 | 14 | |
|
|
0.898 | 9 | |
|
|
0.597 | ||
|
|
0.858 | 7 | |
|
|
0.532 | 12 | |
|
|
0.841 | 6 | |
|
|
0.015 | ||
|
|
0.612 | 5 |
Influence of 12 indicators of urban economic social and environmental system on coupling coordination degree.
Indicator layer | Linear regression equation |
|
Sort |
---|---|---|---|
|
|
0.950 | 1 |
|
|
0.241 | |
|
|
0.779 | 5 |
|
|
0.669 | 8 |
|
|
0.818 | 3 |
|
|
0.785 | 4 |
|
|
0.978 | 2 |
|
|
0.934 | 7 |
|
|
0.783 | 9 |
|
|
0.860 | 6 |
|
|
0.195 | |
|
|
0.476 |
Research on the relationship between the urban public infrastructure system and the urban economic, social, and environmental system is important for the effective management of integrated urban public infrastructure systems and the long-term sustainable development of the city. Taking Beijing as an example, this paper empirically studies the degree of coupling coordination between two system using data from 2000 to 2016. This study finds the following: From 2000 to 2016, the comprehensive evaluation value of Beijing’s urban public infrastructure system and the urban economic, social, and environmental system gradually increased, and the two values are relatively close. From 2006 to 2011, due to the impact of the financial crisis on Beijing’s economic development level and the increase of urban infrastructure investment during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan in Beijing, the supply level of Beijing’s infrastructure system was higher than that of the urban economic, social, and environmental system. The supply level of urban public infrastructure system was slightly lower than the level of urban economic and social environment development in 2016. The analysis of the degree of coupling coordination between the Beijing infrastructure system and the urban economic, social, and environmental system shows that it is gradually increasing; the supply level of the urban public infrastructure system has a significant impact on the coupling coordination degree of the two systems. The analysis of the degree of dynamic coupling coordination between the Beijing urban public infrastructure system and the urban economic, social, and environmental system shows that these two systems were in dynamic coupling coordination states from 2000 to 2009. The global financial crisis affected the degree of dynamic coupling coordination between the two systems, and the two systems entered a low-level symbiotic coupling stage from 2010 to 2016 mainly because the growth rate of urban public infrastructure system supply is negative. This indicates that the dynamic coupling coordination development between two systems can be realized only by accelerating the improvement of urban infrastructure supply in Beijing. To promote the coupling degree of the two systems in Beijing, the government should give priority to an improvement in the supply level of urban environmental infrastructure, especially an improvement in sewage treatment capacity, the number of urban sanitation special vehicles and equipment, and household garbage clearance volume. Furthermore, improving Beijing’s GDP and the social development level, such as the number of employees in three industries in Beijing, has a significant impact on the coupling coordination degree.
On the basis of previous studies, this paper actively discusses the integration and management of urban public infrastructure systems and the coordinated development of urban public infrastructure systems and urban economic, social, and environmental systems. We hope that this research has a positive effect on urban public infrastructure systems by helping them meet their development needs. However, restrictions regarding the availability of relevant statistical data on Beijing affected the evaluation of the supply level of the urban public infrastructure system in Beijing to some extent. This is a problem that should be emphasized in future research.
The data of this research are from Beijing statistical yearbook 2000–2016, and the data are reliable and available.
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
The research was supported by the Philosophical Social Science Fund Project in Tianjin (project approval no. TJGL18-034).