Influence of the Static Pre-Stress in Micro-Viscothermoelastic Resonators Based on Dual-Phase-Lagging Heat Conduction

Thermal and mechanical relaxation times play vital roles in the values of the quality factor of micro/nanoresonators. They can control the energy dissipation across the coupling of mechanical and thermal behavior. In this paper, we introduce an analytical model that considers a pre-stress in a micro-viscothermoelastic resonator to modify the thermal and mechanical relaxation times and thus higher the quality factor. The impacts of length scale and static pre-stress on the quality factor have been discussed. The model expects that signiﬁcant improvement in terms of quality factors is possible by tuning the pre-stress and the thermal and mechanical relaxation times parameters, and the isothermal value of frequency have signiﬁcant eﬀects on the thermal quality factor of the resonators.


Introduction
Many applications based on microelectromechanical resonators are essential in different fields, such as mechanical signal processing, scanning probe microscopes, and ultrasensitive mass detection. e most critical parameter of micro-viscothermoelastic resonators is the quality factor Q. Higher Q factor indicates less energy. e study of the energy dissipation mechanism is significant for the improvement of the design of micro/nanoelectromechanical resonators [1][2][3][4].
Zener [5][6][7] is the first who introduced the Q-factor in thermoelastic dissipation, and he gave an approximate analytical form of it. He has studied the thermoelastic damping in beams by treating the viscoelastic material. Many research studies have been carried out on the thermoelastic damping in which the classical theory of thermoelasticity based on the Fourier heat law of heat conduction has been used [8]. Lifshitz and Roukes [9] introduced an exact expression for thermoelastic damping. Sun et al. [10] study thermoelastic damping of a beam resonator based on a non-Fourier heat equation. Sharma and Sharma [11] studied damping in micro-scale circular plate resonators using the Lord-Shulman theory of generalized thermoelasticity theory (L-S).
Tzou [12,13] proposed a mathematical model to study heat conduction known as dual-phase-lag (DPL). is model established the temperature gradient and heat flux. Many scientists used this model in heat transfer problems [8,14], physical systems [15][16][17][18][19], and thermoelastic damping vibration [20,21]. Guo et al. [22,23] studied the thermoelastic damping theory of micro-and nanomechanical resonators by using the DPL model. e study of viscoelastic materials has become essential in mechanics. Biot [24,25] discussed the theory of viscothermoelasticity in thermodynamics. A thermoviscoelasticity model of polymers at finite strains was derived by Drozdov [26]. A new model of thermoviscoelasticity for isotropic media was established by Ezzat and El-Karmany [27].
As the size of a flexural resonator is reduced, its natural frequency increases and thermoelastic damping also increases in the process. e natural frequency of beams can also be changed by the application of an axial force [3,28]. A compressive force decreases in the natural frequency, whereas a tensile force increases in the natural frequency [8]. Experimental results have been utilizing the frequency change to tune resonators. Furthermore, these experiments also suggest an increase in the Q-factor with the application of tensile stress [3,29].
In the present study, we present an analytical model that considers a pre-stress in a micro-viscothermoelastic resonator to quantify the quality factor Q. We also analyze the results with respect to the resonator size and pre-stress and then compare the analytical results with the experimental results available in the literature.

Basic Equations and Model Formulation
According to Zener's model of a linear anelastic solid, the stress equation takes the following form [6]: where σ 0 is the static pre-stress, and the second part represents the dynamic-stress due to the ensuing vibration and ω is the natural frequency. e resultant strain for a thermoelastic solid is given as [6,8] Making derivatives of equations (1) and (2) with respect to time and inserting them into the equation for a thermoelastic solid are given as follows: where E R is relaxed elastic modulus and τ ε and τ σ are constants strain and constant stress relaxation time constants; we obtain All the terms due to static stress σ 0 get canceled from both sides.
at results in static stress independence of Zener's thermoelastic solid model. is model assumes no contribution of a stress field to the thermal relaxation time in solids. us, we decided to follow Lifshitz-Roukes' approach to the exact solution for a pre-stressed beam resonator. e constitutive relationship for Euler-Bernoulli's beam with dimensions length L, width b, and depth h along the x, y, and z-axes, respectively, the moment of inertia I, and applied axial force F and flexural displacement w(x, y, z, t) can be written as follows: where σ 0 � (F/bh) is the stress due to the applied axial force, E is Young's Modulus, and α T is the coefficient of thermal expansion. e equilibrium temperature of the beam is T 0 , and the ensuing vibration will result in a temperature field T � T 0 + θ. By deriving the equation of motion for flexural vibration, we obtain where e dual-phase-lag heat equation takes the form where K is the thermal conductivity, υ is Poisson's ratio, C υ is the specific heat at constant strain, and τ q and τ T are the thermal relaxation of the temperature and its gradient, respectively. e volumetric deformations are as follows: where en, we have Substituting from equation (11) into equation (9), we obtain which gives 2 Mathematical Problems in Engineering where η � (ρC υ /K). For viscothermoelastic materials, we consider Young's modulus in the form [24,27] where E 0 is Young's modulus value for the usual case, while E 1 is the mechanical relaxation time (relaxation time means the return of a perturbed system into equilibrium or the time between repeating mechanical waves). Hence, equation (14) takes the form where Δ E � (T 0 α 2 T E 0 /K). Because no gradient exists in the z-direction, then ∇ 2 θ � (z 2 θ/zy 2 ); therefore, we have We consider the following functions: Hence, equation (17) will be in the form which gives where e general solution of the differential equation (20) Hence, we obtain From equations (6), (8), and (18), we obtain Substituting from equation (24) in equation (25), we obtain Finally, we obtain IE ω ρA where E ω � E 0 (1 + iωE 1 ) f(ω) and f(ω) � 1 + (α T bα/λ 2 I)((h 3 /12) + (h/λ 2 ) − (2/λ 3 )tan((λh/2))). For a simply supported beam, the exact analytical solution for the natural frequency is given as [28] where ω 0 is the isothermal value of fundamental frequency given by [10,30] For beams with both ends clamped, q � 4.73, while q � π for beams with both ends simply support.

Numerical Results and Discussion
Now, the relationships between the variation of the thermoelastic damping with the beam height h , and the beam length in different values of the applied axial force F on the microbeam resonator, which is made of silicon and clamped at two ends, will be explored. Material properties of silicon (Si) have been taken as follows [10,30]: , and α � 2.6 × 10 − 6 (K − 1 ). e aspect ratios of the beam are fixed as (L/h) � 50 and b � 5 h. For the micro-scale beam, we will take the beam's thickness h(10 − 11 m ≤ h ≤ 10 − 9 m). Figure 1 represents the quality factor of the resonator with a different value of the force F � (0.0, 1.0, 5.0)× 10 − 20 Kgms − 2 of the static pre-stress. It is noted that the force due to the static pre-stress has a significant effect on the quality factor (Q − 1 ). e value of the quality factor (Q − 1 ) decreases when the value of static pre-stress increases until the position h � 6.0 × 10 − 10 m; then, the three cases are very closed. In Figure 1, for the case F � 0.0 Kgms − 1 , the curve has the same attitude of the curves of Figure 3 in [30], Figure 2 in [31], and Figure 8 in [32]. Figure 2 represents the inverse of the quality factor (Q − 1 ) of the resonator with a different value of the mechanical relaxation time E 1 � (0.0, 10.0, 20.0) × 10 − 22 s of the static pre-stress. It is noted that the value of mechanical relaxation time has a significant effect on the quality factor. In essence, the value of the inverse of the quality factor (Q − 1 ) decreases when the value of the mechanical relaxation time increases. In Figure 2, for the case E 1 � 0.0 s, the curve agrees with the curves of Figure 3 in [30], Figure 2 in [31], and Figure 8 in [32]. Figure 3 represents the quality factor (Q − 1 ) of the resonator with a different value of the isothermal value of frequency ω 0 (q), where q � (π, 4.73, 7.85). It is noted that the value of the isothermal value of frequency has a significant effect on the quality factor (Q − 1 ) of the thermal damping; the value of the quality factor (Q − 1 ) increases when the isothermal value of frequency decreases. Figure 4 represents the inverse of the quality factor (Q − 1 ) of the resonator with a different value of the ratio of the thermal relaxation times τ q /τ T � (20,25,30), respectively. It is noted that the values of the ratio of the thermal relaxation times have a significant effect on the quality factor (Q − 1 ) of the thermal damping. e value of the quality factor (Q − 1 ) decreases when the value of the ratio τ q /τ T increases. In Figure 4, the curves agree with the curves of Figure 3 in [30], Figure 2 in [31], and Figure 8 in [32]. Figure 5 represents the quality factor (Q − 1 ) of the resonator with a different value of the size ratio (L/h) � (30, 40, 50), respectively. It is noted that the values of the size ratio have a significant effect on the quality factor (Q − 1 ); the value of the quality factor (Q − 1 ) increases when the value of the size ratio L/h increases.

Conclusion
An analytical model for viscothermoelastic relaxation times in flexural resonators under axial pre-stress has been developed in the micro-scale. e model confirms that a significant reduction in the quality factor as a tensile axial pre-stress is applied.
is reduction in damping can be correlated with a decrease in the relaxation rate as compared to the natural frequency of the resonator. e force due to the static pre-stress, isothermal frequency, thermal relaxation times, mechanical relaxation time, and size ratio have a significant effect on the quality factor of the nanobeams.

Data Availability
No data were used to support this study.

Conflicts of Interest
e authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest in this work.