Stable Balance Adjustment Structure of the Quadruped Robot Based on the Bionic Lateral Swing Posture

Aiming at the problem that the stability of the quadruped robot is decreased as its leg momentum is too high, a stable balance adjustment structure of the quadruped robot based on the bionic lateral swing posture is proposed. First, the leg structure of the quadruped robot is improved and designed by using the mechanism of the lateral swing posture of the leg of the hoof animal. -en, the D-Hmethod is used to construct the corresponding leg kinematics model and determine the generalized coordinates of the leg joints in the lateral swing posture. -e torque expression of the quadruped robot when it is tilted is established. Based on the differential equation of momentum of the hip joint and its static stability analysis, the static stability conditions in the upright posture and the bionic lateral swing posture are given. Finally, the experimental simulation and comparative analysis of the upright posture and the lateral swing posture of the quadruped robot are proposed by using the Adams virtual prototype technology. -e simulation results show that as the angle of lateral swing increases, the peak value of the positive flip torque of the quadruped robot body increases accordingly, while the degree of tilt decreases accordingly, which shows that the bionic lateral swing posture of the quadruped robot has higher static stability than the traditional upright posture. -is research provides a technical reference for the design and optimization of the offline continuous gait of the robot and the improvement of stability.


Introduction
e quadruped robot has high nonlinear dynamic characteristics and can work in the unstructured environment, which is a hot research topic in the field of industrial robots. Good stability is the basis for the robot to perform real-time operations, and it is also a major and difficult point in the study of quadruped robots [1][2][3]. At present, scholars at home and abroad mostly adopt the design and optimization of the structure of the robot or improve the control algorithm to achieve the stability of the robot. Chen et al. proposed a new type of robot leg structure and control method, aiming at the problems of large inertia of legs and difficulty in control for quadruped robots [4]. e optimized segmented Hermite difference method was used to plan the foot trajectory of the quadruped robot, and a good control effect was obtained. Nemoto et al. have developed a reconfigurable quadruped robot that can perform walking and rolling movements [5]. e proposed energy-based controller can effectively achieve periodic motion on a plane. Gor et al. proposed a pair of orthogonally mounted moving appendages mechanism to accommodate locked joint failure and a three-dimensional multibody dynamics model of quadruped robot, and its fault accommodation strategies are developed and the control performance is validated both through simulations and experiments [6]. He et al. designed an adaptive neural network (NN) controller involving an integral barrier Lyapunov function (IBLF) to deal with the end effector motion tracking issues of the manipulator [7]. e learning method based on the radial basis function NN (RBFNN) was applied to the controller, which compensates for the dynamic uncertainty and ensures the stability and coordination of the control of the manipulator. He et al. developed a reinforcement learning (RL) control strategy based on an actor-critic structure and discussed the convergence and stability of the RL controller, used Lyapunov's direct method, and proved that the closed-loop system with the proposed RL control algorithm is to be semiglobal uniform ultimate bounded (SGUUB) [8]. e control approach presented was tested on the discretized ODE dynamic model, which provides an effective solution for the stable control of the system. Farid et al. used the D-H notation to establish a mathematical model to determine the center of gravity of the robot, a simulation model was created in the MATLAB, Simulink environment and the robot's characteristic posture were analysed, and the robot's static stability was achieved by properly aligning the feet [9]. Park et al. used a combined Jacobian of COG and centroid of a support polygon including a foot contact constraint to achieve a new trajectory planning algorithm， so that the robot was able to perform various modes of locomotion both in simulations and experiments with improved stability [10]. e abovementioned studies have achieved important results and provided valuable experience for the stability study of robots, but neglected the influence of robot leg momentum on robot stability in the presence of inertia. In response to this problem, a stabilization and balance adjustment structure of a quadruped robot based on a bionic lateral swing posture was proposed in this paper, and the design of the leg structure of the quadruped robot was improved.
e corresponding leg kinematics model was constructed, the relationship between the foot position and the joint angle was determined, and the torque expression when the quadruped robot was tilted was established. e corresponding leg kinematics model was constructed, the relationship between the foot position and the joint angle was determined, and the torque expression when the quadruped robot was tilted was established. e static stability analysis was carried out and the static stability conditions of the quadruped robot with the traditional upright posture and bionic lateral swing posture were given, and the simulation experiments and comparative analysis of the upright posture and the lateral swing posture of the robot were carried out.

Improved Design of the Bionic Lateral Swing
Structure of the Leg of the Quadruped Robot

Mechanism of the Bionic Lateral Swing Posture of the Leg.
When animals perform certain special actions, they will change the support structure according to the mass distribution of each part to maintain the stability of the body. e ability of this posture to change with the external environment can help animals to improve their adaptability and survival ability to nature. e giraffe's posture when drinking water is shown in Figure 1. In the figure, the point P is the projection of the center of mass of the giraffe on the ground, the quadrilateral EFGH is the support area in the upright posture, and EF is the short side of the quadrilateral. When in the stooped drinking posture, the leg swings outward at an angle θ, the area of the support area increases to a quadrilateral E´F´G´H , the short side EF changes to the long side E´F´, and the shortest distance of the point P to the support boundary increases from d to d´. erefore, this posture can shorten the distance between the head and the water surface, while increasing the support area and maintaining the balance of the body. is lateral swing posture can be used to improve the static stability for a quadruped walking robot whose structural parameters such as mass, leg length, and joint rotation angle are quantitative.

Improved
Design of the Leg Structure. According to the abovementioned leg posture mechanism, this paper designs a small series quadruped robot with a motor as the driving element. e 3D model of the leg is shown in Figure 2. ere are three degrees of freedom per leg of the robot, which are the side swing of the hip joint, the pitch of the hip joint, and the pitch of the knee joint. e joints are driven by worms that have the characteristics of reverse self-locking, so that the body can withstand a corresponding degree of lateral torque when it is in a lateral swing posture. e thigh adopts a splint design and the calf adopts a sleeve design and is provided with a damping, spring, and a rubber foot end to reduce the rigid impact caused by the outside during the movement of the robot. In order to ensure that the robot can reach a larger working space and improve the flexibility of the robot, the thigh and the calf are designed to have the same length [11]. e 3D model of the robot is shown in Figure 3.

Kinematics
Model of the Leg. Robot kinematics describes the relationship between the joint angle and end posture during movement [12]. e right front leg was taken as an example in this article, and the kinematics model of the robot was established by using the D-H method. e joint coordinate system of the right front leg is shown in Figure 4, where O-XYZ is the global coordinate system and is the reference coordinate system (also known as the body coordinate system).
To solve the position and pose of the foot end, it is necessary to perform the D-H transformation on the homogeneous transformation matrix corresponding to each joint in order to establish the kinematics equation of the robot [13]. According to the representation of each coordinate system in Figure 4 and the coordinate transformation rules of the D-H method, the coordinate transformation matrix of each joint of the right front leg can be obtained as follows: In equation (1)-(4), X 0 , Y 0 , and Z 0 are the coordinates of the origin O 0 of the lateral swing hip coordinate system in the body coordinate system, and l 1 , l 2 , and l 3 are the lengths of the hip, thigh, and calf, respectively. e transformation matrix that can represent the foot end of the body coordinate system can be obtained as follows: In equation (5), e coordinates of the foot end relative to the body coordinate system are as follows: e coordinates of the foot end relative to the lateral swing hip joint are: Combined with the inverse kinematics solution of the obtained foot-end coordinates, the rotation angle expression of each joint can be obtained as follows:

Body
The leg structure  Mathematical Problems in Engineering In equation (8), It can be seen from equations (6) to (7) that, in the leg kinematics model of the robot, the joint rotation angle θ i (i � 1, 2, 3) is used as the generalized coordinates to express the foot position and posture. When the vertical height of the fuselage is constant, θ 1 determines the lateral span of the robot, and θ 2 and θ 3 determine the distance that the robot can reach in the forward direction. When the robot walks straight, θ 1 does not change during the movement. When the robot is in an upright posture, θ 1 is always equal to 0°. When the robot is in a bionic lateral swing posture, θ 1 is rotated through a corresponding angle [14,15].

Stability Conditions of the Body with a Traditional
Upright Posture. Take the lifted state of the left hind leg as an example to determine the conditions of the static stability of the body [16]. Figure 5 shows the momentum, moment of the hip joint, and the leaning tendency of the body after the left hind leg is raised.
We consider the connecting rod between the joints of one leg as a mass point, so that one leg can be regarded as a mass point system. e first derivative of the moment of momentum ( n (i�1) r i × m i v i ) applied by each mass point of a single leg to a fixed axis is equal to the algebraic sum of the moments (M x ) applied to the same axis by all forces (F i ) acting on these mass points [17,18]. When the robot walks straight, the lateral swing hip joint of the leg does not participate in the movement, and the momentum and moment of the left hind leg hip joint can be expressed as follows: According to the momentum theorem, the torque of the hip joint of the left rear leg can be written as It can be seen from Figure 5 that when the left rear leg is lifted, the tilt of the body changes through the turning axis passing through the E and G points. e torque received by the hip joint of the swing phase is added to the axis EG, which is assumed to be M sw . In the traditional upright posture, M sw can be expressed as follows: In equation (12), α is the angle between the vertical component of the rotation plane where the moment of the hip joint in the swing phase lies and the rotation plane where M sw lies.
As shown in Figure 6, the body support area during the left rear leg lift is ΔEFG. It can be deduced from the mathematical relationship: Forward direction In the equation, |P x | E and |P Z | E are the X-coordinate of the foot E in the body coordinate system and the Z-coordinate of the foot E in the body coordinate system that determined by the initial value of θi (i � 2, 3) that characterizes the foot position of the robot. When the body advances a distance ds, the center of gravity P changes to P 1 . Assuming that the X-coordinate of the foot end E in the body coordinates system is expressed as |P In equation (14), v b is the speed of the fuselage relative to the ground in the forward direction. e measurement of the stability margin of the robot after the leg is lifted for t time is In the traditional upright posture, the forward turning torque that the body acts on the axis EG can be expressed as In equation (16), m is the mass of the body. During the movement of the quadruped robot, at least one leg is required to swing to achieve the advancement of the body, and at the same time, the contact between the three legs and the ground is required to maintain static stability. e body must be restored to its equilibrium state before the swing phase becomes the support phase to achieve continuous offline walking of the body, so that the condition must be met after T/8 is as follows: In equation (18), θ 1 is the angle at which the leg swings outward. e support area is △E'F'G'. It can be derived from the mathematical relationship:

Stability Conditions of the Body with a Bionic Lateral
where |P Z | E′ is the Z-coordinate of the foot end E′ in the body coordinate system, which is determined by the initial value of θ i (i � 1, 2, 3). e measurement of the stability margin of the robot after the leg is lifted for t time is shown as follows: (20) It can be seen from equations (19) and (20) that increasing the angle of the leg swinging laterally increases the lateral distance of the foot ends. Assuming that the lateral distance of the foot end can increase infinitely with the lateral swing angle, the distance travelled by the center of mass will be approximately equal to the stability margin measurement. In order to avoid the damage of the parts caused by excessive lateral moments of the hip joint in the lateral swing posture, the swing angle limit of θ 1 is set to In the bionic lateral swing posture, the forward turning torque that the body acts on the axis EG can be expressed as Equations (18) and (21) show that the lateral swing posture can not only reduce the reverse flip torque to the tilt axis generated by the swing phase but also increase the increments of the stability margin with time, so that the fuselage's balance can be restored quickly after tilting. e static stability conditions of the body are followed:  Figure 6: Schematic diagram of stability margin increment.

Determination of the Simulation Scheme for Walking
Experiment. To verify the static stability conditions of the quadruped robot walking offline continuously in different postures and the static stability advantages of the bionic lateral swing posture compared to the traditional upright posture, it is necessary to determine the load and the degree of tilt of the body. e solver of the automatic analysis software for mechanical system dynamics (ADAMS) adopts the Lagrangian equation method to establish system dynamics equations, which can perform statics, kinematics, and dynamics analysis on the virtual mechanical system, thereby obtaining time-varying curves about displacement, speed, acceleration, force, and torque. rough the output curve, the motion state of the system can be solved and analysed. e ADAMS is used to simulate the motion of the quadruped robot based on the traditional upright posture and the bionic lateral swing posture under the condition of duty cycle β � 0.75 in this paper. e step function and the mod function are jointly used to change the design of the driving joint angle of each leg of the robot with time, and the stepping order of the robot was set as follows: left rear leg-left front leg-right rear leg-right front leg. After the experimental simulation, the results are imported into a MATLAB drawing for comparative analysis. e motion simulation model is shown in Figure 7 Table 1.

Results and Discussion.
In order to explore the change of the forward torque of the body with the lateral swing posture of the leg, the curve of the forward torque of the body's center of mass acting on the flip axis is as shown in Figure 8 after the walking motion simulation about the upright posture and the bionic lateral posture.
It can be seen from Figure 8 that the moment that the body acts on the tilt axis increases from the time when the rear leg is lifted to fall. e incremental change of torque with time is approximately the same during the process of raising the hind legs and falling off the front legs in each posture and increases with the increase of the lateral swing angle during the process of raising the front legs and the feeling of the hind legs. is shows that the lateral swing posture has a greater tendency to return to equilibrium after the body is tilted compared to the upright posture. e change of the torque curve at the peak position is not smooth due to the structural size error of the mechanical system. e positive torque curve and the reverse torque curve of the turning axis of the quadruped robot within 0∼T/8 are shown in Figure 9.
In Figure 9, due to the poor modeling environment of the quadruped robot mechanism in Adams, in the motion simulation results, the torque curve is not smooth, and there   is a short-term longitudinal jitter in the reverse torque curve in (c). However, the change trend of the torque is not affected.
According to Figure 9(a)-9(c) and 9(d), the forward torque is greater than the reverse torque after T/8, indicating that, in these poses, the robot can meet the balance conditions and achieve offline continuous walking. By comparison, the difference of forward and reverse moments in the lateral swing posture of θ 1 � 10°is smaller than that in the original upright attitude, so the stability effect of the lateral swing posture is not obvious. e difference in forward and reverse moments in the lateral swing posture of  θ 1 � 15°and θ 1 � 20°is greater than that in the original upright attitude, so the stability is improved relative to the original upright attitude.
In order to determine the degree of tilt of the robot during movement, the resulting y-direction fluctuation curve of the left rear hip joint is shown in Figure 10.
According to Figure 10, the maximum deviation of the left rear joint in the y-direction of each cycle occurs when the left rear leg is raised to the highest position, the maximum offset distance in the whole walking process occurs in the first step of the first cycle, and the maximum offset distance decreases with the increase of the lateral swing angle. According to the y-direction offsets in four postures in the five gait cycles in the figure, the offset in the lateral swing posture of θ 1 � 20°is the smallest, indicating that the lateral swing posture is advantageous for the stability of the quadruped robot, its walking is more stable than walking in an upright posture, and the static stability of the robot is higher as the lateral swing angle increases.
When the robot's legs swing laterally outward to form a new leg posture, the robot's support area is relatively expanded, and the increments of the moment M m that the body's center of mass acts on the flip axis increase with time.
erefore, the center of mass of the robot moves toward the center of the support area more easily than the original posture. At the same time, the vertical momentum of the body is relatively reduced, and the tilt of the body is correspondingly smaller, so the stability is higher.

Conclusions
A stable balance adjustment structure for the legs of a quadruped robot based on a bionic lateral swing posture is designed, and the leg kinematics model is established in this paper. e torque expression for tilting the quadruped robot is given by solving the hip joint momentum moment of the robot's swing phase. e obtained kinematic model was used to determine the relationship between the foot position and posture with the lateral swing angle. e relationship between the foot position and posture with the lateral swing angle is determined by using the obtained kinematic model, and the static stability conditions of the quadruped robot in the upright posture and the bionic lateral swing posture are given. e walking motion simulation and comparative analysis of the two postures of the robot were carried out based on Adams. e experimental simulation results show that the forward turning moment increases with the increase of the lateral swing angle during the process of switching the hind legs from the support phase to the swing phase, and the body's inclination decreases with the increase of the lateral swing angle, so that the bionic horizontal posture of the quadruped robot has higher static stability compared to the traditional upright posture. When the walking stability of the robot is insufficient, the tilting degree of the robot can be reduced by laterally swinging the legs outwards to realize the offline continuous walking of the robot. ese research results provide a technical reference for the design and optimization of the offline continuous gait of the robot and the improvement of stability.

Data Availability
e data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest
e authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper. Mathematical Problems in Engineering 9