Profit Maximization for Waste Furniture Recycled in Taiwan Using Cradle-to-Cradle Production Programming

This study proposes the use of cradle-to-cradle production programming for waste furniture and aims to achieve optimal ef-ﬁciency by reusing waste furniture and maximizing the corresponding beneﬁts so that the furniture industry is in line with cradle-to-cradle manufacturing. This study is increasingly important to manage products through a comprehensive green reverse logistics system that consists of three procedures, i.e., recycling, reuse, and remanufacturing of waste items. This study proposes a mathematical formula to establish a cradle-to-cradle production programming model for waste furniture. The fuzzy set theory is used to deﬁne the attributes that reﬂect production and market demands such as degree of damage, technical feasibility, market demands, environmental protection laws and regulations, and environmental performance. In addition, particle swarm optimization is adopted to ascertain the optimal proﬁt from waste furniture sales. Through situational simulations and analyses, the fuzzy set information from Taiwan, Germany, and China is compared. The result reveals that the qualitative information proposed has a signiﬁcant impact on the proﬁt of waste furniture reuse. The production model can eﬀectively assist in the production programming of waste furniture, thereby optimizing proﬁt for cradle-to-cradle production planning.


Introduction
Taiwan introduced the Resource Recycling Act, which aims to establish proper disposal of waste products, to advocate complete recycling and reuse of resources, to save natural resources, to reduce environmental loads, and to establish a sustainable society. Subsequently, the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration [1,2] initiated the Bulky Waste Recycling and Reuse program and assisted counties and cities in its implementation in 2003. In March 2004, the TEPA initiated a garbage classification program, the goal being zero waste disposal. e cleanup operation for general household waste was driven by zero waste and waste reduction guidelines in source and resource recycling. e government continued the implementation of the Bulky Waste Recycling and Reuse program with its incorporation into the 2007-2012 Recycling Program for General Waste Resources. e cradle-to-cradle (C2C) concept for industrial products was globally acknowledged as a replacement for the cradle-to-grave concept due to the increasing awareness of the need for environmental protection [3][4][5].
e C2C concept meant that the waste from certain products would serve as the raw material of newly produced items, and that step in the manufacturing process would comply with environmental protection laws and regulations to reduce resource consumption and harmful emissions. In this way, sustainability could be achieved [6][7][8]. Moreover, customers would now pay closer attention to whether products that were at the end of their useful life were to be disposed of, recycled, or reused due to environmental protection awareness. It has been discarded "wastes" can be recycled, reduced, and reused (3Rs) and be more valuable [9][10][11].
In the literature, Fujii et al. [9] discussed the demand for recycled products, economic conditions, weight reduction, product reuse, and quantity and types of competitive recycled products; they developed a social system for customer purchases that influence waste generation. Pandey et al. [12] promoted reuse and recycling practices in reducing wastes and analyzed the practices that help in reducing the generation of waste. Tseng et al. [11] indicated that there was interdependence and interrelationships among the attributes, along with a lack of operational, data-driven, and optimization solutions in supply chain networks to optimize efficiency. Tam et al. [13] proposed waste materials needed to be efficiently returned for production, and the time-tested processes of reuse, recovery, and recycling (3Rs) were essential. e attributes were usually developed from qualitative information, and quantitative data were used in decision-making. However, prior studies did not explain how the attributes worked together to enhance the demand for recycled products, and such studies ignored the way the attributes were qualitative in measure and used only quantitative data [4,14,15]. In addition, there was a need to analyze the 3Rs in the optimization solution.
However, bulky waste is difficult to collect and remove regularly. ere is no complete recycling system, and the resources are not used effectively. With the promotion of relevant recycling programs, bulky waste, such as waste furniture that still has value, is repaired and reused. In this way, the bulky waste, as well as the environmental loads, can be effectively reduced, an effect which is conducive to the goal of zero waste disposal. e fuzzy set theory deals with qualitative information. It is arguable that bulky waste is a way to generate profit in the value chain [8,16,17]. Hence, for this study, production programming is expected for waste furniture so that the maximum reuse rate can be achieved. erefore, this study aims to establish the model of reusing the waste furniture to obtain the maximum profit from waste product sales. is study has established the C2C recycling production planning model for waste furniture through a mathematical model. It is hoped that, with this model, waste furniture is effectively recycled and reused, recycling profit can be maximized, and optimal remanufacturing volume is obtained [18]. In addition, this study has provided situational simulations to verify the optimality of the model.
is study focuses on waste furniture recycling, and remanufacturing the furniture through recycling centers under the TEPA jurisdiction includes the cleaning teams that are responsible for removing and transporting waste furniture as well as the processing centers in which waste furniture is processed for reuse and remanufacturing. In the processing centers, reusable waste furniture is repaired, reusable parts are disassembled, and the parts beyond repair are crushed.
is study takes into account the following costs: recycling cost, repair cost, disassembly cost, and crushing cost. e study does not consider the inventory cost. For the purchase cost, only the cost of new raw materials is taken into consideration. e rest of this study is organized as follows: Section 2 is the theoretical background; method and industrial background are described in Section 3; Section 4 presents the results and the sensitivity analysis; lastly, the concluding remarks are discussed.

Literature Review
Sustainable development was first proposed by the World Commission on Environment and Development of the United Nations (1987). is proposal aimed to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs [19,20]. In addition, Braat [21] proposed that sustainable development should include three principles, i.e., fairness, sustainability, and commonality, and economic development should be pursued based on the sustainable development of the ecological environment and promoted around the world [10,22,23]. Wong et al. [24] used sustainable development assessment to achieve social, environmental, and economic benefits and created an assessment model using qualitative information and quantitative data. However, sustainable development included recycling end-of-life products, while the planning and performance evaluation of recycling end-of-life product plans ensured that collected recyclable materials, as well as the assessment of environmental impacts, did not increase those impacts. Xu et al. [25] explored sustainable development driving forces to assess sustainability in China. In addition, the assessment of social, environmental, and economic benefits was performed using qualitative and quantitative measures. Prior studies were usually lacking in attributes analysis.
Lin et al. [3] highlighted the clean cycle strategy and presented better recycled product qualities and less dissipation of hazardous substances during recycled product usage.
is study ignored CO 2 emissions during the recycled production process. Being free of hazardous substances was always required in the new production manufacturing process. Nurjanni et al. [26] presented a multiobjective optimization mathematical model to reduce costs and minimize environmental pollution through a trade-off between financial and environmental issues. However, the business model is needed to balance the social, economic, and environmental impacts. Sultan et al. [27] presented the mixture of materials and the separation of materials that make up a product as a model of the desirability of recycling end-of-life products. Lin et al. [4] developed a cradle-to-cradle fuzzy recycling production planning model for a green product using the failure mode and effects analysis technique, along with the Taguchi experimental design method. However, the performance evaluation system had to involve the qualitative information and quantitative data to create the optimal recycled production plan and estimate the attributes related to the 3Rs.

Method
is section includes the 3Rs on waste furniture and the proposed method.

3Rs on Waste Furniture.
e data updated by the TEPA in 2012 about the condition of recycling bulky waste and waste furniture collated the current situation as follows: (1) the method of cleaning up waste furniture includes having those who generate the waste (most of them) notifying the executive authorities (cleaning teams) to remove it and pays the private sectors to remove it. After the waste furniture is recycled, most of it is manually sorted, and a small part of it is sorted by machine. e damaged furniture is often resold to the public for reuse after it has been repaired by professionals. (2) Most waste furniture can be reused. However, due to its large size, collecting and removing the furniture at regular intervals is difficult. In addition, a complete recycling system is rarely seen in Taiwan.
erefore, the waste furniture is mostly incinerated or buried. e resources are not used effectively, and even the environment has been affected by the means of waste disposal [28,29]. (3) Waste furniture can reenter the market as products after being properly repaired, while recycled resources from waste furniture can reenter the market as raw materials, which reduces the environmental loads by lowering the amount of waste for incineration or landfill disposal. e category, as well as the worn-out condition of the abandoned furniture, determines the best way to reuse it, including repair, disassembly, and crushing. e first step to reduce waste is to extend the useful life of the furniture by repairing the damaged item and reusing it. Different types of furniture can be repaired after cost performance is considered from the perspectives of the degree of damage and the ease of repair.

Proposed Approach.
is study uses particle swarm optimization (PSO) to find solutions. e advantages of using PSO are that only a few parameters need to be adjusted and that it can be used to solve most optimization problems. e PSO is a heuristic algorithm of swarm intelligence and observes how a flock of birds flies and hunts for food. It simulates the flock of bird's method of communication to find the optimal solution [30][31][32]. Furthermore, a mechanism of evolutionary computation is established according to the best flight of a single bird and that of a flock of birds. Dimension d (1 ≤ d ≤ D) of a particle updates its own speed and position with the following equation when the particle best (pbest) and the global best (gbest) are found for each generation: where ] i d (t + 1) is the new speed of particle i, ] i d (t) is the original speed of particle i, w is the inertia weight, c 1 and c 2 are learning factors, r 1 and r 2 random numbers between 0 and 1, χ i d (t + 1) is the new position of particle i, χ i d (t) is the original position of particle i, p i d is the individual best position of particle i (pbest), and p gd is the global best position (gbest).

C2C Waste Furniture Manufacturing Process.
is study formulates C2C programming for manufacturing recycled waste furniture. It mainly focuses on the remanufacturing of waste furniture and reproduction, with the crushed waste furniture as raw materials. is study aims to establish a green production model that maximizes benefits, with the goal of achieving zero waste during the disposal of waste furniture for reuse. e C2C process for waste furniture is shown in Figure 1. is study discusses the waste furniture C2C production process after waste furniture is produced and removed.  Figure 2 includes the removal and reuse of waste wood furniture; the reusable items include remanufactured furniture, coarsely crushed materials, and finely crushed materials.

Mathematical
Physical logistics Reverse logistics Information flow Figure 2: e schematic diagram for the production programming model. remanufactured furniture + coarsely crushing cost of waste furniture + finely crushing cost of waste furniture): Explanation of the Objective Function.
(1) Remanufactured Furniture Sales Revenue. e remanufactured furniture sales revenue � the amount of remanufactured furniture × the unit price of remanufactured furniture: e total amount of waste furniture that has been repaired � the total amount of recycled waste furniture of Batch i WM i × the proportion of recycled furniture made into remanufactured furniture X i + the amount of new materials invested in remanufactured furniture [33][34][35]. e operational rule of fuzzy numbers and the application of membership functions propose the use of the fuzzy theory to solve uncertainty and ambiguity in the real world.
x i and d i are the fuzzy information of waste furniture production programming. After calculating the fuzzy information, the proportion of recycled waste furniture made into remanufactured furniture X i (a fuzzy value) and the reuse rate of disassembled waste furniture D i (a fuzzy value) can be obtained. e calculation of fuzzy information will be further introduced in Section 3.4.
(2) e Sales Revenue of Crushed Waste Furniture. e sales revenue of crushed waste furniture � coarsely crushed materials from waste furniture × the unit price of the coarsely crushed materials + finely crushed materials from waste furniture × the unit price of the finely crushed materials: e total amount of coarsely crushed materials from waste furniture � the total amount of recycled furniture of the i th batch WM i × the proportion of the waste furniture that has been coarsely crushed U i . e total amount of finely crushed materials from waste furniture � the total amount of recycled furniture of the i th batch WM i × the proportion of the waste furniture that has been finely crushed V i . u i and v i are the fuzzy information of waste furniture production programming. After calculating the fuzzy information, the fuzzy values for U i and V i can be obtained. e calculation of fuzzy information will be further introduced in Section 3.4.
( 3) e Cost of Recycling Waste Furniture. e cost of recycling waste furniture � the amount of waste furniture that the cleaning team has removed and transported × the unit price of recycling waste furniture:

(4) e Cost of Disassembling Waste Furniture into Reusable
Materials. e cost of disassembling waste furniture into reusable materials � the amount of waste furniture that has been disassembled for reuse × the unit price of the disassembled reusable materials: e waste furniture that is beyond repair but can still be reused is disassembled into reusable materials. e amount of reclaimed materials from disassembled waste furniture � the total amount of recycled waste furniture of Batch i WM i × the proportion of waste furniture disassembled for reuse D i . (5) e Cost of repairing Waste Furniture. e cost of repairing waste furniture � the amount of remanufactured furniture × the unit price of the remanufactured furniture + the new materials used for repairing waste furniture × the unit price of the new materials: e cost of repairing waste furniture primarily includes labor and the new materials used for repairing:RC represents the labor cost, NM i represents the new materials used for repairing waste furniture, and NMC represents the unit price of the new materials.
3.5.2. Constraint. e constraints are explained as follows: (i) Constraint (10): the amount of remanufactured furniture, reusable parts disassembled from waste furniture, and crushed waste furniture shall not exceed the total amount of recycled waste furniture and new raw materials. (ii) Constraint (11): the total amount of the materials from coarsely and finely crushed furniture is less than the total amount of crushed waste furniture. (iii) Constraint (12): the total of the following: the proportion of recycled waste furniture that has been used in remanufacturing, the proportion of waste furniture that has been disassembled for reuse, and the proportion of waste furniture crushed for reuse should not exceed the overall proportion of recycled waste furniture, ≤ 1. (iv) Constraint (13) x i and d i are the fuzzy production volume of remanufactured furniture under waste furniture production programming and the fuzzy amount of reusable raw materials disassembled from waste furniture, respectively. ey are both affected by three fuzzy information factors: the degree of damage, the repair feasibility, and the market demand. eir fuzzy functions are as follows: 6 Mathematical Problems in Engineering Calculation of fuzzy information x i : this study proposes fuzzy evaluation values for remanufactured furniture in Taiwan: 3 for the product damage degree (ordinary), 4 for repair feasibility (high reparability), and 2 for product Mathematical Problems in Engineering market demand (relatively low). erefore, the fuzzy value of x i is inferred as x � 0.105: Calculation of fuzzy information d i : this study proposes fuzzy evaluation values for the materials disassembled from waste furniture: 2 for the product damage degree (quite worn-out), 2 for repair feasibility (low reparability), and 2 for market demand (relatively low). erefore, the fuzzy value of d i is inferred as d � 0.027:

Establishment of Fuzzy Information u i and v i .
First, define the three fuzzy inputs as environmental protection laws and regulations, environmental performance indexes, and the product market demand: Calculation of fuzzy information u i : this study proposes fuzzy evaluation values for reusable materials from coarsely crushed furniture: 3 for environmental protection rules and regulations (ordinary), 3 for environmental performance index (average impact index), and 4 for product market demand (relatively high). erefore, the fuzzy value of u i is inferred as u � 0.18: Calculation of fuzzy information of v i : this study proposes fuzzy evaluation values for reusable materials from finely crushed furniture: 3 for environmental protection rules and regulations (ordinary), 3 for the environmental performance index (average impact index), and 4 for product market demand (relatively high). erefore, the fuzzy value of v i is inferred as v � 0. 18:

Calculation of Fuzzy
Values. e fuzzy value reflects the actual proportion of the waste furniture that was put to reuse [36]. ere were a total of four fuzzy values in this study: the proportion of waste furniture used in repair X i , the proportion of waste furniture disassembled for reuse D i , the proportion of waste furniture coarsely crushed for reuse U i , and the proportion of waste furniture finely crushed for reuse V i . In the previous section, some fuzzy values were set to reflect the factors that influenced the production programming for waste furniture in Taiwan, and the membership functions that reflected the reuse of waste furniture through the fuzzy theory were established. Furthermore, it was necessary to calculate the corresponding proportions of the fuzzy information to the actual production programming for waste furniture so that relevant production planning could be performed. e proportions could be solved through the interpolation of fuzzy information: the fuzzy information between the known maximum and minimum proportions for production planning was substituted to determine the proportion. e equation sets x as the known number to determine the value of the linear function y(x) and (x 1 , y 1 ) and (x 2 , y 2 ) as the maximum and minimum values, respectively:

Mathematical Problems in Engineering
e right side of equation (21) was the known x value and a constant. Accordingly, y(x) could be obtained. Using the current situation in Taiwan as an example, from the expert opinions on fuzzy information, x i could be initially determined to be 0.105, d i � 0.036, u i � 0.18, and v i � 0.18. Furthermore, X i , D i , U i , and V i could be obtained through the interpolation method. e ratio of X i was between 10% and 30%, D i between 5% and 15%, U i between 35% and 45%, and V i between 35% and 45%. rough the interpolation method, the values for X i , D i , U i , and V i were calculated as follows: X i � 0.121, D i � 0.0536, U i � 0.368, and V i � 0.368.

Results
is study made comparisons between simulated situations and conducted a performance evaluation and sensitivity analysis regarding the C2C production programming model for waste furniture. e simulated situations were written using the programming language in the Matlab R2010a version, and the simulation was executed on the ASUS A52J 2.13G CUP computer. For each situation, 30 groups of data were used to perform experiments.

Parameter Settings for the Waste Furniture Recycling Center
(i) e amount of recycled waste furniture: the waste furniture data collected from the center are shown in Table 1. For each batch, the output of remanufactured furniture, the amount of materials disassembled from waste furniture, and the amount of materials from crushed furniture were randomly chosen under the constraint of the maximum output. e simulation was performed through randomly generated numbers as the outputs.
(ii) Prices of various products: this study utilized the profits of a waste furniture remanufacturing center in 2006, which were from the sales of remanufactured furniture, when it calculated the unit price of remanufactured furniture. e annual sales revenue of remanufactured furniture was NTD 687,428 yuan, and the annual volume was 455.592 metric tons. us, the average revenue of a ton of remanufactured furniture was estimated to be NTD 1,508.868 yuan. e crushed materials could be divided into coarsely and finely crushed. Huang and Liu pointed out that the price of a metric ton of coarsely crushed material is NTD 700 yuan, while the price of finely crushed material is NTD 1,000 yuan.
(iii) Various relevant costs: various costs were calculated based on the relevant cost data provided by the TEPA and Liu. e results were as follows: the average cost of waste furniture removal was NTD 166.67/metric ton, the average cost of repairing waste furniture was NTD 1,445.24/metric ton, the average cost of disassembling reusable parts from waste furniture was NTD 357.64/metric ton, the average cost of new materials was NTD 526.79/ metric ton, the average cost of coarsely crushing waste furniture was NTD 400/metric ton, and the average cost of finely crushing waste furniture was NTD 600/metric ton. (iv) Capacity limitations: this study assumed that there were four repairers, namely, two workers who disassembled waste furniture and two workers who operated the crusher. Each person worked 8 hours per day, and each month had 22 working days. Suppose, for example, it took the workers a month to process a batch; then, the workers would have 704 hours to repair each batch of waste furniture, 352 hours to disassemble it, and 352 hours to crush it, as shown in Table 2 4

.1.2. Situational Simulation
(i) Taiwan has continuously promoted relevant recycling programs to encourage the recycling and reuse of waste furniture, such as the "Recycling Program for General Waste Resources." Due to the differences in urban and rural living habits in Taiwan, the discarded waste furniture collected from urban and rural areas is in different states. Taiwan currently has good repair techniques for waste furniture. However, the current demand for remanufactured furniture is still low. (ii) Germany promulgated a decree on recycling waste wood, which is called the "Ordinance on the Management of Waste Wood." is decree prohibits the casual disposal of waste wood furniture [37,38] and divides the recycled wood into five categories. ere are different ways of processing and reusing waste wood, depending on the category.  e fuzzy information in this study varied with different situations, and the fuzzy information is collated, as shown in Table 3. e setting of parameters for the C2C waste furniture production programming model reflected the fact that Germany had the greatest potential of reusing waste furniture, followed by Taiwan and China. rough the PSO, the maximum profit and the production planning amount of the 30 groups for each situation were obtained. e average maximum profit and planning production volume of the 30 groups for each situation are shown in Table 4.

Performance Evaluation
(i) Evaluation of statistical optimization: this evaluation was done to verify whether the programming model and algorithm proposed in this study were the optimal solution. e 30 entries of data for each situation were used for the statistical optimization evaluation. e Weibull++8 software was used as the analytical tool. e statistical optimization and the application of the software were described accordingly [39]. e proposed PSO had various combinations of the data which were consistent with Weber distribution in different situations. e test statistics were all less than P value as 0.01, and the solutions obtained by each combination fell within the optimal prediction interval. According to the analytical results above, the PSO proposed in this study had a good solution quality and performance under various environmental combinations. From the perspective of statistical optimization, it could also prove that the results obtained in this study were the optimal solution. (ii) Analysis of simulation results: the simulation results were used to conduct ANOVA. e results showed that there were significant differences in profit from different situations under waste furniture C2C production programming. After that, multiple comparisons were made to discover the difference between situations in different degrees of fuzzy information. e comparison of the profits revealed that there were significant differences between each of the three situations, namely, Taiwan, Germany, and China (Ching-Tao City), since the P value was 0.01, which was less than 0.05. e aforesaid analysis indicated that different degrees of fuzzy information exerted an impact on the results of the C2C production programming. Germany, with its high productivity, obtained the maximum profit, while China (Ching-Tao City) received the lowest profit among the three situations. us, it was verified that, with the programming model, the maximum profit and production in different situations could be planned. (iii) Sensitivity analysis: the current average unit cost for repairing furniture was NTD 1,445.42 yuan, which was expected to be reduced in the current situation. erefore, this study discussed the sensitivity analysis of the repair cost of waste furniture and the cost of disassembling waste furniture for reusable materials.
is study explored the changes when the repair cost was reduced from the original unit repair cost of NTD 1,445 yuan to 1,350 yuan, 1,250 yuan, 1,150 yuan, and 1,050 yuan, respectively. With the cost of repairing furniture decreasing, the sales obviously decreased, but there was no significant difference in the output of remanufactured furniture and the utilization of crushed materials. However, if more crushed materials from waste furniture were used, there would be a higher profit. erefore, even if the waste furniture was damaged and even beyond repair, it should also be recycled, not only to reduce the amount of garbage but also to maximize the value of the resources. Waste furniture recycling and reuse, along with the economic benefits of recycling and reusing waste furniture in Taiwan, has been constantly reviewed. erefore, this study proposes the following strategies to improve the benefits from recycling waste furniture. is study proposes that furniture procurement by the authorities should be regulated. e suggestion is that it becomes compulsory for the authorities to purchase remanufactured furniture, and their purchase volume would, therefore, reach 10% of their total annual purchases of furniture. According to data gathered from the Taiwan Buying Network, the total budget for furniture-related procurement by the authorities in Taiwan in July 2013 reached NTD 100,864,705 yuan. If 5% constitutes the revenue of remanufactured furniture sales, the amount is NTD 5,043,235 yuan. e average benefit earned from a ton of recycled furniture is estimated to be NTD 1,508.868 yuan, based on this study. To reap the profit of NTD 5,043,235 yuan, at least 3,342 tons of remanufactured furniture (5,043,235 divided by 1508.868) is needed in order to meet the demand of the authorities. According to the report on the implementation of the Bulky Waste Recycling and Reuse program by the Bureau of Environmental Inspection [40], it is feasible to produce at least 3,342 tons of remanufactured furniture per month. is strategy can provide the benefits as follows:

Strategies to Improve the Benefits of Recycling Waste
(i) Economic benefits: if it is compulsory for the authorities to purchase remanufactured furniture, the accumulated revenue will reach NTD 40,345,880 yuan in eight months. Compared with the estimated 431,470 yuan, which is eight months' profits of remanufactured furniture sales for a county, the amount is 93 times over. Obviously, the economic benefit is considerable. (ii) Garbage reduction and increased reuse of waste furniture: the average profit of one ton of remanufactured furniture is estimated to be NTD 1,508.868 yuan. erefore, to gain the profit of NTD 40,345,880 yuan from remanufactured furniture sales, the furniture industry needs to produce at least 26,736 tons of remanufactured furniture. (iii) Carbon dioxide reduction: according to the report on recycling and reuse of waste furniture nationwide by the TEPA in July 2011, the recycling of waste wood per kilogram can reduce the emission of carbon dioxide by approximately 3.0 kg. In this study, 3,180.05 metric tons of waste furniture were recycled, thereby reducing 9,564,150 metric tons of carbon dioxide emissions. If it is compulsory for the authorities to buy remanufactured furniture, the amount of waste furniture to be repaired increases to 26,736 metric tons, reducing 80,208,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide emissions. Obviously, a greater environmental benefit can be achieved if the strategy is implemented (Table 5).

Subsidy Policy.
is study suggests that a subsidy be provided to encourage the recycling of waste furniture. From the information compiled by the TEPA [1], the disposal cost for a ton of general garbage is NTD 1,811 yuan on average. If the NTD 1,811 yuan is applied to the recycling of waste furniture in order to increase the reuse of waste furniture, it is estimated that NTD 100 yuan can be used to subsidize the recycling of a waste table and 12 for the recycling of a waste chair. Suppose, for example, that the subsidy policy can increase 10% of recycled waste furniture; the potential benefits for implementing the subsidy policy are as follows:  Table 6 presents the top 50 prestigious firms in Taiwan recycle their waste office furniture when they need replacements. In addition, no less than 1% of the newly procured office furniture should be remanufactured furniture. rough the implementation of this strategy, top firms can contribute their efforts to environmental protection. In this way, the amount of reclaimed waste furniture and the corresponding values is improved. If the remanufactured furniture bought by top firms reaches 1% of their newly procured equipment, the incurred benefits are as follows:

Corporate Social Responsibility.
(i) Economic benefits: suppose 5% of their expenditure on office equipment is used to purchase remanufactured furniture; then, the firms spend NTD 33,640,790 yuan in one year. In this way, the profit from remanufactured furniture sales in eight months will reach NTD 22,427,193 yuan. is strategy is expected to increase profits 52 times. Evidently, this strategy has the potential to bring considerable economic profits compared with the original profit of NTD 431,470 yuan for a county in 8 months, as shown in Table 7. (ii) Garbage reduction and improvement on recycling waste furniture: it is necessary to produce approximately 14,864 tons of remanufactured furniture for the firms to procure remanufactured furniture to reap a profit of NTD 22,427,193 yuan from the remanufactured furniture business. To this end, a large amount of waste furniture needs to be collected. erefore, it is necessary to promote the recycling of waste furniture. In addition to top firms, the authorities also need to actively promote the recycling of waste furniture. rough the implementation of this strategy, it is bound to improve the benefits of recycling waste furniture and reduce garbage. (iii) Carbon dioxide reduction: the recycling of waste wood per kilogram can reduce the carbon dioxide emissions by approximately 3.0 kilograms. Currently, 3,880.05 metric tons of waste furniture is recycled, thereby reducing carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions of 9,564,150 metric tons. If strategy three is implemented, it is expected to cause a reduction of 44,592,000 metric tons of CO 2 emissions, and 14,864 tons of recycled furniture would need to be repaired. erefore, this strategy is certain to further enhance the environmental protection benefits, as presented in Table 8.
is study compares and evaluates the performance of the waste furniture C2C production programming model that has been proposed. As a result, the current situation in Taiwan has been highlighted, and production for Taiwan,     Germany, and China has been planned. It has been found that different degrees of fuzzy information have an impact on C2C production planning. erefore, the C2C production programming model can assist the waste furniture remanufacturing center by effectively carrying out the plan of waste furniture reuse to achieve the maximum profit.

Concluding Remarks
is study established the C2C waste furniture production programming model. e fuzzy theory was used to define the degree of product damage, the technical feasibility, etc. In this way, the optimal outputs of remanufactured furniture, coarsely crushed materials, and finely crushed materials for production programming were derived. e maximum profit for remanufactured furniture sales was also obtained. e situational simulations revealed that the qualitative information proposed had a significant impact on C2C waste furniture production programming.
is study demonstrated through the statistical optimization and one-way analysis of variance that the results from different situations were optimal solutions. In this way, it was verified that the C2C production programming model could be used to obtain the maximum profit. is study filled the gaps from prior studies [9,11].
In practice, this study proposed three strategies: (a) the authorities are obligated to buy a certain proportion of remanufactured furniture to newly produced furniture, (b) incentives should be given to encourage recycling waste furniture, and (c) firms are obliged to purchase remanufactured furniture as office furniture. ese three strategies were analyzed to show that they had a strong potential to improve the benefits and profits of recycling waste furniture. Consequently, the recommendation was made that the authorities adopt and implement these three strategies. Additionally, C2C waste furniture production planning was explored by focusing on the waste furniture recycling center. In the future planning done by the TEPA, recycling plants in townships were also integrated to cause the resources to produce more benefits. erefore, the recommendation is to consider how to better integrate the resources of recycling plants in the future to further improve the benefits of the C2C waste furniture production programming. e findings regarding the relevant attributes for measuring environmental loads can be further incorporated into production programming to achieve sustainable development, such as the benefits from wood furniture recycling. If relevant attributes are taken into account when production programming is performed, comprehensive benefits would be achieved. is study has applied the 3Rs and proposes the 3 strategic types: compulsory procurement by the authorities, subsidy policy, and corporate social responsibility. All the strategies include the amount of recycled furniture, profit, and CO 2 reduction at the same time. e compulsory procurement by the authorities is most effective in terms of the amount of recycled furniture, profit, and CO 2 reduction that occurs. Hence, this study recommends that the TEPA creates regulation for the recycling process. is study also recommends that compulsory procurement by the authorities be based on the recycling subsidy proportion and on a higher recycling subsidy proportion with recycled green products being produced.

Data Availability
Data are available from the corresponding author for researchers who meet the criteria for access to confidential data.

Conflicts of Interest
e authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.