Synchronization of Time Delay Coupled Neural Networks Based on Impulsive Control

(is paper investigates the impulsive synchronization of time delay coupled neural networks. Based on the Lyapunov stability theory and impulsive control method, a distributed delayed impulsive controller is designed to realize synchronization of the coupled neural networks. A new impulsive delayed inequality is proposed, where the control effect of distributed delayed impulses is fully considered. In addition, a suitable Lyapunov-like function is established to prove the stability of the synchronization system. Numerical simulation examples are introduced to illustrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the main results.


Introduction
Neural networks are a type of mathematical model that simulates the thinking patterns of the human brain, which is used to imitate the structure and thinking mode of neural network in the human brain [1][2][3][4][5][6]. e neural network learning is to abstract and simplify the human brain from the microscopic structure and function. It is one of the ways to realize artificial intelligence. Since 1980s, the research of neural network has made great progress [7][8][9][10]. Neural network synchronization research is one of the most important research directions of the neural network. Until now, various synchronization control schemes have been proposed, such as impulsive control [11,12], adaptive control [13,14], sliding mode control [15,16], switching control [17][18][19], and pinning control [20].
Compared with continuous control, the structure of impulsive control is simpler. e small intermittent control input can achieve the expected control performance [21][22][23][24].
e key idea of impulse control is to convert the state of a continuous dynamic system into discontinuous forms through a discrete control input. Since impulsive control allows the system to admit discrete inputs and effectively save network bandwidth resources, it has been studied by many scholars. Liu et al. [25] realized the uniform synchronization of chaotic dynamics system by designing three levels of event-triggered impulsive control. He et al. [26] realized the secure synchronization of multiagent systems under attacks through impulsive control. Qian et al. [27] realized the synchronization of multiagent systems through impulsive control. What is more, there always exists time delay in most practical systems, which should not be ignored in the study of neural network synchronization. For the time delay coupled neural network, the synchronization problem was first discussed in reference [28]. Xu et al. [29] realized the time delay synchronization of the chaotic neural networks based on impulsive control. Xie et al. [30] investigated the synchronization of time-varying delays coupled reaction-diffusion neural networks with pinning impulsive control. Wei et al. [31] realized synchronization of the coupled reaction-diffusion neural networks with timevarying delay by impulsive control. Li et al. [32] investigated the master-slave exponential synchronization of the neural networks with time-varying delays via discontinuous impulsive control. Until now, there are many control methods to realize the synchronization of neural networks. Among them, the research on time-delay impulsive control mainly concentrated on a single neural network system, while the research on the synchronization of coupled neural network with time-delay impulsive control is relatively rare.
In this paper, the problem of synchronization of delay coupled neural networks under distributed delay impulsive control is studied. Firstly, a time delay coupled neural networks model with N identical nodes is constructed. Secondly, based on the impulsive control method, a distributed delay impulsive controller is designed to achieve synchronization between the drive and response system.
irdly, through the designed impulsive controller and impulsive delayed inequality, the stability of the synchronization system is analyzed. Finally, numerical examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the developed method. e rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, synchronization problem of the time delay coupled neural networks and some premises are proposed. Section 3 presents the main results with proof. A simulation example is provided in Section 4 to illustrate the main results. e summary of this paper is given in Section 5.

Problem Statement
Considering a neural networks array consisting of N identical nodes, in which the dynamics of the i-th (1 < i < N) node is described by the following neural networks: is the initial condition; τ denotes the time delay occurring in transmission process; J is an external input. Let (1) be the drive system and the response system is constructed as follows: where y i (t) � [y i1 (t), y i2 (t), . . . , y in (t)] T ∈ R n denotes the neuron state vector of the i-th dynamical node, i � 1, 2, 3, . . . , N; u i (t) is the impulsive control input; ψ i (s) is the initial condition. en, we will design a delayed impulse input to synchronize drive system (1) and response system (2). e impulsive controller is designed by where e(t) � y(t) − x(t); K ∈ R n×n is a gain matrix to be designed; r n denote the distributed time delays in impulse input; δ(t − t n ) is the Delta function. When t ≠ t n and the controller u i (t) � 0, the error derivative is When t � t n , the error derivative is ). e above dynamical networks can be rewritten as the following Kronecker product form: where ⊗ denotes the Kronecker product.
Definition 1 (see [33]). e exponential convergence criterion of the distributed delayed impulsive inequality is given: where s ∈ [t − τ, t], μ n > 0, n ∈ Z + are constants. Distributed delays r n satisfy 0 < r n < r, where r is a real constant.

Synchronization Analysis
In this part, we use the Lyapunov stability method and impulsive delayed inequality (7) to derive our main results.
□ When t ≠ t n , the derivative of V(t) along the trajectory of system (6) can be calculated as follows: Based on Lemma 1, the inequality 2A T B ≤ a − 1 A T A+ aB T B, A, B ∈ R n , a > 0, we can perform the following calculation: Changing formula (13) to Kronecker product, we can get e T (t) I N ⊗ P I N ⊗ A g(e(t)) Similarly, it gives that e T (t) I N ⊗ P I N ⊗ B g(e(t − τ)) From formulas (14) and (15), formula (9) can be changed to Mathematical Problems in Engineering _

V(t) � e T (t) I N ⊗ P − I N ⊗ C e(t) + I N ⊗ A g(e(t))
where e − ατ < 1; the following conditions are established: When t � t n , the derivative of V(t) along the trajectory of system (6) can be calculated as follows: From (14) and (15), we have Based on Lemma 1, we can perform the following calculation: It follows from (10) that there exists an inequality such that − (1/ζ)P − PK(PK) T < 0, which together with (20) implies that e T (t) I N ⊗ P I N ⊗ K t t− r n e(s)ds where ζ � (1/μ 2 n ). en, it can be deduced that V(t) ≤ μ 2 n t t− r n V(s)ds. According to formulas (9) and (21), we can derive that According to the Lyapunov stability theory, we can obtain e i (t) ⟶ 0 as t ⟶ ∞, which means that system (2) can achieve the impulsive synchronization with system (1) under impulsive controller (3). is completes the proof.

Numerical Simulation
In the simulation, we studied the synchronization problem of the coupled neural network with three nodes, namely, N � 3.
e activation functions are chosen as Consider the following neural networks:

Mathematical Problems in Engineering 5
Consider the following response system: where τ � 1, i � 1, 2, 3, j � 1, 2, 3, ϑ 1 � 0.5, ϑ 2 � 5, initial condition  Mathematical Problems in Engineering When there is no control input (i.e., u(t) � 0), system (24) cannot be synchronized with system (23), see Figure 1. Next, we consider distributed delayed impulsive control to achieve the synchronization between system (23) and system (24). e control input u(t) is given by (3) with r n � 1.2. Choose ζ � 0.05, using the MATLAB LMI toolbox, and the following feasible solutions can be derived: us, the gain matrix K is derived as follows: For simulation, if we take t n � 0.07n, n ∈ Z, then the synchronization error is shown in Figure 2.

Conclusion
In this paper, the synchronization of coupled neural networks is studied by distributed delayed impulsive control. Based on the impulsive control theory and Lyapunov stability theory, a distributed delayed impulsive controller is proposed.
e proposed inequality fully considers the synchronization of the response system and the drive system under different time conditions. e numerical simulation proves the feasibility and effectiveness of our proposed scheme. In the future, we will deal with finite time synchronization of coupled neural networks through distributed delayed impulsive control.

Data Availability
e data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest
e authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.