Multistability Analysis, CoexistingMultiple Attractors, and FPGA Implementation of Yu–Wang Four-Wing Chaotic System

In this paper, we further study the dynamic characteristics of the Yu–Wang chaotic system obtained by Yu andWang in 2012.,e system can show a four-wing chaotic attractor in any direction, including all 3D spaces and 2D planes. For this reason, our interest is focused on multistability generation and chaotic FPGA implementation. ,e stability analysis, bifurcation diagram, basin of attraction, and Lyapunov exponent spectrum are given as the methods to analyze the dynamic behavior of this system. ,e analyses show that each system parameter has different coexistence phenomena including coexisting chaotic, coexisting stable node, and coexisting limit cycle. Some remarkable features of the system are that it can generate transient one-wing chaos, transient two-wing chaos, and offset boosting.,ese phenomena have not been found in previous studies of the Yu–Wang chaotic system, so they are worth sharing. ,en, the RK4 algorithm of the Verilog 32-bit floating-point standard format is used to realize the autonomous multistable 4D Yu–Wang chaotic system on FPGA, so that it can be applied in embedded engineering based on chaos. Experiments show that the maximum operating frequency of the Yu–Wang chaotic oscillator designed based on FPGA is 161.212MHz.

A class of chaotic systems are characterized by the coexistence of many different types of attractors, a phenomenon referred to as multistability which has become a very important research topic and received much attention recently [43][44][45][46]. In [44], a smooth piecewise quadratic nonlinear four-wing chaotic system is proposed. When the appropriate parameters including a two-wing and four-wing chaotic attractor are selected, the system can observe four kinds of unconnected coexisting stable states under different initial values and show rich dynamic behaviors. In [45], a 4D chaotic system with planar equilibrium is introduced.
rough dynamic analysis, it is revealed that the chaotic system has three different types of coexisting attractors in a certain parameter range: chaotic attractors, stable node attractors, and limit cycle attractors. In addition, when the initial conditions of a state variable change and the number of attractors approaches infinity, this phenomenon is called extreme multistability [47][48][49][50]. More and more attention has been paid to the research related to extreme multistability. In [47], the flux-controlled memristor model is introduced into the existing 5D hyperchaotic autonomous system, and a 6D autonomous system is obtained. By analyzing the dynamics of the system, it is found that the system has the characteristics of extreme multistability, bursting, transient chaos, and offset boosting phenomenon.
Chaos generator is one of the most basic structures of chaos in practical application. Chaos generator is mainly realized by analog and digital methods. e method to realize a chaotic system in the analog circuit is mainly by using discrete components on the combined bread board [30,32,42]. e chaotic signal realized by this method is unstable, and its portability is very poor. Secondly, the integrated circuit (IC) chaos generator chip is designed by the CMOS technology, and the chaos generator based on IC can achieve the highest performance [51][52][53]. However, the implementation based on IC is not easy to realize the frequency tunability of the chaotic oscillator, and there are some problems such as a long design period and a high cost of the tape [54][55][56]. Compared with analog generators, chaos generators based on digital circuits have comparative advantages. Digital chaos generators are implemented by the digital signal processor (DSP) [57,58] and the field programmable gate array (FPGA) [59][60][61][62][63][64][65]. In complex mathematical operations, DSP chips generally perform operations sequentially, so it takes a long time to calculate output values sequentially using DSP-based chaos generators. On the contrary, FPGA chips have a relatively flexible architecture that allows simultaneous computation, and FPGA chip design and test cycle costs are particularly low [66][67][68].
rough the numerical and reconfigurable characteristics of FPGA, the FPGA-based chaos generator and its application can be more flexible.
In this study, we consider the dynamics of a relatively simple chaotic system with a fully qualified four-wing chaotic attractor introduced by Yu et al. [69], with particular emphasis on the chaos mechanism and the possibility of multiple coexisting attractors varying with five system parameters. Chaotic systems with coexisting attractors have great potential for engineering applications. e research on the multistability of the Yu-Wang system has not been fully discussed, which is worthy of further study. In this paper, we find and focus on the multistability window. Secondly, some remarkable characteristics of the system such as transient chaos and offset boosting can be generated under certain conditions. e rest of this paper is organized as follows. e mathematical model of the Yu-Wang chaotic system is described and analyzed in Section 2. In Section 3, we analyze the dynamic characteristics of the system in detail. e complex dynamics of the system is analyzed from five aspects: coexistence of attractors with different parameters, multistability, basin of attraction, transient chaos, and offset boosting. In Section 4, we use the RK4 algorithm and the Verilog language to design a Yu-Wang chaotic oscillator based on FPGA on Vivado 2018.3. en, by analyzing the statistical data of the FPGA chip, the simulation results and the phase diagram of the oscilloscope output are obtained. Finally, some conclusions are given in Section 5.

Description and Analysis of the Model of Yu-Wang Chaotic System
e Yu-Wang chaotic system, which was proposed by Yu et al. [69], is described by the following simple 4D autonomous system with four quadratic nonlinear terms: where x, y, z, and w are the state variables of the system and a, b, c, d, and e are the system parameters. When a � 8, b � 5, c � 12, d � 60, and e � 4 and the initial conditions are [2, 1, 1, 2], the system is a fully four-wing chaotic system. It is very interesting that the attractors of the system can exhibit a four-wing form in any direction of any phase plane, including all 3D spaces and 2D planes as shown in Figure 1. e four Lyapunov exponents (LEs) of system (1) are LE1 � 1.4247, LE2 � 0.0014, LE3 � − 6.4991, and LE4 � − 54.9120, respectively, and the system has positive Lyapunov exponents, so the system has a very interesting dynamic behavior. e Yu-Wang system is symmetric about the z axis; that is, it remains unchanged under the coordinate transformation (x, y, z, w) ⟶ (− x, − y, z, − w). e equilibrium point of system (1) can be obtained by solving the following equations: On the basis of equation (2), it is easy to get x � ± �� cd √ . e following two cases are discussed: and according to equation (3), we obtain the following equation: and because y � ���� � (d/c)z and w � ( �� cd √ /e)z, we can get , substituting x into equation (2), we get and based on equation (6), we can obtain According to the above analysis, the five equilibrium points of system (1)  e Jacobian matrix of system (1) can be described as In order to consider the stability of the system, each equilibrium point is considered to calculate the corresponding eigenvalue according to the Jacobian matrix, and the eigenvalues are, respectively, According to the five eigenvalues, it can be judged that system (1) has an unstable saddle focal equilibrium point, which will lead to chaos. e dissipativity of system (1) is described as Equation (9) shows that the divergence is negative. Consequently, the general condition of dissipativity associated with the existence of attractive sets in system (1) is fulfilled.

Dynamic Characteristic Analysis of System (1)
In this section, complex dynamics of the Yu-Wang autonomous chaotic system is numerically investigated with the help of various tools. ese include the bifurcation diagram, Lyapunov exponents, phase portraits, and attraction basins. All numerical simulations are based on the resolution of system (1) using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. For the computation of Lyapunov exponents, the algorithm proposed by Wolf et al. [70] is used.

Dynamic Analysis of Different System Parameters.
e dynamic behaviors of the parameters in system (1) are analyzed. It is found that there are many kinds of attractors coexisting in system (1). Table 1 shows the dynamic behavior of different parameters of the system.

Case 1.
Fixing the parameters b � 5, c � 12, d � 60, and e � 4, we make the parameter a change in the range of (0, 40]. Figure 2(a) is the bifurcation diagram of the system in the initial conditions [2, 1, 1, 2] and [− 2, − 1, 1, − 2], and Figure 2(b) is the largest LE spectrum. From Figure 2, we can see that the dynamic characteristics of the system are very complex, and there are many coexisting attractors. When the parameter a ∈ (0, 11.1), system (1) shows a chaotic state. When a ∈ [11.1, 12.6], system (1) is in a periodic state, and when a � 11.5, a � 12.3, and a � 12.5 , the attractors of system (1) are, respectively, represented by the one-wing period-1, one-wing period-2, and one-wing period-4, and the phase portraits of the coexisting attractors are shown in Figures 3(a)-3(c). When a ∈ (12.6, 19], the system behaves as a chaotic state. Especially when a � 12.6, system (1) presents the one-wing chaotic state, and its coexisting attractor is shown in Figure 3(d). When a � 15.8, the system is in the three-wing period state, and its coexisting attractor is shown in Figure 3(e). When a ∈ (19, 23.8), the inverse period bifurcations and period bifurcation occur in this system, which are generally consistent with a ∈ [11.1, 12.6]. erefore, the same phenomenon is not shown in Figure 3. When a � 20, system (1) is in the four-wing period-1 state, and its coexistence attractor is shown in Figure 3(f ). When a � 19.1, system (1) is in the four-wing period-4 state, and its coexistence attractor is shown in Figure 3(g). When a ∈ [23.8, 31.5), the system shows a new chaotic state. When a � 28, system (1) is a four-wing chaotic attractor, and its coexisting attractor is shown in Figure 3(h). When a ∈ [31.5, 40], the system is in a stable state, and when a � 31.6, system (1) is in a stable state, and the phase portrait of its coexistence point attractor is shown in Figure 3(i).  (1) state is mostly chaotic, and some periodic windows are included; especially when b � 19.35, the system is a two-wing period phenomenon, and its coexistence attractor is shown in Figure 5(d). When b � 17.8, the system is in the three-wing periodic state, and its coexistence attractor is shown in Figure 5(e). When b � 15, the system is in four-wing chaos, and its coexistence attractor is shown in Figure 5(f ).

Case 3.
Fixing the parameters a � 8, b � 5, d � 60, and e � 4, let the parameter c change in the range of [0, 50]. Figure 6(a) shows the bifurcation diagram of the system under two different initial conditions (the blue region represents the initial conditions of [2, 1, 1, 2] and the red region represents the initial conditions of [− 2, − 1, 1, − 2] ). Figure 6(b) shows the largest LE exponent spectrum of Figure 6(a). According to Figure 6, the system has experienced the process from periodic state to chaos to periodic state to chaos to period doubling bifurcation to chaos. In the interval c ∈ [0, 10.4], system (1) is in the periodic state. When c � 0.06, c � 0.1, and c � 0.2, the system is in the one-wing period-1, one-wing period-3, and two-wing period-3, respectively, and their coexisting attractor phase portraits are shown in Figures 7(a)-7(c). Figures 7(d) and 7(e) are the phase portraits of the coexistence of attractors in two different states when the system changes from twowing multiperiod to two-wing period-1 state. In the interval c ∈ (10.4, 14.9), the system is in a chaotic state. When c � 10.6, the system has a four-wing chaotic attractor, and its coexisting attractor is shown in Figure 7(f); in c ∈ [14.9, 15.2), the system is in the periodic state. When c � 15, the system is in the twowing period-1 state, and its coexisting attractor is shown in Figure 7(g); the system is chaotic in the interval c ∈ [15.2, 29.4). When c � 15.32, the system has a two-wing chaotic attractor, and its coexisting attractor is shown in Figure 7(h); in the interval c ∈ [29.4, 32.1), system (1) experiences period doubling bifurcation, in which when c � 31, c � 31.8, and c � 31.9, the system is in the one-wing period-1, one-wing period-2, and one-wing period-4 states, respectively, and the phase portraits of their coexisting attractors are shown in Figures 7(i)-7(k). In the interval c ∈ [32.1, 50], the system is in a chaotic state. When c � 32.5, the system has a one-wing chaotic attractor, and its coexisting attractor is shown in Figure 7(l).

Case 4.
For the given parameters a � 8, b � 5, c � 12, and e � 4, let parameter d vary within the range of [16,100]. Figure 8(a) is the bifurcation diagram of the system under two different initial conditions (the blue region is the initial conditions of [2, 1, 1, 2] and the red region is the initial conditions of [− 2, − 1, 1, − 2] ). Figure 8(b) is the largest LE spectrum of Figure 8(a). As can be seen from Figure 8, the system dynamics is very complex, with period doubling bifurcation, inverse period bifurcation, and chaotic states. When d � 16, the system is in the period-1 state; when d � 17, the system is in the period-2 state; when d � 17.2, the system is in the period-4 state; when d � 17.8, the system has one-wing chaotic attractors; when d � 25, the system has four-wing chaotic attractors; when d � 42, the system is in a multiperiod state; when d � 50, the system is in a multiperiod state; when d � 68, the system is in the two-wing period-1 state; when d � 70, the system is in the two-wing multiperiod state. e phase portrait of coexisting attractors of the above analyzed states under two initial conditions is shown in Figures 9(a)-9(i), respectively.

Case 5.
For the given parameters a � 8, b � 5, c � 12, and d � 60, the parameter e changes in the range of [0, 44]. Figure 10(a) shows the bifurcation of the system under two different initial conditions (the blue indicates that the initial condition is [2, 1, 1, 2] and red indicates that the initial condition is [− 2, − 1, 1, − 2]). Figure 10(b) shows the largest LE spectrum of Figure 10(a). As can be seen from Figure 10, the system undergoes the process of period doubling bifurcation to chaos to period doubling bifurcation to chaos to periodic state. In the interval e ∈ [0, 2.5], system (1) experiences period doubling bifurcation. When e � 0.2, the system is in the four-wing periodic state, and Figure 11(a) is the phase portrait of its coexisting attractor. When e � 1.5, e � 2, and e � 2.1, the system presents the one-wing period-1, one-wing period-2, and one-wing period-4, respectively, and the phase portraits of their coexisting attractors are shown in Figures 11(b)-11(d); in e ∈ (2.5, 11.6], the system is in a chaotic state. Figure 11(e) shows the phase portraits of the coexistence attractor when e � 5; in the interval e ∈ (11.6, 15.2), the system experiences period doubling bifurcation, and its phase portrait is the same as that of the previous period doubling bifurcation; in e ∈ [15.2, 42.3], the system is in a chaotic state. When e � 17, the system has a two-wing chaotic attractor, whose coexisting attractor is shown in Figure 11(f).

Multistability.
Coexistence of multiple attractors is a very interesting phenomenon in nonlinear systems. It only changes the initial conditions, and the system can produce multiple attractor coexistence. Multistability is the inherent property of many nonlinear dynamical systems and is the result of coexistence of many attractors. In short, a system is multistable if it has multiple attractors, and the external excitation is strong enough to switch between stable states. In this section, we will study the multistability of the 4D Yu-Wang chaotic system. Figure 12(a) is the phase portrait when parameters a � 8, b � 5, c � 3.4, d � 60, and e � 4 and initial conditions y(0) � 1, z(0) � 1, and w(0) � 2 are given. It can be seen from the figure that the system has the coexistence of onewing period-1, two-wing multiperiod, and four-wing multiperiod phenomena. Figure 12(b) is the phase portrait with the given parameters a � 8, b � 5, c � 15.32, d � 60, and e � 4 and initial conditions x(0) � 1, z(0) � 1, and w(0) � 2. It can be seen from the figure that the system has   the coexistence phenomenon of four-wing chaotic attractors and two two-wing chaotic attractors of different directions. It is worth pointing out that the phenomenon of the coexistence polyattractor is very important in cryptography, information security, and secure communication.

Basin of Attraction.
If the attractive regions of chaotic attractors are riddled with each other, a kind of intermittence phenomenon of continuous communication between chaotic attractors will occur when the cross-section Lyapunov exponent is slightly greater than 0. After the orbit   stays near one chaotic attractor for a period of time, it jumps to another chaotic attractor and stays for a period of time, and then repeats the above process [71]. In order to verify whether the sieve domains of the system are mutually riddled, we not only observe the graph directly, but also use the Lyapunov index to judge; for example, according to the parameters and initial conditions of the four-wing chaotic system (1), we calculate that the second Lyapunov exponent is λ 2 � 0.0014, indicating that the system is mutually riddled.
e Wada domain is possible when the system has three or more attractors [72,73]. When studying the formation mechanism of the Wada domain, Nusse and Yorke introduced the concept of the trap region and the domain cell [74]. ere are domain cells in the Wada domain, but there are no trap regions and domain cells in the global sieve domain of this system because every point in the global sieve domain has points in its neighborhood that belong to other attractive domains [75]. Figure 13 is the basin of attraction of system (1) with respect to x(0) − y(0) and z(0) − w(0) planes, respectively. It can be shown that there is no open set in this sieve domain. erefore, we believe that the sieve domain of the system is formed by the local-global bifurcation of the sieve domain.

Transient Chaos.
Transient chaos is a very common phenomenon in nonlinear dynamic systems. When unattractive saddle points appear in the phase space, the system will be chaotic within a certain time range. With the development of time, the system will eventually become nonchaotic, which is called transient chaos [40]. As shown in Figure  14, under parameters a � 8, b � 5, c � 12, d � 17.5, and e � 4 and initial values [2, 1, 1, 2], the transient chaos phenomenon is generated in system (1), and the trajectory of the system evolves over time from transient chaos to steady-state multiperiod behavior. Figure 14    Mathematical Problems in Engineering has two different transient chaos states with the evolution of time, as shown in Figures 15(b) and 15(c). ese two transient chaos states are both two-wing chaotic attractors, but the direction track of entering chaos is different. Figure 15(d) is the phase portrait of the steadystate period-1.

Offset Boosting.
In this section, we will discuss the offset boosting control. ere are generally two ways to construct offset boosting: (1) when a variable appears only once in a nonlinear system, adding a constant to the variable will produce an offset; (2) if every variable in a nonlinear system occurs more than once, it is necessary to construct a variable  that occurs once by some means [45]. Since every variable in system (1) appears more than once, by making the parameter b � 0 in the first equation, the variable w appears only once in the system, and then the constant term is added after the variable g, as shown in the following equation: Figure 16(a) is the simulation result of phase portraits when system parameters are a � 8, c � 12, d � 60, and e � 4, initial conditions are set as [2,1,1,2], and three different control parameters are g � − 50, 0, and 50. Figure 16(b) is the simulation result of the phase portraits when system parameters are a � 8, c � 12, d � 30, and e � 4, initial conditions are set as [2,1,1,2], and three different control parameters are g � − 70, 0, and 70. Figure 16 shows that the variable w can be moved from a bipolar signal to a unipolar signal when the control parameter g is changed.

FPGA Implementation of Yu-Wang Chaotic System
In this section, we implement the 4D Yu-Wang four-wing chaotic system on FPGA using the RK4 algorithm and the 32-bit IEEE 754 floating-point standard. e core idea of designing a chaotic signal generator with FPGA is to divide the whole system into several functional modules, which contain many computing units, including multiplier, adder, and subtracter [76]. ese running units are created in cooperation with IP core generators and should follow the IEEE 754 standard. e chaotic system design based on the RK4 algorithm is mainly divided into three modules: data selection module, chaotic oscillation module, and data processing module. Data selection module is to obtain the initial conditions of the system. e initial conditions of the first run of the system are defined by the designer himself. e chaotic oscillation module mainly uses the parallel pipeline structure to calculate the RK4 algorithm to generate the output value within a certain clock period and then feeds back the output value to the data selector as the initial value of the next operation. e data processing module converts 32-bit floating-point signals to 14-bit fixed-point signals. e 14-bit output signal is then downloaded to the FPGA development board for synthesis. Finally, the 14-bit digital signal is converted into an analog signal through a digitalanalog converter and displayed on an oscilloscope.
On the Xilinx ZYNQ-XC7Z020 FPGA chip and the digital-to-analog converter AN9767, the digital hardware implementation of the 4D Yu-Wang four-wing oscillator based on the RK4 algorithm is synthesized. e whole design process is calculated, synthesized, and implemented by Vivado 2018.3, synthesized on the FPGA chip, and outputs    the analog signal through the digital-to-analog converter and displayed on an oscilloscope. In the design process, the 32-bit IEEE 754 floating-point standard is adopted, but in order to better analyze the experimental results, we convert 32-bit data into 16-bit data. Figure 17 is the discrete sequence generated by the chaos oscillator based on FPGA. Table 2 shows the statistical data of the Yu-Wang system implemented on the Xilinx ZYNQ-XC7Z020 FPGA chip. It can be seen from the table that the maximum operating frequency of the designed chaotic oscillator based on FPGA is 161.212 MHz. Figure 18 shows the phase diagrams of the 4D Yu-Wang four-wing chaotic system displayed on the oscilloscope, which are consistent with the attractor phase portraits shown in MATLAB simulation of Figure 3, which proves that the method of realizing the chaotic system with FPGA is reliable.

Conclusion
Our objective is to further study the 4D Yu-Wang four-wing chaotic system using standard nonlinear analysis tools such as Lyapunov exponential spectrum, bifurcation diagram, basin of attraction, and phase portraits. e simulation results show that the system has very complex dynamical behaviors, including coexistence attractor, multistability, transient chaos, and offset boosting. It is worth noting that different system parameters have different coexistence multiple attractors. At the same time, it can also generate transient one-wing chaotic attractors and transient twowing chaotic attractors. Secondly, using the Xilinx ZYNQ-XC7Z020 FPGA chip and the digital-to-analog converter AN9767, the phase diagram of the Yu-Wang chaotic system was displayed on the oscilloscope, including one-wing period-1, one-wing period-2, one-wing period-4, one-wing chaotic attractor, four-wing period-1, four-wing period-4, four-wing chaotic attractor, and steady state. is paper proves that the 4D Yu-Wang four-wing chaotic system based on the FPGA design can be applied to various embedded engineering system applications based on chaos, including cryptographic system, secure communication, and chaotic random number generator.

Data Availability
All data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.