Accuracy Evaluation of Advanced Geological Prediction Based on Improved AHP and GPR

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is widely used in advanced geological prediction. It is necessary to choose a scientific and effective evaluation method to give a reasonable evaluation of the accuracy of prediction. In this paper, a method based on improved analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and GPR is proposed to evaluate the accuracy of advanced geological prediction. Based on the analysis and induction of the factors that affect the accuracy of GPR prediction, an improved AHP is proposed, in which a new measure of “numerical weight” is added and the principle of maximum membership degree is integrated, and an improved AHP model is established for GPR prediction accuracy classification and evaluation. -e engineering application of Xiaobeishan Tunnel of Jie-Hui Highway is taken as a case study, and it is proved that the evaluation indices are easy to obtain and the evaluation results are accurate and reliable.-e improved AHP-GPRmethod can be further used for other tunnel engineering.


Introduction
In the construction of tunnels, geological disasters such as collapse, fault, karst, underground river, and permafrost are often encountered [1][2][3][4]. However, it is difficult for geological surveys to meet actual needs in terms of accuracy and reliability. It is not enough to rely on preconstruction surveys to prevent adverse geological conditions during construction. If we can find out the surrounding rock condition of the tunnel face in time and make a correct judgment on the shape and scale of the adverse structure, we can arrange the support in time and correct the construction plan, so as to avoid the dangerous situation [5][6][7].
Advanced geological prediction can provide a scientific basis for prevention of geological disasters and effective arrangement of construction progress. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) technology has been widely recognized by peers because of its high resolution, intuitive results, and fast scanning speed [8][9][10][11][12]. However, the prediction results of GPR are interfered by many factors, such as error of original signal acquisition, human operation error, image interpretation, and understanding of the scene, all of which are uncertain [13][14][15][16].
At present, GPR is widely used in mining engineering [17,18], water conservancy and hydropower engineering [19][20][21], road engineering [22][23][24], tunnel engineering [25][26][27], etc. However, there are relatively few studies on the accuracy of GPR prediction. Some scholars have explored the accuracy of advanced prediction. Ren et al. used a combination of long-and short-distance advanced geological prediction methods to modify the factors affecting the classification of tunnel surrounding rock grades and carried out dynamic division to improve the accuracy of tunnel advanced geological prediction [28]. Li et al. extracted relevant geological parameters and geophysical exploration result parameters for several common unfavorable geological conditions and used the fuzzy neural network method to realize the comprehensive prediction of common unfavorable geological conditions in tunnels [29]. Ge et al. used a fuzzy mathematical model to evaluate and classify the risk of the tunnel and optimized the prediction scheme and process of the comprehensive geological prediction to improve the positioning accuracy of the karst water [30]. Lu used the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to comprehensively evaluate the stability of the surrounding rock of the collapsed section of the tunnel and obtained a revised evaluation system of the stability of the surrounding rock of the tunnel. e evaluation results are consistent with the actual situation [31]. Li proposed a comprehensive geological forecasting scheme based on a combination of geological analysis, hazard classification, comprehensive classification prediction, and construction geological disaster warning, and it was successfully applied in Qiyueshan Tunnel [32]. Shi et al. proposed an advanced optimization classification method to accurately predict the surrounding rock classification based on FAHP and TSP [33].
Recent studies show that the application of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation in tunnel engineering is not mature. Although many scholars have obtained effective evaluation results, there are some problems that cannot be ignored in the evaluation process; for example, (1) the selection of evaluation factors is too simple to comprehensively include the actual situation of the evaluation object; (2) the evaluation method is divorced from reality and is too theoretical to be fed back into actual operation for guidance; (3) the weight of evaluation factors is too subjective, and expert experience accounts for a large proportion; (4) another problem is the traditional fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method for multiobject evaluation-the evaluation factor lower resolution.
Aiming at the above problems, this paper will use the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) with a more reasonable weight system as the main evaluation method. At the same time, the advantages of the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method will be incorporated into it, and it will become an improved AHP to evaluate the accuracy of the advanced prediction results of the GPR. e method has good applicability and can be extended to other projects, such as tunnel, roadway, and diversion tunnel.

Effect Factor Analysis of the Accuracy of Advanced Geological Prediction Based on GPR
2.1. e Principle of GPR. GPR is a method for determining the distribution of underground media by emitting highfrequency electromagnetic waves [34], as shown in Figure 1. e transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna move synchronously along the survey line. e transmitting antenna sends out a high-frequency electromagnetic wave in the form of broadband pulse, and the high-frequency electromagnetic wave is absorbed by the receiving antenna after reflection or transmission. e time required for this process is t: where z is the reflection interface depth (m), v is the propagation velocity of the electromagnetic wave in the medium (m/s), and x is the distance between the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna (m).
When the conductivity of the medium is not considered, the wave velocity of the electromagnetic wave in the medium where c is the speed of light in vacuum (m/s) and ε is the relative dielectric constant of underground medium.
When an electromagnetic wave passes through two different media, it will reflect. e larger the reflection coefficient, the larger the amplitude of the reflected signal. e reflection coefficient R can be expressed as where the subscripts 1 and 2 represent the two different media. It can be seen from formula (3) that (when the electromagnetic wave penetrates different media) the greater the dielectric constant difference, the greater the reflection coefficient and the greater the energy of the reflected wave, so that this part can be clearly displayed in the radar image. is change in the reflected waveform due to the difference in dielectric constant becomes the primary basis for judging the lithology in front of the tunnel face.

Analysis of Evaluation Factor.
In combination with the actual operation of the project, the factors affecting the accuracy of advanced geological prediction are summarized here.

Raw Data Collection.
e collection of raw data is the link with the most errors. e factors that cause errors include antenna center frequency selection, sampling rate selection, measuring point distance, antenna spacing selection, time window selection, etc.
ese factors can be summarized as measurement parameter selection. ere are line layout, construction site interference, and other factors, which can be summarized as signal coverage.

Human Factors.
e human factors mainly include the understanding of the tunnel face information, the understanding of the overall tunnel information, the interpretation of radar image data, and software processing including digital filtering, offset processing, and enhancement processing.

Prediction of Distance.
GPR detection range can reach up to 50 m. e results beyond 40 m will often cause misjudgment by technicians and are generally not used as a reference. e detection signal within 30 m has better definition and higher resolution, and the detection result has a higher reference value. But at the same time, the detection signal will also be interfered by other factors. We cannot simply assume that the shorter the detection distance, the higher the accuracy.
Due to the complexity of factors affecting the accuracy of GPR prediction, in order to improve the efficiency and rationality of evaluation, the authors classify and grade the summarized evaluation factors according to the AHP method. e hierarchical structure system is shown in Figure 2.

Improved AHP Evaluation Model
Advanced prediction of GPR is a complex system problem. It is impossible to simply use classification or clustering methods to assess its accuracy, and it is unreasonable to set an accuracy coefficient simply. Because geological differences, man-made differences, and even some unexpected factors are integrated in the results, there are differences in predictions. erefore, in any advanced prediction work, technicians will always pay attention to the various geological conditions on the spot and then combine the predictions of the instruments to make a comprehensive geological evaluation. Whether the evaluation is reasonable or not depends on whether all the factors that affect the accuracy of the prediction are fully considered. So we establish the improved AHP evaluation model to evaluate the accuracy of the prediction.
First proposed by Saaty and Tran [35][36][37], the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is suitable for dealing with complex systems related to making a choice from several alternatives and provides a comparison of the considered options. According to the analysis results of the above chapters, there are many factors that affect the accuracy. When there are too many evaluation factors, the amount of calculation for hierarchical ranking is too large. Based on the advantages and disadvantages of the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and the AHP, the authors improved the traditional AHP to solve practical problems, as follows: (1) When using the AHP to determine the comprehensive weight, a new measure called "numerical weight" is added to weight the commonly used values of the parameters of some factors. Combining the numerical weight with the characteristic weight in the traditional AHP method, a more scientific comprehensive weight is obtained. (2) e method of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation using the membership function to calculate the fuzzy matrix for final evaluation is integrated into the AHP, and the final result is evaluated according to the "maximum degree of membership."

Determination of Feature Weight.
Feature weight can be derived from analytic hierarchy process. A judgment matrix can be obtained by using the 1-9 scale method suggested by T. L. Saaty (1990). e feature vector and the maximum eigenvalues of the matrix can be expressed in the following forms: where A is the judgment matrix; a i is the weight of evaluation index; S � (a 1 , a 2 , . . . , a n ) is the feature vector of A; λ max is the maximum eigenvalues of A; n is the quantity of evaluation indices; i � 1, 2, . . . , n; and j � 1, 2, . . . , n.
Take the ratio of CI and RI as the discriminate of consistency check, and the ratio of CI and RI can be expressed in the following form: where CI is the consistency indicator; RI is the average random consistency indicator; CR is the random coincidence coefficient; and CR < 0.1 indicates that the matrix satisfies the requirement of consistency check.

Determination of Numerical Weight.
According to the abovementioned evaluation factors, we can see that some factors such as center frequency, point distance, time window, antenna distance, and prediction distance have specific measured values. For a specific factor, different values will obviously have different degrees of impact on the final accuracy of GPR prediction. erefore, we set a concept of numerical weight: β � (β 1 , β 2 , . . . , β n ), with the calculation formula where x j is the actual value taken in a certain detection of the j th factor; β j is the numerical weight of the j th factor; and a ij is the standard value of level i of the j th factor.

Determination of Comprehensive
Weight. e final comprehensive weight is obtained from the algebraic product of the feature weight α and the numerical weight β, which is normalized into a new vector W � (w 1 , w 2 , . . . , w n ) as the comprehensive weight. e calculation formula is Mathematical Problems in Engineering where w j is the comprehensive weight of the j th factor, β j is the numerical weight of the j th factor, and α j is the feature weight of the j th factor.

e Factor Standard Value.
For the evaluation of field interference, tunnel geological conditions, software processing, image data interpretation, and other factors, as they are more abstract, the standard value is taken as 1, the actual value is the dimensionless relative value of the standard value, and the final result is shown in Table 1. e range of standard values in the table is obtained after repeated verification by experienced technicians through expert questionnaires. e value of evaluation factor is based on the following formula [38]: where V F is the evaluation factor value, V S is the standard value, and V M is the measured value.

Determination of Membership Function.
According to the characteristics of the evaluation factors in this paper, the ridge distribution is more suitable for the membership function [39]. In order to achieve the effect that the larger the value of A(x), the higher the membership, the conventional ridge membership function is modified. Set the original standard value as a 0 . e four-level standard values greater than a 0 are a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , a 4 from small to large. e four-level standard values less than a 0 are a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , a 4 from large to small. e function graphs are shown in Figure 3.

Selection of Fuzzy Operators.
Considering that there are many evaluation factors involved in the evaluation object of this article and the relative importance of each factor is not much different, it is not possible to neglect it, so it is decided to replace the common (∧, ∨) operator with an improved fuzzy operator (·, +). is model is called a weighted average model, which has less loss of information and higher resolution. After this calculation, the evaluation factors can compensate each other, improve the sensitivity of the system, and are easy to program.

Establishment of Evaluation
Model. According to the summarized hierarchical structure system of evaluation factors, we establish a hierarchical evaluation model as shown in Table 2. In the table, the evaluation factors are evaluated in layers, and the parameters of each factor are marked.
(1) First level comprehensive evaluation matrix and mathematical model: establish a single-factor membership function model, obtain the membership degree r ij of each factor to each level of a, b, c, and d    Mathematical Problems in Engineering according to the membership function (Figure 3), and construct a fuzzy relationship matrix as follows [38]: Combining the comprehensive weight W 111 � w 1111 w 1112 w 1113 w 1114 and W 112 � w 1121 w 1122 can be calculated as (2) Second level comprehensive evaluation matrix and mathematical model: r 112a r 112b r 112c r 112d , Combining the comprehensive weight W 11 � w 111 w 112 and W 12 � w 121 w 122 can be calculated as (3) ird level comprehensive evaluation matrix and mathematical model: Combining the comprehensive weight W 1 � w 11 w 12 w 13 can be calculated as (4) Fourth level comprehensive evaluation matrix and mathematical model: Combining the comprehensive weight W � w 1 w 2 w 3 can be calculated as rough the four-level evaluation, we finally get a fourdimensional vector B � W · R, whose values are the

Fuzzy Model Identification.
In this paper, the accuracy evaluation standards a, b, c, and d established in advance are standard model libraries, and the four-dimensional vectors collected after comprehensive evaluation are the identification objects. e authors integrate the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method using the membership degree established by the membership function for comprehensive evaluation into the AHP, and the fuzzy model is identified according to the maximum membership principle.
Suppose there is a standard model A on the domain x 1 , x 2 , . . . , x n ∈ U, and there are n objects to be identified. If there is x k that should be accepted first, e maximum burial depth of no. 2 tunnel of Xiaobei Mountain is 212 m, so the tunnel is classified to be a longdeep tunnel. e tunnel site area is mainly granite, and the aquifer is mainly the pores of the quaternary loose layer and the weathering fissures of the middle to slightly weathered rocks. e development of local fractures supplies physical space for the groundwater storage.

GPR Prediction.
e GPR detection image of K19 + 715-K19 + 745 is shown in Figure 4, and the brief conclusions of advanced geological prediction are represented below: (1) K19 + 715-K19 + 720: it is speculated that the surrounding rock of this section is strongly weathered granite, with poor stability, developed joint fissures, and water bearing, which is prone to water seepage and block falling. (2) K19 + 720-K19 + 730: it is speculated that the integrity of the surrounding rock in this section is general and the fissures are relatively developed, mainly containing water. e rock mass is of massive or layered structure. (3) K19 + 730-K19 + 745: it is speculated that the surrounding rock condition in this section is better and the stability is better.

Evaluation Factor Value.
Regarding the standard value, there is no established corresponding standard for the accuracy evaluation of GPR. e authors combined the large amount of detection experience of forecasters and the investigation and evaluation of relevant experts to obtain the optimal value of each factor in the common advance prediction, which is standard value. According to the degree of deviation from the standard value, we use more accurate, accurate, relatively accurate, and inaccurate for demarcation. e actual value of some evaluation factors is closely related to the situation of the tunnel face (K19 + 715), and a brief description is as follows: (1) Measuring point distance: e actual value is calculated according to the walking speed, the lateral length of the tunnel face, the round-trip time of the measuring line, and the frequency of the instrument operator's tapping signal. e average value is taken.
(2) Site interference: ere are many interference factors. In this example, the block of the trolley makes a small part of the antenna of the survey line not close to the tunnel face. According to the length loss of the projected tunnel face, the value is 13%, and the actual value is 87%. (3) Tunnel face information: When the tunnel face can be observed at close range and a relatively complete geological sketch can be completed, this value can be above 0.8, which is 0.8 in this case. (4) Line layout: e final coverage rate is calculated by dividing the area covered by the antenna during walking by the total area of the tunnel face, which is about 50%. (5) Software processing and interpretation of image data: Considering that several geological predictions have been carried out in this project, and combined with the results of the questionnaire, the technical staff's software processing and interpretation level is considered acceptable, and the value is 0.8. e remaining evaluation factors are related to the overall situation of the tunnel and the actual needs of the technicians and are usually determined as fixed values. e final value of the evaluation factor is shown in Table 3.

Determination of Comprehensive Weights.
According to the results of the questionnaire survey, the feature weights are determined to form a judgment matrix. In order to improve the calculation accuracy and efficiency, Matlab is used to obtain the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the judgment matrix. e calculation results of the evaluation factors at all levels are as follows.
(3) e third level evaluation factors include "data acquisition and processing" (Table 8).
(4) e final calculation results of the evaluation factor at the fourth level is shown in Table 9.

Mathematical Problems in Engineering
According to the fuzzy matrix R, substituting the fourth level evaluation weight W, the fuzzy evaluation matrix B obtained by this advanced geological prediction accuracy evaluation is According to the principle of maximum membership A ∼ �{more accurate, accurate, relatively accurate, inaccurate}, at is, the final four-dimensional vector has the highest degree of membership to the b-level (0.531), so the final evaluation result of accuracy is accurate.

Excavation Verification.
When the tunnel excavation reaches K19 + 717, the fissure water appears in the tunnel face, and the surrounding rock is broken ( Figure 5).
When the tunnel excavation reaches K19 + 728, the stability of the tunnel face is improved, and the amount of water is reduced (Figure 6), which is slightly different from the prediction result.
When the tunnel excavation reaches K19 + 742, the stability of the rock mass is poor, mainly due to strong weathering, and the surface of the rock mass is partially infiltrated (Figure 7).
In this section, three characteristic pile sections are selected to compare the actual excavation results with the prediction results. It can be seen that most of the prediction results are relatively accurate. Most of the unshown stake sections are similar to the predicted results. It can be said that the advanced prediction results for this 30 m section is accurate and can be used. At the same time, it can be noticed that one characteristic station section is misjudged. When the unfavorable geological mixing occurs, such as obvious fracture development and disordered water content, the overall waveform can often be judged as a water-bearing fracture zone. Only by carefully observing the characteristics of each waveform can the size of water content be clearly confirmed, which makes the work volume greatly changed, and it is difficult to realize in practice.
In general, in the process of accuracy evaluation of advanced geological prediction, the factors involved are complicated, and many factors have previously been restricted and correlated with each other. Most of the influencing factors cannot be quantitatively analyzed, but they    are indispensable evaluation factors, so they can only be judged by the concept of fuzzy mathematics. And it is impossible to establish an accurate mathematical model to solve the interaction among the change of evaluation factors, the accuracy of prediction results, and the actual excavation. erefore, this paper uses the evaluation model established by the improved analytic hierarchy process to combine the three as closely as possible and explore the reasonable and scientific relationship between the three.
In summary, according to the analysis results of engineering application examples, it can be known that this improved AHP method is feasible to evaluate the accuracy of advanced geological prediction.

Conclusion
Based on the study above, some important conclusions can be summarized.     (1) Combined with engineering experience and relevant cases, the factors affecting the accuracy of advanced geological prediction were summarized, and 11 main factors were selected. ese factors are classified, graded, and valued, and a hierarchical structure system is constructed.
(2) e method of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation using membership degree to make the final evaluation is integrated into the AHP, and a grading evaluation model of GPR advanced prediction accuracy is established. e model is used to evaluate the advanced geological prediction of the no. 2 tunnel of Xiaobei Mountain. e actual excavation exposure shows that the advanced geological prediction is accurate, which is consistent with the evaluation result. (3) e improved AHP-GPR method is based on the results of GPR. is approach has two advantages. One is the easy accessibility of the data of the main factor and the other is the applicability of the method. In addition, the results of the assessment are closely related with the detection accuracy of GPR. Improving the interpretation of the GPR can effectively improve the accuracy of the evaluation results. is method can also be applied to other advanced detection techniques based on seismic waves (e.g., TGP and TSP).

Data Availability
e data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest
e authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.