Mathematical Problems in Engineering
Volume 2020 (2020), Article ID 8951353, 11 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8951353

Research Article

Optimisation Analysis of Structural Parameters of an Annular Slot Ejector Based on the Coanda Effect

Fengliang Wu¹ and Zhisheng Li1,2

¹College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
²Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Fengliang Wu; wufl@xust.edu.cn

Received 13 March 2020; Revised 2 July 2020; Accepted 16 July 2020; Published 11 August 2020

Guest Editor: Sanghyuk Lee

Copyright © 2020 Fengliang Wu and Zhisheng Li. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

To investigate the effect of structural parameters on the performance of an annular slot ejector, a series of numerical simulations were conducted with single-factor analysis. Moreover, a multifactor grey relational analysis was applied to examine the correlations between the structural parameters and entrainment ratio. Subsequently, the optimised model was verified by comparing the simulated results with experimental data. Results show that the performance of the optimised ejector model was improved. The RNG k-ε turbulent transport mode can simulate the internal field characteristics of an annular slot ejector, and the corresponding simulated results, as verified by experiment, satisfy engineering requirements. In addition, a quantitative correlation between structural parameters and entrainment ratio was obtained as follows: e (nozzle clearance) > θ (diffusing chamber angle) >  (mixing chamber length) > d (throat diameter) >  (diffusing chamber length). This work may provide a certain guiding significance for the design and application of annular slot ejectors.

1. Introduction

An annular slot ejector is a mechanical device which is different from a central jet [1–4]. A large volume of low-pressure fluid is dragged by high-pressure fluid due to the special structure of the annular slot ejector [5]. The working principle of an annular slot ejector is known as the Coanda effect [6, 7]. The phenomenon is described as a fluid flowing not along the original direction but along a curved surface. Subsequently, the mainstream flow passes through the nozzle clearance, it deflects and flows along the wall surface, and then induces a large amount of air from its surroundings [8]. Gregory-Smith and Gilchrist described three main features of the Coanda effect including the nonviscous effect, viscous effect, and a stronger entrainment capability [9]. Besides, another major feature of the Coanda effect is the Coanda flare, also known as a shock wave when the high-pressure gas reaches a certain speed (Figure 1).

(a)

(b)

Figure 1: A Coanda flare (a) contours of Mach number at the ejector throat and (b) contours of velocity [10].

The Coanda effect has received extensive attention in aviation [11], medicine [12], acoustics [8], robotics [13], and leafless fans [14]. Dong-Won et al. utilised a Coanda nozzle to cause jet deflection and wall shearing [15]. Their work showed that when the pressure increases, the potential splash zone tends to move downstream. In recent years, the introduction of the Coanda effect has promoted research into, and development of, annular ejectors [10, 16–25].

Ameri proposed a semiempirical formula for the section velocity based on a new ejector model by conducting a set of experiments with an LDV (laser Doppler velocimeter) [26]. In his study, it was assumed that the flow between the pressure inlet and the nozzle must satisfy the isentropic condition; however, the isentropic condition cannot be applied at high pressures. Guerriero investigated the influence of structural parameters on the ejector performance by conducting a set of experiments. They suggested that nozzle clearance has a significant influence on the ejector performance [27] and the corresponding results under the same model and working conditions were verified by Kim et al. employing CFD methods. Moreover, they pointed out that the stagnation pressure ratio is another important parameter affecting ejector performance [28, 29]. Alexandru et al. developed a semiempirical formula for two-dimensional Coanda flow while the curvature of the tangential momentum equation was neglected [16]. Sierra del Rio et al. designed a two-ejector model with varying nozzle clearance (0.3 mm and 0.8 mm) to investigate the effect of nozzle clearance on the flow velocity by means of CFD methods [30]; their results showed that the velocity increases with the increase of nozzle clearance. Similar trends were obtained by Lowry et al. based on a new Coanda ejector [31]. Jain et al. developed a new ejector model with two nozzles to investigate the relationship between the structural parameters (nozzle clearance and throat diameter) and the flow characteristic. They also suggested that the nozzle clearance has a significant influence on the flow velocity, and the larger the throat diameter is, the faster the mixing layer is developed [10].

Although many studies have been conducted, previous studies focused on single-factor analysis and few studies, where all structural parameters were varied simultaneously, have been undertaken. Moreover, different optimal sizes of the model were obtained due to the differences in the structure being modelled. Besides, in the early literature only the nozzle clearance is deemed to have been an important parameter that influences ejector performance, but correlations between other geometric parameters and the entrainment ratio were ignored. In the present work, a set of numerical simulations were conducted using single-factor analysis and multifactor analysis to investigate annular slot ejector performance including five structural parameters (namely, mixing chamber length, diffusion chamber length, diffusion chamber angle, throat diameter, and nozzle clearance). Moreover, the optimised model was verified and analysed by conducting a series of experiments to compare with the results of numerical simulation.

2. Numerical Model

2.1. Turbulent Model

The flow of gas inside the annular ejector contains turbulence, and the velocity gradient of the mainstream gas at the throat of the ejector changes significantly which may generate more vortices. Amel et al. analysed the variation of the flow characteristic for both single-phase flow and two-phase flow mode inside the ejector based on a supersonic ejector using CFD methods. They suggested that the RNG (renormalisation group) k-ε model be applied to simulate a supersonic ejector [32]. Victor and Steven also verified the RNG k-ε turbulence model as being able to simulate the flow characteristic based on a Coanda ejector. Therefore, in the present work, the RNG k-ε double equation model [33] was applied to the annular slot ejector as follows.

 k equation:

 where ρ is the fluid density, k is the turbulent kinetic energy, t is the time, αk is the turbulent Prandtl number of k, μi and μeff are the viscosity coefficients, xi and xj are coordinate vectors, represents the turbulent kinetic energy generated by the laminar velocity gradient, and ε is the dissipation rate. ε equation:

 where and are constants, indicating the effect of buoyancy on the dissipation rate, and αε is the turbulent Prandtl number of ε. The values of the coefficients in the formula are as follows:

2.2. Modelling and Meshing for an Annular Slot Ejector

An annular slot ejector is usually an axisymmetric structure, which includes eight parts (Figure 2). Moreover, the 3D model can be simplified to a 2D model according to the flow characteristic. The mainstream gas flows at high speed along the wall after passing through the nozzle clearance. Meanwhile, a secondary flow will be induced into the mixing chamber. Thereafter, the mixing gas flows outward through the diffusion chamber; however, the velocity near the wall is different from that near the centreline due to the Coanda effect, which causes a physical gradient inside the ejector; therefore, the corresponding mesh mapped using grid-generating software (ICEM) is encrypted, to guarantee the accuracy of the numerical simulation results. All elements are quadrilaterals with about 200,000 in each mesh. The mesh size near the wall boundary is 0.1 mm and it gradually increases to 1 mm (Figure 3(a)). The independence of the grid has been analysed by obtaining a resulting mesh size of 0.75 mm. Three meshes (a coarse grid, medium grid, and fine grid) were used to evaluate grid size-independence; the three grid sizes tested were 0.75 mm, 1 mm, and 1.25 mm, respectively. Figure 3(b) shows that secondary mass flow increases first and then decreases as the primary pressure increases from 0.3 MPa to 0.7 MPa; the difference in secondary mass flow for the fine and medium grid is observed to be slight, but there was some improvement compared with the case modelled using a grid size of 1 mm. Therefore, the simulation model with a 1-mm grid was selected to reduce the computational time and ensure accuracy in subsequent simulations.

(a)

(b)

Figure 2: The annular slot ejector model. (a) Schematic diagram of annular slot ejector and (b) photograph of the physical model. 1. High-pressure inlet. 2. Secondary inlet. 3. Symmetry axis. 4. Outlet. 5. Storage room. 6. Suction. 7. Mixing chamber. 8. Diffusion chamber.

(a)

(b)

Figure 3: (a) Meshing for annular slot ejector and (b) secondary mass flow with different grid densities.

2.3. Boundary Conditions

The operating fluid is a compressed gas, and the ejector fluid is from the surrounding air. In the present work, both fluids are treated as ideal gases, as carried out by other scholars [29, 34]. An implicit solution method and a hybrid initialisation method were applied to the flow calculation of compressible gases. Both the high-pressure inlet and the low-pressure inlet of the annular slot ejector were set as a pressure inlet boundary condition, and the mixed fluid outlet is configured as a pressure outlet. Other boundaries are wall surfaces, and the insulation between the wall and the environment is assumed to be adiabatic, nonpermeable, and nonslip boundaries [35] (Table 1).

Table 1: Boundary conditions.

Location
Pressure
Turbulence intensity
Hydraulic diameter (m)
Total temperature (K)

Primary inlet
3–7 × 10⁵ Pa
1
0.025
300

Secondary inlet
1 × 10⁵ Pa
1
0.08

Outlet
1 × 10⁵ Pa
5
0.16

3. Analysis of Factors Affecting Ejector Performance

3.1. Influence of Mixing Chamber Length

Figure 4 shows that the entrainment ratio raises first and then decreases as the length of the mixing chamber increases from 10 mm to 100 mm, and the corresponding maximum entrainment ratio is obtained when the mixing chamber length is 40 mm. There is a certain buffer developed during the mixing process of primary and secondary flows. More importantly, when the mixing chamber is short, mainstream gas does not transmit momentum to the ejector fluid well, resulting in the insufficient mixing of the two fluids; moreover, when the length of the mixing chamber is too large, the impact loss of the fluid increases. Figure 5 indicates that the distribution of the flow velocity under different primary pressures include 0.3 MPa, 0.4 MPa, 0.5 MPa, 0.6 MPa, and 0.7 MPa, respectively. It is seen that the flow velocity away from the wall shows a certain gradient, and there is good turbulent mixing at the interface between the primary gas and the secondary gas [36]. In addition, for different primary pressures, the flow velocity near the wall is always much larger than that near the central axis, which corresponds to the main features of the Coanda effect [37].

Figure 4: Mixing chamber length entrainment ratio.

Figure 5: Velocity contours inside the ejector at different primary pressures.

3.2. Influence of Diffusion Chamber Length

Figure 6 shows the relationship between diffusion chamber length and entrainment ratio when the mainstream pressure is 0.3 MPa; the entrainment ratio continuously increases as the diffusion chamber length increases from 120 mm to 400 mm. This can be explained by their different physical flow processes; the flow of the mixed fluid in the diffusion chamber is a process in which static pressure recovery quickly, and the rapid decline of velocity and the diffusion area increases with a certain gradient during the process (Figure 7). The high-pressure jet layer is wider when the diffusion chamber length is 400 mm than at other sizes, suggesting good turbulent mixing. Moreover, the diffusion area contributes to the amount of induced air during the process, and it may be necessary to use more compressed gas to complete turbulent mixing with the induced fluid.

Figure 6: Diffusion chamber length entrainment ratio.

Figure 7: Velocity contours inside the ejector for different diffusion chamber lengths.

3.3. Influence of the Diffusion Chamber Angle

Figure 8 indicates that the entrainment ratio decreases as the angle of the diffusing chamber increases from 6° to 16°; the high-pressure jet is not separated from the wall surface as the angle increases due to the Coanda effect. Nevertheless, the high-pressure jet layer becomes thinner and the corresponding mixed boundary layer moves towards the wall because the adsorption capacity decreased. Moreover, due to the increase of the diffusion area, the amount of induced air rises (in relative terms), and the traction force on the induced fluid is reduced, thereby causing the entrainment ratio to decrease at the same primary pressure. Figure 9 indicates the relationship between the velocity and the angle of the diffusing chamber; the flow velocity decreases upon widening of the diffusion chamber angle. Besides, when the diffusion angle is large enough, a local counterflow zone appears near the inlet section of the diffusion chamber and the surrounding countercurrent zone still contains higher-energy fluid, which may cause energy loss. Therefore, the attenuation of the jet flow may be greater, further resulting in a lower entrainment ratio.

Figure 8: Diffusion chamber angle entrainment ratio.

Figure 9: Velocity contours inside the ejector for different angles.

3.4. Influence of Throat Diameter

Figure 10 shows that the mass flow both primary and secondary gas increases with the increase of the throat diameter, and the growth rate of the secondary mass flow rate is significantly higher than that of the primary flow. This can be explained by considering that the aspect ratio both primary and secondary flows increase as throat diameter rises, inducing more air, and resulting in a greater mass flow rate. Figure 11 shows that the entrainment ratio decreases significantly as the primary pressure increases from 0.3 MPa to 0.7 MPa, which can be explained by the fact that the larger primary pressure is, the more mass flow is available for primary flow, resulting in a lower entrainment ratio; however, the entrainment ratio shows a complicated trend in behaviour upon variation of the throat diameter, which may lie in the complex physical processes including turbulent flow mixing in both primary and secondary flows. In addition, as the aspect ratio increases, the more shearing force will be needed to drag the secondary flow in. Thereafter, the primary and secondary flows enter the mixing chamber to achieve static pressure matching, completing the mixing process of the two flows inside the mixing chamber, reducing the impact loss between the two fluids. At the same time, as the throat diameter increases from 60 mm to 160 mm, more air (by volume) is induced into the ejector. In previous studies, Kim et al. analysed the influence of throat diameter on the ejector coefficient based on a Coanda ejector [28]. Their results showed that the velocity decreases when the throat diameter increases from 35 mm to 50 mm; however, the higher velocity does not mean a larger mass flow due to the decline in diameter resulting in a lower flow. In the present work, the mixing entrainment ratio is obtained when the throat diameter is 160 mm under different primary pressures.

Figure 10: Throat diameter of diffusion chamber mass flow.

Figure 11: Throat diameter entrainment ratio.

3.5. Influence of Nozzle Clearance

Figure 12 shows that the entrainment ratio gradually decreases as the primary pressure increases from 0.3 MPa to 0.7 MPa. When the mainstream pressure is fixed, the entrainment ratio decreases continuously as the nozzle clearance increases from 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm; a similar trend was obtained elsewhere [30]. It also can be seen that when the primary pressure is 0.3 MPa, the entrainment ratio increases by 42.3% as the nozzle clearance increases from 0.1 mm to 0.15 mm, and the entrainment ratio rises by 85.9% when the nozzle clearance increases from 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm. Therefore, the nozzle clearance affects the performance of the annular slot ejector to a significant extent.

Figure 12: Nozzle clearance entrainment ratio.

3.6. Multifactor Analysis of Ejector Performance Employing the Grey Relational Analysis Method

The above analysis shows the influence of the geometry on the entrainment ratio when one parameter changes but other parameters are fixed. Nozzle clearance is the more important parameter; nevertheless, the importance of the other parameters in terms of their influence on ejector performance is unclear; therefore, it is necessary to analyse ejector performance when the five geometric parameters are varied simultaneously. The grey relational analysis method involves the analysis of an abstract system or phenomenon, which makes up for the deficiencies in systematic analysis using mathematical statistical methods. It is also applicable to any number of samples and works irrespective of a parametric distribution being known a priori. Ju-Long [38] proposed a theoretical model for analysing the correlation between samples:

where is observed data on sequence k, reflects the behaviour of the system characteristics, k can also represent the time serial number and the index number, is the grey correlation of Xi and X₀, and is the resolution factor.

In the present work, the grey relational analysis method was applied to study ejector performance without fixed geometric parameters. A set of numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the ejector performance under constant pressure (Table 2). Taking the first set of parameters from Table 2 as a reference sequence, the six sets of parameters were normalised and initialised (Table 3). Finally, the sensitivity of each structure parameter to the entrainment ratio was obtained (Table 4) which can be sorted as follows: nozzle clearance (e) > diffusion chamber angle (θ) > mixing chamber length () > throat diameter (d) > diffusion chamber length ().

Table 2: Preliminary calculated entrainment ratios.

θ
d
e
Entrainment ratio

10
200
6
80
0.1
37.431

20
240
8
100
0.15
20.756

40
280
10
120
0.2
21.461

60
320
12
140
0.3
14.286

80
360
14
160
0.4
10.987

100
400
16
180
0.5
9.301

Table 3: Pretreatment results.

1
1
1
1
1
1

0.554514
0.5
0.833333
0.75
0.8
0.666667

0.573346
0.25
0.714286
0.6
0.666667
0.5

0.381654
0.166667
0.625
0.5
0.571429
0.333333

0.293524
0.125
0.555556
0.428571
0.5
0.25

0.248495
0.1
0.5
0.375
0.444444
0.2

Table 4: Relevance ranking results.

Structural parameter
Correlation
Rank

Mixing chamber length
0.586878
3

Diffusion chamber length
0.51222
5

Diffusion chamber angle
0.66573
2

Throat diameter
0.563725
4

Nozzle clearance
0.767563
1

4. Experimental Optimisation Model of an Annular Slot Ejector

4.1. Experiments

Although a series of numerical calculations were conducted to optimise the ejector structure, the optimised model still needs further experimental verification. The optimised model and dimensions were obtained based on the aforementioned simulated results, and the comparison between the original model and the optimised model is shown in Figure 13 and Table 5 (where Dmain is the diameter of the primary inlet, Dsec is the diameter of the secondary inlet, and Dout is the diameter of the outlet).

Figure 13: Comparison of annular ejector models. (a) Gland, (b) secondary inlet, and (c) outlet.

Table 5: Improved model dimensions for an annular slot ejector.

Structural parameter
Origin size (mm)
Optimised size (mm)

Dmain
25
25

Dsec
80
160

Dout
145
290

d
80
160

e
0.3
0.1

θ
6°
6°

20
40

300
400

In this experiment, the logarithmic linear measurement method [39] was used to measure the average dynamic pressure in the ejector inlet section, and then the average velocity and mass flow of the ejector inlet section were obtained. The experiments were conducted in a relatively closed indoor environment (Figure 14). An air compressor was adopted to provide mainstream gas flow under different pressures and to act as a buffer airflow. The gas collection tank was used to supply a continuous flow of compressed gas. Moreover, the compressed air was dried before entering the ejector. The pressure transmitter measured the mainstream pressure, and the gas turbine flowmeter was used to measure the primary mass flow and a Pitot tube was utilised to measure the dynamic pressure at each measurement point on the cross-section of the ejector exit and to obtain the average flow velocity and the total mass flow. These three parameters were transmitted through a sensor to a computer program for simultaneous counting with a pulse counter.

Figure 14: Schematic diagram of the experimental flow regime in the annular ejector. 1. Power switch. 2. Starting device. 3. Air compressor. 4. Gas tank. 5. Buffer gas tank. 6. Desiccator. 7. Pressure transmitters. 8. Gas vortex flowmeter. 9. Pulse counter. 10. Sensor. 11. Annular slot ejector. 12. L-type pitot tube and differential manometer. 13. Silencer. 14. Monitor. 15. Computer.

4.2. Analysis of Experimental Results

Nine groups of experimental tests present a set of parameters for ejector performance at different primary pressures (Table 6); the primary mass flow () rises continuously while the secondary mass flow () tends to first increase, then decrease as the primary pressure increases from 0.3 MPa to 0.7 MPa. Moreover, the dynamic pressure and velocity in the ejector exit show the same trend as the secondary flow; this can be explained by considering that the excessive primary pressure developed poor turbulent mixing, forming a local vortex, thereby leading to a decrease in the secondary mass flow rate. The entrainment ratio (ϖ) decreases continuously with increasing primary pressure (Figure 15). Moreover, there is good consistency found by comparing simulated results and experimental data, which also indicates that the RNG-k-ε turbulent transport mode can simulate the flow characteristics of the gas in the ejector. Besides, it could be seen that numerical simulation results are always slightly higher than experimental test values, which can be explained using the Boussinesq hypothesis, ensure solution closure, and the working flow was set to that of an ideal gas.

Table 6: Experimental results.

P₁ (MPa)
G₁ (kg/s)
G₂ (kg/s)
ϖ
P (Pa)
V (m³/s)

0.30
0.0234
0.991
41.367
107.28
13.154

0.35
0.0276
1.061
37.428
122.97
14.083

0.40
0.0298
1.097
35.805
131.45
14.561

0.45
0.0341
1.220
34.780
162.59
16.194

0.50
0.0375
1.291
33.440
182.06
17.136

0.55
0.0409
1.257
31.678
172.60
16.685

0.60
0.0435
1.248
27.678
170.15
16.566

0.65
0.0463
1.209
25.118
159.67
16.048

0.70
0.0576
1.164
19.201
148.01
15.451

Figure 15: Comparison of experimental and numerical simulation results.

5. Conclusion

To investigate the annular slot ejector performance, a two-dimensional ejector structure model was constructed employing Fluent 15.0. Five factors (e, θ, , d, and ) were selected to analyse ejector performance; while one parameter was changed, the others were fixed. Then, the grey correlation analysis was used to study ejector performance when the five structural parameters were changed simultaneously, and the correlation of the performance parameters affecting the annular ejector was obtained. Finally, the optimised model was verified by comparing the numerical results with experimental data. The main conclusions were as follows.

ϖ first rises, then falls when increasing from 10 mm to 100 mm, and when was 40 mm, the maximum value of ϖ was obtained; there is a nonmonotonic trend seen when D rises from 80 mm to 160 mm. When θ increases from 6° to 16°, there is a continuously decreasing trend; however, when varying (from 120 mm to 400 mm) and e (from 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm), ϖ increased at all times. Therefore, the dimensions of the optimised model were as follows:  = 40 mm,  = 400 mm, θ = 6°, d = 160 mm, and e = 0.5 mm. The grey correlation between the five factors and the ejector performance was obtained as follows: e > θ > > d > ; therefore, the nozzle clearance is the most important parameter among the five factors affecting ejector performance. Nine groups of primary pressure conditions (from 0.3 MPa to 0.7 MPa) were analysed using a set of experiments based on the optimised model to verify the accuracy of the simulated entrainment ratio; the corresponding results indicated that the two methods were consistent. Besides, the feasibility of the use of the RNG-k-ε turbulent transport mode was verified in simulating the flow characteristics of the gas in the ejector.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant nos. 51974232 and 51574193) and Fundamental Research Funds of Shaanxi Province, China (Grant no. 2017JM5039).

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