Detection for Multisatellite Downlink Signal Based on Generative Adversarial Neural Network

A method for satellite downlink signal detection based on a generative adversarial network is proposed. +e generator adversarial network and adversarial network are established, respectively. +e generator network realizes the local generator of satellite signals, and the adversarial network is used for high-precision signal detection. +e error network is generated by the error signal to form the satellite link downlink. +e network reconstructs the optimal weights by generating errors, forms an error matrix for different satellite downlink, and then forms an adaptive matrix weight adjustment. +rough the reconstruction of the optimal detection matrix, detection for the downlink signals of multiple satellites is completed. +e proposed generative adversarial network can realize the high-precision detection for the downlink signal.


Background Introduction.
Due to the rapid development of AI technology, technologies are used in signal detection of the satellite to ground links. For the typical satellite to ground downlink, due to the low-orbit satellite, the relatively large-scale movement introduces a Doppler frequency shift. Doppler frequency will occur between the users and the loworbit satellites. Downlink for low-orbit satellite mobile communication system is sensitive to carrier frequency offset, which seriously destroys the orthogonality between subcarriers and causes distortion to the receiver. A broadband signal detection technology is developed from AI technology. AI technology based on deep learning is applied in various fields, such as inserting and extracting knowledge [1], speech recognition [2], and language translation. Since deep learning has sufficient hidden layers, it can accurately simulate the target function and optimization direction [3]. In [4,5], sparse coding is applied for data detection, including spectrum analysis of communication systems [6] and channel estimation [7]. Sparse coding has the following two important features, which are suitable for selective frequency channel and multiuser detection. Chen et al. [8] established a deep neural network, which uses fewer data to complete labeling and training and then optimizes the deep neural network by reverse tuning.
For communication systems, Gaur and Ingram [9] proposed a simple MMSE Interference Suppression for Real and Rate-1/2 Complex Orthogonal Space-time Block Codes. In [10][11][12][13], the multiuser detection methods were proposed, especially for massive MIMO systems. In [14,15], data encoding method was proposed, which improved accuracy through precoding. Çelebi and H. Arslan [16] proposed the ML-SIC receiver for the theoretical analysis of the coexistence of the LTE-A system. Rusek et al. [17] proposed a broadband mass MU-MIMO detection based on the ZF equalization algorithm, which uses interpolation to improve accuracy. But it requires large-scale matrix operations to increase the complexity. Ahn et al. [18] proposed the Sparsity-Aware Ordered Successive Interference Cancellation for Massive Machine-Type Communications.
For the research of deep learning neural networks, Ghamisi et al. [19] proposed a classification algorithm to extract features and classify data. en, the algorithm forms classification templates to improve classification accuracy. A kernel-space algorithm is proposed in [20], which establishes a transformed network in order to further improve the data classification method.
Yuan et al. [21] combined sparse coding and Markov random fields to establish the classification network based on spatial data correlation, which is to improve classification accuracy. On this basis, Wang et al. [22] propose the subspace analysis method to further the accurate classification performance of the network.
For data classification and detection, the above methods do not use deep networks. Bengio et al. [23] proved that only classification methods such as SVM or logistic regression cannot effectively improve classification, such as decision trees or kernel-space transformation. e single-layer classification method could not obtain better classification accuracy. Depth models, including multiple hidden layers, are identified through acquiring target data features. Deep learning models are widely used in related research fields, such as image classification and speech recognition [2,24]. Zhang et al. [25] also gave a summary analysis of deep learning. In 2014, a deep learning architecture based on SAE encoding was proposed for data classification [26]. Later, a deep learning architecture based on DBN was used for HSI data classification [27,28].
Deep learning networks, such as deep CNN networks [29], were used in image recognition and classification. Li et al. [30] proposed a novel pixel-pair method for the classifier, which could use less training data and label data. A deep learning architecture based on CNN was proposed in [31,32]. For example, Yue et al. [32] proposed a PCA-based analysis method. In [33,34], deep learning architecture was proposed, combined with sparse coding and Gabor filter for deep feature extraction. On this basis, authors in [35,36] proposed to use the CNN architecture deep learning network for classification and recognition for hyperspectral imagery.

Reasons for Proposed Algorithm.
e biggest advantage of deep learning is that it can realize the complex nonlinear function approximation of massive data through nonlinear network architecture, then characterize the distribution, and form the ability to learn the essence of data features.
If the features of the data change or the types of data expand, the ability for deep learning describing massive data becomes weaker. For multisatellite downlink signal detection, the multisatellite downlink channel variety is complex. For multisatellite downlink service scenarios, the model established by deep learning is not universal, and the model of each communication type changes. So the number of variables that deep learning can provide is limited, and the number of layers of the deep network is also limited.
Secondly, deep learning requires excessively high-quality training data. e accuracy of data analysis increases as the training data increase. In satellite downlink, high-quality training data cannot be obtained in many communication scenarios, so poor quality data could not be formed for deep learning to obtain a general effective model. How to use a small amount of training data and establish reliable multisatellite downlink detection in different scenarios is important. In this paper, we use the GAN network to overcome this difficulty in satellite downlink. Zhang et al. [37] proposed a GAN network based on game theory, which consists of the generator network and the discriminator network. e generator network is used to generate data to improve the recognition accuracy, and the discriminator network is used to distinguish the target. Wang et al. [38] adopted the BP method to train the generating network and the discriminating network separately.
GAN network is a model that includes the G generator network part and the D network part [39]. e generator network and the discriminator network part are formed in an adversarial manner. Given the advantages of adversarial networks, Chen et al. [40] applied adversarial networks to image data. Creswell et al. [41] applied GAN network to data analysis, feature extraction, and classification.
In order to improve the performance of the GAN network, in [42,43], improved modes were proposed. ese improved modes are divided into two categories, one based on structural optimization and the other based on objective optimization. Sun et al. [42] proposed the generative adversarial network, which introduced variables to improve the efficiency of GAN games. Based on generative networks, in addition, Yu et al. [43] proposed conditional information adversarial networks based on mutual information to improve the efficiency of generating networks.
In the optimization process, in [40,[44][45][46], the coding part for the GAN network was added. e coding part could improve the accuracy and the efficiency as the whole and improve the GAN network objective function optimization by adding a label classifier. In order to improve the convergence of the GAN network, in [47][48][49][50][51], an optimized objective function was proposed to improve the training process of the GAN network. Among them, authors in [47][48][49] used different models to achieve the loss objective function.
For multisatellite downlink signal detection, highquality training data cannot be obtained in many downlink scenarios. e models established by traditional deep learning are not universal, so the model of the downlink data type varies with different channel models. But deep learning requires too much quality for training data. erefore, we propose the GAN network. e main goal is using few data training information to form through adversarial generation network under poor channel conditions and then to achieve efficient and high-precision signal detection. Figure 1 shows the multisatellite downlink transmission network. e satellite network is divided into the space segment and the ground segment. e space segment is composed of multiple satellites, and the ground segment is composed of ground users. e space segment communicates with the ground segment through the downlink channel.

Mathematical Problems in Engineering
Due to the high-speed movement, define multipath propagation delay as τ. e time channel impulse response function for frequency-selective mobile satellite channel is h(t, τ). For different τ, h(t, τ) is not related to each other. For definite delay τ, h(t, τ) is an average complex Gaussian random process. Simultaneously, impulse response h(t, τ) is according to the flat fading characteristics. erefore, the time-varying impulse response of L multichannel can be expressed as follows: whereτ l is the transmission delay of the lth path. υ l (t) is the complex Gaussian process, which is the weight component of the lth path; the power spectrum is the Doppler power spectrum of the lth path, which also can represent the fading rate of the lth path. b l is the time delay coefficient, and the value is the square root of the average delay power for the lth path, which can be expressed as the weighting of unresolved paths arriving at different incidence angles within a certain delay interval. d(t) and r(t) represent the system input and output, respectively, so that the channel can be expressed as follows: e amplitude b 0 (t) of the direct path can be considered as Rician distribution, while the amplitude of other paths can be considered as b l (t), and l � 1, 2, 3, . . . , L − 1 can be considered as Rayleigh distribution. e downlink satellite channel simulation model proposed in this paper is essentially based on Rician and Rayleigh fading signals with specific Doppler spectrum. Simulation for Rician and Rayleigh processes requires two Gaussian processes. Sinusoidal superposition is generally used to simulate these Gaussian processes.
υ l (t) is defined as the complex Gaussian process, which is satisfied as follows: where υ r,l (t) is the real part and υ i,l (t) is the imaginary part, which are independent of each other and have the same mean and autocorrelation function. υ i,l (t) can be expressed as follows: where K i,l is the number of sine waves of the lth path,f i,n,l is the nth Doppler shift of the lth path,θ i,n,l is the nth Doppler phase of the lth path, and c i,n,l is the nth Doppler coefficient of the lth path. θ i,n,l is uniformly distributed within the interval [0, 2π); get it by taking the random number in. c i,n,l and f i,n,l can be calculated using the MEA method and the Monte Carlo method.
In the tapped delay line method to establish a channel model of a satellite-ground link, the multipath channel impulse response is composed of multiple paths with different delay characteristics, and each path has specific signal amplitude fading and power spectrum characteristics. e proposed model is measured with broadband satellite downlink channels in the wilderness, rural, and urban environments, with the signal carrier frequency of 1.02 GHz. Tables 1-3 show the measured channel characteristic parameters of the wilderness environment, rural environment, and urban environment, respectively. Figures 2-7 show the signal amplitude and Doppler power spectrum for each tap of the direct component for satellite mobile channel in the wilderness environment, rural environment, and urban environment, respectively, established by using tapped delay lines.
Due to different satellite simulation, multipath delays of the channels are different, and the signal amplitude fading is completely different. e first path of each simulation scenario has a large impulse response corresponding to the amplitude. is is because the first path has a direct component, and its envelope corresponds to the Rician channel density distribution. For rural simulation scenarios, the reflection of signals from more buildings and the diffraction effect cause a larger number of multipaths, and the extended delay of the received signal is larger, which makes the signal get more severe fading. For the rural simulation scene, compared with the urban scene, the number of buildings is small. e reflection and refraction phenomena are reduced compared to the urban simulation environment, so the number of multipaths is reduced, and the channel fading is flat compared to the urban environment. For urban simulation, because the number of buildings is smaller than the number of urban simulation, and the number of vegetation is reduced compared to the rural environment, the reflection and refraction phenomena are reduced compared to urban and rural areas, and channel fading is also more difficult than urban environments.   Figure 8 shows a block diagram of the multisatellite for the downlink communication system. e subcarrier allocation method uses IFDMA; after the user obtains the carrier allocation, the subcarriers of each user do not overlap with each other. And the satellite receives superimposed interference. It is assumed that the signals of each user can be separated by the carrier mapping of the signal. Due to the high-speed movement, the carrier frequency offset is introduced into the transmission signal, and its value depends on the speed of the satellite and the maximum elevation angle.

Problem Formulation for Detection of Satellite Downlink.
Because of receiving multiple satellite signals, the relative frequency offset factors of satellites are also different. When the number of system subcarriers is determined, access interference will be introduced due to differences of multiple satellites. Figure 8 shows a block diagram of multisatellite for the downlink DFT-S OFDM system. e subcarrier allocation method uses IFDMA; after allocating the carrier, the subcarriers of each user do not overlap with each other. e satellite receives each user with overlapping interference. It is assumed that the multisatellite signal can be separated by the carrier mapping of the signal.     Define the relative frequency offset factor ξ i of the ith satellite, and the number of satellites received by the downlink ground user is N. e frequency domain signal is modulated by N orthogonal subcarriers, and the time domain signal of multiple satellites received by the ground user can be expressed as follows: where z(k) is. e receiver performs N-point modulation conversion; it can be obtained as where the ground user receives the signal of the ith satellite with interference Y i (k ′ ), which can be obtained by separating the interference items: e first term is the interference between communication symbols, the second term is the interference introduced by communication access, and the third term is the interference introduced by Gaussian white noise. e multiple satellite signals received by the downlink ground user can be expressed as follows: where Y(k ′ ) is the satellite signals received by ground users. e last term in the above formula is the reception interference introduced by receiving multiple satellites.

Generative Adversarial Network
Algorithm for Satellite Signal Detection

Architecture of GAN Network for Satellite Signal
Detection. Figure 9 gives the information processing flow based on the GAN algorithm. e generator network realizes the local signals, and the discriminator network is used for signal detection.
We define the generalized loss function model as follows: with adversarial network generator; we could achieve to obtain αf(W).
In order to obtain the signal detection of the satellite downlink, we implement the optimal weight W by introducing the GAN network. e following discussion is aimed at using the adversarial network to obtain the optimal Mathematical Problems in Engineering elimination matrix. In order to achieve optimal weights, we established the loss function of GAN network.
We introduce a generative adversarial network loss cost function to identify multisatellite downlink data. e cost function of the GAN can be expressed as follows: From formula (10), we could obtain GAN which consists of a generator network and a discriminator network, where G(s) is defined as generator network and D(s) is defined as discriminator network. e generator network G(s) produces the output as the target domain as shown in Figure 10. However, combined with a wide range of capacity, the target is to minimize adversarial losses. It can ensure that the learning network is directed to the input s which corresponds to the ideal output. Figure 10 gives the adversarial network model for satellite signal processing flow. In order to further reduce the GAN function, we propose a reconstruction of generating error weights W. In order to reduce the number of iterations of reconstructed features, a method of closely cost function is proposed. en, we propose an iterative cost function L GAN : where L G represents the cost function for the generator network. L D represents the cost function for the discriminator network. e generator network includes forward and backward features. at is to say, the separately generated network can be reconstructed according to the original generated data and then form bidirectional iteration. Figure 11 gives the signal processing flow based on the adversarial network. From Figure 11, we also give the processing for GAN network establishment. e goal is to optimize the loss function, including two parts. at is G network, and the second is the D network. In the following, we establish the generative network and the confrontation network separately.

Establishment for Generator Network.
e process of generating regularization terms is as follows. Define S i , Y j � (s 1 , y 1 ), (s 2 , y 2 ), . . . , (s i , y j ) as the generation set, where s i is the data feature after the ith generation, s j is     the data feature after the jth generation, and y is the expected detection data. We establish a positive multidimensional space distance M between the feature space and the generating space, so we can classify the data in the target space. e spatial distance is formed in different target classifications. e first generator network is also satisfied for formula (11), and we define the generator network loss L G as follows: e error of the generator network is satisfied, which is to satisfy e spatial distance can be expressed as follows: Further simplification is as follows: where W is the weight matrix of the GAN network.

Establishment for Discriminator Network.
Establish the extraction direction of the discriminator feature space, and we could obtain as follows: where L G represents the cost function for the generator network and L D represents the cost function for the discriminator network. We also define the elimination coefficients α for generator and adversarial networks: Further, the weight can be obtained as follows through GAN network:  Figure 11: Signal processing flow based on the adversarial network.
3.4. Establishment for Error Update Network. Furthermore, we establish an error network as follows: where tr(·) represents the operation of taking matrix traces, in which α is defined as the distance measurement parameter of the two adversarial matrix feature spaces, expressed as follows. rough extensibility analysis, further calculations can be obtained: To further obtain an optimized representation of the weights for GAN network, Figure 12 gives the flow for weight W establishment of the GAN network, which shows the three processing model implemented with the GAN network through the weight W ijk (n) � w ijk (1), w ijk (2), . . . , w ijk (n) . e meaning of the parameters in Figure 12 is as follows. e weight of the GAN network includes the process of generator weight w j (n) transfer, the process of discriminator weight w i (n) transfer, and the process of error weight w k (n) update through the network.
h ijk (n) � h ijk (1), h ijk (2), . . . , h ijk (n) is defined as the activation function of the GAN network, including the generator network activation function h j (n), the discriminator network activation function h i (n), and the error updating network activation function h k (n). s i , s j � (s 1 , s 1 ), (s 2 , s 2 ), . . . , (s i , s j ) is defined as the generation set during the generation process given by formula (12). During this processing, s i � s 1 , s 2 , . . . , s i is    defined as the local data. s j � s 1 , s 2 , . . . , s j is defined as the generation set. e j (n) � e j (1), e j (2), . . . , e j (n) is the jth error between the jth generator network and the jth discriminator network, which is produced by the processing between the generator network and the discriminator network. e generator space w j (n) is established by optimizing the weights as shown in the generator part and then in the discriminator process given in formula (16). e discriminator space w i (n) is established as shown in the discriminator part. en, the optimal weight w k (n) is obtained by updating the error network.
nonlinear processing and sparse coding introduce the nonlinearization to the learning target, especially due to the noise interference.. Regularization becomes complicated, especially for the feature transformation of the projection space, and it is difficult to regularize in the feature space. erefore, we use a simplified method to replace and reduce the impact of noise. e sparse distance loss function adopted can obtain better target features.

Process for GAN Network Optimization.
Further, optimization is available as follows: where we define as Further, rank(·) is the representation matrix which takes a rank operation. WXU Σ is to identify feature limitations for      Because rank minimization is an NP problem, it is necessary to obtain optimal convergence in the feature space. In particular, the loss function can be expressed by minimizing the rank of the matrix. By completing the operation of the minimum rank of the feature transformation matrix, the objective loss of the function is to obtain the optimal recognition. In order to improve the structural consistency of the cost function and reduce the influence of sampling interference, the cost loss function gives the low-rank optimization method.
Discussion: we should optimize the objective solution. Among them, ‖ · ‖ 1 is considered as the modular matrix. e minimum optimization equation is established to solve W as shown below: To construct an optimization method, convex theory seeks optimization.

Experimental Classification Results and Analysis
In order to verify the detection performance of the proposed GAN algorithm, the average altitude for the satellite is defined as 1450 km, the number of low-orbit satellites is defined as 10, and the spot beams were defined as 7. e parameters for low-orbit satellites are set in accordance with the wilderness model, rural model, and the urban model     which are established in the simulation scenarios. Define the maximum working elevation angle of satellite as 35°. Define the downlink for low-orbit satellite transmission bit rate as 160 Mbit/s. We set that the cyclic prefix is greater than the spread delay. We also set the modulation as QPSK.

BER Analysis.
e proposed adversarial network algorithm can be verified by Matlab. e maximum frequency deviation range allowed as the interval of subcarrier. Figures 13-15 show the bit error rate curves under different rural scenarios of low-orbit satellite downlinks, when ground users receive multiple satellite signals.
e related algorithms include the frequency domain equalization algorithm based on the MMSE criterion proposed in [9], the ML-SIC algorithm criterion proposed in [16], the iterative order SIC algorithm proposed in [18], and the generative adversarial network proposed in this paper. e conditions in Figures 13, 14 and 16 assume that each subchannel is independent. It can be obtained from the BER curve that the curve without the elimination is larger. Due to the large frequency offset interference, with the increase in SNR, the BER performance is not increasing. e MMSE algorithm can eliminate part of the interference.
e ML-SIC algorithm has better performance, and it can eliminate the interference caused by phase rotation and can suppress the interference introduced by noise. Compared with the SIC algorithm based on the MMSE estimation criterion, the frequency offset preelimination based on the adversarial network algorithm improves the frequency domain frequency offset cancellation performance, especially when the frequency offset is large, the performance of frequency offset cancellation will be significantly improved.

Constellation Analysis.
e downlink multisatellite detection based on the generative adversarial network can be obtained through the simulation of QPSK constellation, which is still selected as the signal mapping. Assuming SNR � 15 dB, the downlink received signal is defined in an urban environment. Figure 15 shows the signal constellation after the MMSE algorithm in [9]. Figure 17 shows the signal constellation after the ML-SIC algorithm in [16]. Figure 18 shows the signal constellation after the OSIC algorithm in [18]. Figure 19 shows the signal constellation after the GAN algorithm proposed in this paper. Compared with the constellation simulation used in Figures 17-19, the adversarial network can better suppress the interference introduced by the larger carrier frequency offset and improve the accuracy of downlink signal cancellation.

Integrity Analysis.
In order to verify the integrity of the three networks more effectively and reflect the differentiation of simulation, we use the simulation of 16QAM constellation for the downlink multisatellite detection. Assuming SNR � 10 dB, the downlink received signal is defined in an urban environment. Figure 20 shows the signal constellation with no detection. Figure 21 shows the signal constellation after detection with no generator network. Figure 22 shows the signal constellation after detection with no error update network. Figure 23 shows the proposed GAN network. Compared with the constellation simulation used, the adversarial network with three networks, including generator network, discriminator network, and error update network, can better suppress the interference and improve the accuracy of downlink signal cancellation. Figure 24 gives the analysis of stability based on the proposed algorithm. e stability of the proposed algorithm is obtained through the convergence learning curve. We research whether the MSE convergence performance of the system combined with the error update network. By defining SNR � 5 dB and SNR � 2 dB, respectively, we get the simulation performance. After 5 iterations, the MSE has reached 10e − 3. Under the same conditions, the convergence speed of no error update is slower, and this is because the error update could improve the convergence learning performance.

Conclusion
In this paper, we have proposed the method for satellite downlink signal detection based on the GAN network. We establish the generator network and adversarial network, respectively. e generator network is established with the local generator of virtual satellite signals, and the adversarial network is established for high-precision signal detection. And we also have established the error network with the error signal from satellite downlink. en we form an adaptive matrix weight adjustment. Compared with traditional shallow networks, such as MMSE, ML-SIC algorithms, and iterative algorithms, under the same signalto-noise ratio, the performance is improved by 5 dB.

Data Availability
e data used to support the findings of this work are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest
e authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Authors' Contributions
Qingyang Guan and Shuang Wu contributed equally to this work.