The Diagnostic Method for Open-Circuit Faults in Inverters Based on Extended State Observer

To reduce the influence of unknown disturbance on open-circuit fault diagnosis of inverters in the motor drive system, an opencircuit fault diagnosis method, which is based on extended state observer, is proposed for inverters. A mixed logic dynamic model of the inverters is established by analyzing the current flow path when the system works normally and there are open-circuit faults. A voltage extended state observer is designed for the mixed logic dynamic model.'e open-circuit faults are detected according to the phase voltage residual between the observed voltage and the actual voltage.'e position of the faulty switches is determined by querying the voltage residual information table. Finally, the simulation results show that the method can effectively reduce the influence of the unknown interference on the inverter faults diagnosis, improve the fault diagnosis rate, and verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the method.


Introduction
With the rapid development of power electronics technology, motors are widely used in industry, military, aviation, and so on, and many motors are driven by inverters. In reality, if the inverter fault cannot be detected in time, it will directly affect the operation of the motor drive system and even the safety of the whole system. erefore, fast fault diagnosis of the inverter is of great significance to improve the reliability of the system.
Inverter faults are mainly caused by power electronic fault, and 38% of the inverter faults are IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) fault [1]; there is short-circuit or opencircuit fault about IGBT fault. Short-circuit fault occurs for a short period and cannot be diagnosed by software algorithms. Inverter short-circuit fault can transform into an open-circuit fault due to the break of the connecting fast fuses in the circuit, so the short-circuit fault can be diagnosed by the open-circuit faults diagnostic method [2]. At present, the diagnostic methods of IGBT open-circuit fault are classified into the current-based method, the voltagebased method, and the intelligent algorithm methods. e intelligent inverter fault diagnosis methods are mainly the neural network method [3][4][5], the fuzzy logic method [6], spectrum analysis method [7], and so on. Due to these intelligent fault diagnosis methods which rely on experience and the fact that they are subjective, they are less used in inverter fault diagnosis. e current-based inverter fault diagnosis methods are mainly the current vector trajectory slope method [8], the current vector instantaneous frequency method [9], average current Park's vector approach [10], and so forth. However, the current vector trajectory slope method is susceptible to load changes, the current vector instantaneous frequency method only detects the open-circuit fault, and average current Park's vector approach will be misdiagnosed if the threshold is unsuitable. e inverter fault voltage-based methods are mainly the voltage analytical model method [11], switching function model-based method [12], mixed logic dynamic model method [13][14][15], and so forth. In [12], the switching function model-based method is studied, but it is easy to cause misdiagnosis because the dead time of the switch devices is not considered. Moreover, this method requires a highspeed optocoupler or comparator when diagnosing the fault of the inverter. References [13][14][15] established the mixed logic dynamic model of motor and inverter, using the coordinate transformation to diagnose and locate IGBT fault.
Compared with the current-based inverter fault diagnosis methods, the inverter fault voltage-based methods have many advantages, such as simple use and low cost, and, in order to reduce the influence of unknown disturbance in motor driven system, extended state observer, which is based on the mixed logic dynamic model, is used to improve robustness of fault diagnostic method. e remainder of this paper is organized as follows. e mixed logic model of the motor and inverter is introduced in Section 2. e schematic of inverter IGBT open-circuit fault diagnosis is analyzed in Section 3, as well as obtaining the output phase voltage of the circuit under normal working and fault conditions. e feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified by the simulation test in Section 4. Finally, a conclusion and some perspectives are proposed.

The Mixed Logic Dynamic Model of
the Inverter e topology diagram of the motor driving system is shown in Figure 1. e inverter circuit is composed of six IGBTs T 1 ∼T 6 and six reverse diodes D 1 ∼D 6 . U dc is the voltage of the DC side, (i a , i b , i c ) are the three-phase winding current. (e a , e b , e c ) are opposite electromotive forces, R is the stator winding resistor, and L is the stator inductor. F 1 ∼F 6 are fast fuses that convert short-circuit fault into open-circuit fault [2], so this paper only studies the diagnostic method of open-circuit fault.
In the motor drive system, the motor is equivalent to a circuit consisting of a series of resistor R, inductor L, and opposite electromotive forces e. e formula of the phase voltage of the motor is shown as where u an , u bn , and u cn are the voltage between the threephase winding of the motor and the hypothetical midpoint n of the circuit. According to the characteristics of the circuit, the formulas are shown as u an � u ao + u on , u bn � u bo + u on , u cn � u co + u on , Based on (1)-(4), the phase voltage is shown as In practice, three or more IGBTs fault of the inverter will not occur at the same time. is paper discusses the diagnosis method of a single IGBT or two IGBTs open-circuit fault. Taking the c-phase as an example, the model of the inverter is established by the operating state of u co when IGBTs work normally or abnormally.
Due to the change of current flow direction and the on/ off signals change of IGBTs in the motor driving system, the operating state of u co can be affected. e normal current flow path of the c-phase IGBT is shown in Figure 2, where s 1 ∼s 6 are the on/off signals of the 6 IGBTs of the inverter, s i (i � 1, 2, .., 6) � 1 shows that IGBT is on, and s i (i � 1,2, .., 6) � 0 shows that IGBT is off. (δ a , δ b , δ c ) are the current flow direction of the three-phase winding of the motor, δ i (i � a, b, c) � 1 shows that current flows into the i-phase, and δ i (i � a, b, c) � 0 shows that current does not flow into the i-phase. Figure 2 shows the operation state of u co . e results are shown in Table 1. e logical operation of the state of u co is performed in Table 1 making u co ≠ 0 by logical OR operation.
So, the formula of u co is shown as follows: When the inverter works normally, the formulas of u ao , u bo , and u co are shown as u ao � U dc s 2 s 1 + s 1 δ a , u bo � U dc s 4 s 3 + s 3 δ b , u co � U dc s 6 s 5 + s 5 δ c .
Based on (5) and (7), the three-phase voltage is shown as follows: Figure 1: e topology diagram of the motor driving system.
Substituting (8) into (1), the hybrid logic dynamic model of the inverter is established as Equation (9) can be written in matrix form as

e Voltage Expansion
Observer. In reality, there are a lot of disturbances in the inverter system, so the voltage extended observer is designed to estimate the output three-phase voltage in real time, thus eliminating the influence of some other unknown disturbances and uncertainties in the system and improving the accuracy of fault diagnosis.
is an unknown disturbance, and b is the gain of the input variable u.
and ω(t) as additional state variables, the expansion observer of the system can be shown as In (12), the system uses x(t) as input to track the expanded state variables is a nonlinear function and it is generally taken as Rewrite the hybrid logic dynamic model (10) of the inverter as When the extended observer is designed according to equation (3.8), its expression is where z 1 estimates the three-phase current i, z 2 estimates three-phase voltage disturbance of motor drive system, β 1 and β 2 are observer coefficients, α 1 and α 2 are nonlinear factors, δ 1 and δ 2 are filter factors, ε � z1-i, f 0 (z1) � Az 1 , b � B 2 , and u 1 � e. If the open-circuit fault occurs in T 5 , u co is different from (7), u co ′ denotes the open-circuit fault voltage, and its truth table is shown in Table 2.

Diagram of Open-Circuit
Based on Table 2, u co ′ can be calculated by logical operation as u co ′ � U dc s 5 s 6 δ c + s 5 s 6 δ c � U dc s 6 δ c .
When the open-circuit fault occurs in T 5 , the formulas of u an , u bn , and u cn ′ are shown as Based on (10) and (18), when the open-circuit fault occurs in T 5 , the formulas of voltage residual are shown as Equation (19) shows that when the open-circuit fault occurs in T 5 , we can obtain △u an � △u bn ≤ 0, △u cn ≥ 0, and △u cn � 2△u an � 2△u bn .

Two IGBTs Occur in an Open-Circuit Fault. Two IGBTs in a phase
When the open-circuit fault occurs in T 5 and T 6 at the same time, the current flow path is as shown in Figure 4. e results of u co ′ are shown in Table 3. e logical operation of u co ″ is shown in Table 3, making u co ″ ≠ 0 by logical OR operation. So u co ″ is shown as When the open-circuit fault occurs in T 5 and T 6 at the same time, u an , u bn , and u′ cn are shown as Based on (10) When the open-circuit fault occurs in T 3 and T 5 , the phase voltage of each phase is According to (10) and (24), the residual voltage of T 3 and T 5 is According to (25), there is not a certain numerical relationship between the voltage residuals of the fault phases and those of the normal phase in a cycle, so it is impossible to locate the fault phases and the fault IGBTs by using the numerical relationship of voltage residuals. However, the voltage residual value of the fault phase is still twice as the normal two-phase voltage in a certain cycle. For example, when the IGBTs T 3 and T 6 are normally on, the expression of the three-phase voltage residual is

Mathematical Problems in Engineering
When the IGBTs T 4 and T 5 are normally on, the three-phase voltage residual is and when the open-circuit fault occurs in T 4 and T 5 , the phase voltage of each phase is According to (10) and (29), the residual voltage of T 4 and T 5 is Δu cn � U dc 3 s 4 s 3 + s 3 δ b + 2s 5 s 6 δ c .
From (30), when the IGBTs T 4 and T 6 are normally on, the three-phase voltage residual is as follows: In  Table. e above methods are used to deal with the open-circuit fault of phase a and phase b, respectively. e residual voltage of phase a and phase b under different fault conditions can be obtained through calculation, and the results are shown in Table 4; and the open-circuit fault of a single switch and two switches in the same phase can be accurately located by looking up Table 4.

e Diagnosis Strategy of Open-Circuit Fault in the Inverter.
e flowchart of the inverter open-circuit fault diagnosis is shown in Figure 5. In this paper, it is judged whether the open-circuit fault occurs by comparing the voltage residual with the threshold. In an ideal case, the voltage residual of each phase of the inverter tends to zero. When the open-circuit fault of inverter occurs, the maximum absolute values of the voltage residuals of each phase are assumed to be U T 1 , U T 2 , U T 3 , U T 4 , U T 5 , and U T 6 . So, the threshold range is where U th is the threshold and Δ is the safety margin, which is used to reduce the influence of measurement error, noise, and disturbance in the actual system.

Simulation
e simulation parameters of motor are given in Table 5. When the inverter works normally, it suddenly changes the load value at t � 0.37 s, the three-phase voltage output by the actual system, and the voltage extension observer, and the residuals between the actual voltage and the observed voltage are shown in Figures 6 and 7 .
From Figure 7, the voltage expansion observer is consistent with the actual system, and it is shown that that the observer has a good tracking effect.
During the simulation, the driving signal of T 5 is removed at t � 0.3 s, and t � 0.37 s suddenly changes the load value. e three-phase voltage and voltage residual are shown in Figure 8 when the open-circuit fault occurs in T 5 .
From Figure 8, the c-phase voltage is distorted, and the voltage residual rapidly increases in the positive direction after 0.3 s. e voltage residuals in phase a and phase b negatively increase and the increasing trends of the two are approximately the same. e numerical relationship satisfies Δu cn � −2Δu bn � −2Δu an ≥ 0. (33) By looking up the voltage residual information table in Table 4, the voltage residual exhibits the characteristics of the open-circuit fault in T 5 . If Δu cn > U th is satisfied, the opencircuit fault occurs in T 5 . After 0.37 s, the system suddenly changes the load, and each phase amplitude of the voltage and voltage residual increase, but it can also detect that T 5 has an open-circuit fault. It shows that the method proposed in this paper has certain antinoise interference.
If the driving signals of T 5 and T 6 are removed at t � 0.3 s and t � 0.37 s, the load suddenly changes. e three-phase voltage and voltage residual in which the open-circuit fault occurs in T 5 and T 6 are shown in Figure 9.
e proposed fault diagnosis method is compared with other fault diagnosis methods; and the objector (for openloop system, closed-loop system, or both), diagnosis time, robustness, cost, and fault type are the comparison index, and they are shown in Table 6. From Table 6, the proposed fault diagnosis method has good performance compared with other fault methods. Δu an � −2Δu bn � −2Δu cn ≤ 0 T 1 and T 2 Δu Δu cn � −2Δu an � −2Δu bn ≤ 0 T 5 and T 6 Δu cn � −2Δu an � −2Δu bn

Conclusion
In this paper, the mixed logic dynamic model of the inverter is established by the flow path of current when the inverter works normally and abnormally; and considering the dead time of the switching signal in the modeling process avoids the misdiagnosis of the fault. At the same time, a voltage expansion observer is designed to avoid the problem of increasing the fault rate by introducing other hardware circuits. e simulation results show that the method can be accurately located and has a short diagnosis time. In the future, it is possible to study the diagnostic method of the inverter of two IGBTs in different phases, where the opencircuit fault occurs at the same time, and add a certain faulttolerant strategy to ensure that the inverter can work normally.
Data Availability e inverter system parameters data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.

Conflicts of Interest
e authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the submission of this manuscript, and the manuscript is approved by all the authors for publication.