TOPSIS Hybrid Multiattribute Group Decision-Making Based on Interval Pythagorean Fuzzy Numbers

Aiming at the mixed multiattribute group decision-making problem of interval Pythagorean fuzzy numbers, a weighted average (WA) operator model based on interval Pythagorean fuzzy sets is constructed. Furthermore, a decision-making method based on the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) method with interval Pythagorean fuzzy numbers is proposed. First, based on the completely unknownweights of decision-makers and attributes, interval Pythagorean fuzzy numbers are applied to TOPSIS group decision-making. Second, the interval Pythagorean fuzzy number WA operator is used to synthesize the evaluation matrices of multiple decision-makers into a comprehensive evaluation matrix, and the relative closeness of each scheme is calculated based on the TOPSIS decision-making method. Finally, an example is given to illustrate the rationality and effectiveness of the proposed method.


Introduction
In a real decision-making process, the information obtained by decision-makers is often fuzzy and uncertain. erefore, decision-making research based on fuzzy information is essential. Zadeh [1] first proposed the concept of a fuzzy set in 1965. Experts and scholars began to study fuzzy decision-making, and based on this, they carried out a series of studies, examining topics such as intuitionistic fuzzy sets [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] and interval fuzzy sets [11][12][13][14][15][16]. In 2013, Yager [3] first proposed the concept of a Pythagorean fuzzy number based on intuitionistic fuzzy sets. Experts and scholars began to apply Pythagorean fuzzy numbers to various decisions. Peng [4] defined the similarity and distance measures of Pythagorean fuzzy numbers. Chen [5] extended the Pythagorean fuzzy environment to the VIKOR decision model. Ren et al. [6] combined a Pythagorean fuzzy set with the TODIM method. Garg [7], Liu Weifeng [8], and Li Peng [9,10] applied Pythagorean fuzzy numbers to geometric clustering operators, ordered weighting operators, generalized WOWA operators, and other operators.
In the existing decision-making processes, it is often difficult for decision-makers to use an accurate value to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the scheme.
Methods using interval Pythagorean fuzzy values are more conducive to expressing fuzzy information. Peng [11] and Muhammad [12] defined interval Pythagorean fuzzy integration operators. Zhang [13], Li Na [14,15], and Lin Wenhao [16] applied an interval Pythagorean fuzzy environment to decision-making processes, such as the hierarchical qualitative flexible multiple criteria method (QUALIFLEX), AQM method, and VIKOR operator. e technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) decision-making method is a widely used multiattribute decision-making method, and it is one the most frequently used techniques to deal with multicriteria group decision-making (MCGDM) conflicts. Umer et al. [17] expanded the TOPSIS method using a distance method with interval type-2 trapezoidal Pythagorean fuzzy numbers (IT2TrPFNs) and applied it for MCGDM dilemmas by considering the attitudes and perspectives of the decisionmakers. Pishyar et al. [18] used the TOPSIS and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) methods to determine, prioritize, and assess the most effective desertification indices. Kacprzak et al. [19] presented a new approach for ranking the alternatives for group decision-making using the TOPSIS method based on ordered fuzzy numbers. Rezaei et al. [20] developed a method to solve the sustainable circular partner selection problem with completely unknown decision-making experts. Du Yingxue et al. [21] proposed a triangular Pythagorean fuzzy TOPSIS decisionmaking method. Qu Guohua [22] proposed an intuitionistic fuzziness λ-Shapley Choquet integral operator TOPSIS multiattribute group decision-making method. Zhao and others [23] proposed a new TOPSIS decision-making method based on intuitionistic fuzzy sets, interval fuzzy sets, and other evaluation information.
In recent years, experts and scholars have conducted multidomain, in-depth research in the field of Pythagorean fuzzy numbers, extended Pythagorean fuzzy numbers to interval Pythagorean fuzzy numbers, and studied various operators and decision models in the environment of interval Pythagorean fuzzy numbers. However, the application of the TOPSIS decision method in an interval Pythagorean fuzzy environment is rare. erefore, the weighted average (WA) operator of interval Pythagorean fuzzy numbers is defined, and a TOPSIS hybrid multiattribute decisionmaking method based on interval Pythagorean fuzzy numbers is presented. e advantages of this method are as follows: (1) it alleviates the loss of information in the decision-making process, (2) it effectively solves different types of attribute information problems and fully utilizes the attribute advantages of each decision-maker, and (3) it enlarges the gap between the closeness of each scheme and the advantages and disadvantages, making the decision-making results more convincing.

Pythagorean Fuzzy Sets
Definition 1 (see [1]). Suppose X is a given universe and P � 〈x, P(μ P (x), ] P (x))〉|x ∈ X is a Pythagorean fuzzy set on X. μ P (x) represents the membership degree of x belonging to P, and ] P (x) indicates that x belongs to the nonmembership degree of P. μ P (x) and ] P (x) satisfy 0 ≤ μ P (x), ] P (x) ≤ 1, and 0 ≤ μ 2 is called a Pythagorean fuzzy number, and it is abbreviated as α � (μ P (x), ] P (x)) in this paper.

Interval Pythagorean Fuzzy Sets.
In decision-making, scholars have proposed the concept and algorithms of interval Pythagorean fuzzy numbers. An interval Pythagorean fuzzy number adds the upper and lower limits of the membership and nonmembership based on the Pythagorean fuzzy number.
Definition 5 (see [13]). Suppose X is a given universe and e interval Pythagorean fuzzy set P satis- e hesitation degree of x to the interval Pythagorean fuzzy set P is defined Definition 6 (see [13]). For the interval Pythagorean fuzzy number α � (P(μ − Definition 7 (see [13]). For two interval Pythagorean fuzzy numbers , the comparison is as follows: Definition 8 (see [13]). For two interval Pythagorean fuzzy numbers Pi (x)))(i � 1, 2), the following operations are satisfied: Definition 9 (see [13]). For two interval Pythagorean fuzzy numbers
ere is a mapping WA: R n ⟶ R, At this time, the function WA is called the weighted average operator.
Definition 11. For the interval Pythagorean fuzzy number is the weight of the interval Pythagorean fuzzy number α i , satisfying w i ∈ [0, 1] and n i�1 w i � 1. e weighted average operator (IPVFWA) of the interval Pythagorean fuzzy number α i can be defined as follows: (1)

n) is a group of interval Pythagorean fuzzy numbers, then the IPVFWA operator is still an interval
Pythagorean fuzzy number after integration.

Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) Decision-Making Based on Interval Pythagorean Fuzzy Numbers
is paper presents a new TOPSIS decision-making method based on interval Pythagorean fuzzy numbers.
Suppose there is a mixed multiattribute decision-making problem.
e scheme set is . . , C n ). e evaluated value matrix given by the decision-maker K is

Mathematical Problems in Engineering
Step 1.
e TOPSIS decision-making method is used to analyze interval Pythagorean fuzzy problems. First, the positive ideal matrix and negative ideal matrix of the interval Pythagorean fuzzy sets are defined, and multiple decision matrices are integrated into a comprehensive decision matrix.
According to the evaluated values of the all decisionmakers, the positive ideal matrix L + and bilateral negative ideal matrices L − e and L − f are expressed as follows: where α + ij � ( C k�1 α k ij /C) is the mean of the evaluated values of all decision-makers, α − e ij � min[α k ij ] is the minimum value below the average value, and α − e ij � max(α k ij ) is the maximum value above the average.
Step 2. According to the positive and negative ideal matrices, the Hamming distance d(α k ij , L) between each valuated value and the positive and negative ideal evaluated values can be obtained: Step 3. e closeness of each evaluated value is calculated according to the valuated values of the positive and negative ideal matrices: Step 4. e weights are determined as follows: w k ij � (r k ij / C k�1 r k ij ).
Step 5. e weighted average operator (IPVFWA) of the interval Pythagorean fuzzy number α i is mainly used to synthesize the decision matrix set of multiple decisionmakers into a single comprehensive decision evaluation matrix by obtaining the evaluated value weight of each decision-maker. erefore, after determining the evaluated value weight of each decision-maker in the fourth step, the evaluation matrix set of each decision-maker can be synthesized into comprehensive decision matrices M � (α ij ) m×n and ij α � w 1 ij α 1 ij ⊕w 2 ij α 2 ij ⊕w 3 ij α 3 ij ⊕ · · · ⊕w t ij α t ij through the obtained weight and interval Pythagorean fuzzy number WA operator (IPVFWA).
Step 6. e positive and negative ideal solutions of the interval Pythagorean fuzzy comprehensive decision matrix M � (α ij ) m×n and the Hamming distance between each evaluated value and the positive and negative ideal evaluated values are determined as follows: Positive ideal solution: Step 7. e closeness coefficient is determined as follows: Step 8. e greater the closeness coefficient of the scheme is, the closer the scheme is to being optimal.

Evaluation Matrix.
In this example, it is assumed that when an epidemic occurs in an area, there are three affected areas (A � (A 1 , A 2 , A 3 ) that need support and three experts evaluate the epidemic situation in an area. e attribute set of the evaluation includes the health status, epidemic prevention, and medical environment of the infected personnel in the affected area. e evaluation matrix of three decisionmakers is given in Table 1.

Decision-Making Process
Step 9. According to the evaluated values of all the decisionmakers, the positive ideal matrix L + and bilateral negative ideal matrices L − e and L − f were found, as shown in Table 2.
Step 10. According to the positive and negative ideal matrices, the Hamming distance d(α k ij , L) between each evaluated value and the positive and negative ideal evaluated values can be obtained, as shown in Table 3.
Step 11. e closeness r k ij of each evaluated value according to the evaluated values of the positive and negative ideal matrices were calculated, and the results are shown in Table 4.
e weight w k ij of each evaluated value was determined, and the results are shown in Table 5.
Step 13. At this time, the interval Pythagorean fuzzy number WA operator (IPVFWA) can be used to synthesize the evaluated value weight of each decision-maker obtained in Step 4, and the evaluation matrix sets of all of the decisionmakers are assembled into a comprehensive decision matrix M � (α ij ) m×n , as shown in Table 6.
Step 14. e positive and negative ideal solutions of the interval Pythagorean fuzzy comprehensive decision matrix, the Hamming distance between each evaluated value and the positive and negative ideal evaluated values, and the closeness degree and weight of each evaluated value were determined. e results are shown in Table 7.
e weighted distance and closeness between the evaluated value of each scheme and the positive and negative ideal solutions were determined, and the results are shown in Table 8.
According to the results in Table 8, scheme A 2 had the highest closeness and its scheme was the best. At the beginning of the decision-making process, each expert can be assigned a weight. However, weights were not given directly to the decision-makers in this example, but the Hamming distance between the evaluated value and the positive and negative ideal evaluated values was used to calculate the closeness of each evaluated value. e evaluated value weight of each decision-maker was determined through the closeness of the evaluated value, which ensured the objectivity of the whole decision-making process. At the same time, when the scheme score (0.5135, 0.6389, 0.5301) was calculated using the interval Pythagorean fuzzy geometric weighted Bonferroni average operator of Jiang Yingying [25] in Step 6, the finite ranking of each scheme was still (3, 1, 2) and the score results of each scheme were not much different. However, the TOPSIS decision-making method of the interval Pythagorean fuzzy numbers used in this paper show that the gap between the advantages and disadvantages of each scheme is very obvious, and as a result, it would be easier for decision-makers to make decisions. erefore, the TOPSIS hybrid multiattribute decisionmaking method based on interval Pythagorean fuzzy numbers has three advantages: (1) In the TOPSIS hybrid multiattribute decisionmaking method based on interval Pythagorean fuzzy numbers, the decision-making method was used to provide the upper and lower limits of the membership and nonmembership and then decisions were made through the TOPSIS decision-making method. is method alleviates the loss of information in the decision-making process to a great extent, making the decision-making process more accurate and scientific.      decision matrices of multiple decision-makers are collected into a comprehensive evaluation matrix, and then, the TOPSIS decision-making method is used to solve the optimal scheme. In the whole decision-making process, the closeness values of each scheme calculated by the TOPSIS decisionmaking method twice would be significantly different. is would allow decision-makers to more easily select the optimal scheme, making the decision result more convincing.

Conclusion
In this paper, a mixed multiattribute decision-making problem was studied in which the decision-maker's weight and attribute weight are completely unknown and the attribute value is an interval Pythagorean fuzzy number. A TOPSIS mixed multiattribute decision-making method based on interval Pythagorean fuzzy numbers is proposed. e advantages of this method are as follows: First, in the decision-making process, by giving the upper and lower limits of the membership and nonmembership of the evaluated value, the information loss of decision-makers in the decision-making process is alleviated to the greatest extent. Second, the decision-makers are no longer given a decision weight directly in decision-making, fully utilizing the attribute advantages of each decision-maker and effectively solving the problems of different types of attribute information. ird, compared with other decision-making methods, the TOPSIS hybrid multiattribute decision-making method using interval Pythagorean fuzzy numbers increases the gap between the advantages and disadvantages of each scheme. As a result, the decision-making results are more convincing and it is easier for decision-makers to select the optimal scheme. e TOPSIS hybrid multiattribute decision-making method using interval Pythagorean fuzzy numbers not only reduces the subjectivity of the weight determination to a great extent but also uses interval Pythagorean fuzzy numbers to improve the risk impact of the deviation between membership and nonmembership on the decision-making results.
Data Availability e data analyzed by the example in this paper are interval values randomly given in line with the assumptions in this paper. e data are real and can be used as a reference for readers.

Conflicts of Interest
e authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.