Heat Transport Improvement and Three-Dimensional Rotating Cone Flow of Hybrid-Based Nanofluid

/e current research aims to study the mixed convection of a hybrid-based nanofluid consisting of ethylene glycol-water, copper (II) oxide (CuO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) in a vertical cone. A hybrid base blend model is used to examine the nanofluid’s hydrostatic and thermal behaviors over a diverse range of Reynolds numbers. /e application of mixed nanoparticles rather than simple nanoparticles is one of the most imperative things in increasing the heat flow of the fluids. To test such a flow sector, for the very first time, a hybrid-based mixture model was introduced. Also, the mixture framework is a single-phase model formulation, which was used extensively for heat transfer with nanofluids. Comparison of computed values with the experimental values is presented between two models (i.e., the model of a mixture with the model of a single-phase). /e natural convection within the liquid phase of phase change material is considered through the liquid fraction dependence of the thermal conductivity. /e predicted results of the current model are also compared with the literature; for numerical results, the bvp4c algorithm is used to quantify the effects of nanoparticle volume fraction diffusion on the continuity, momentum, and energy equations using the viscous model for convective heat transfer in nanofluids. Expressions for velocity and temperature fields are presented. Also, the expressions for skin frictions, shear strain, and Nusselt number are obtained. /e effects of involved physical parameters (e.g., Prandtl number, angular velocity ratio, buoyancy ratio, and unsteady parameter) are examined through graphs and tables.


Introduction
Nanofluid is the mixture of hard nanoparticles with the base fluid. e study of nanofluid is of huge interest for the evaluation of increasing thermal conductivity, In the engineering, cooling is important, such as the cooling of nano-electromechanical systems and semiconductors. e convection of nanofluids flow in nanowires such as microchannels and microtubes is mandatory to use nanofluids for these low-scale cooling techniques. Nanofluids are served in related works with single-phase heterogeneous fluids (whereas the nanoparticles are consistently distributed in base fluids). Free convection is critical in thermal engineering in nanofluid within enclosures because rising heat flow is a significant problem for energy efficiency. e first attempts to improve heat transport using nanofluid. ey simulated the heat transfer features of nanofluids in a two-dimensional insertion and originate that the heat transfer rate dramatically increases with postponed nanoparticles at every Grashof value. Elaziz and Marin [1] investigated one significant feature of theory, and it does not account for thermal energy dissipation. We discover a method for dealing with elastic interactions that do not take into account energy dissipation caused by heat sources and body forces. Remote as literature analysis is revised, [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] scholars are doing notable nanofluid work. e analysis of heat transmission and nanofluid flow is an important unsolidified rheology issue. Experimenting on Cu-water nanofluid rheology, in which we noticed the conduct of a shear-thinning fluid obtained by Chang et al., [13] Santra et al. [14] introduced the forced conduction of Cu-water in Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids in a channel. Das et al. [15] extended Aziz's attempt by looking at the Buongiorno fluid method for nanofluid flow. Xuan and Li [16] explored Cu-water nanofluid flow characteristics. Infrared photons are visible; sunlight or infrared and illumination are shown by the material nature produced from those radiations. Based on the way solar energy is collected and transmitted or transformed into solar power, energy sources and their technologies are mostly known as either active solar or inactive solar. Blackbody radioactivity is the radiation of electromagnetic waves from a superficial that exceeds absolute zero. In several practical applications, heat transport occurs via a porous medium flow. ese inspections cover a wide range of fields of science and engineering, mainly grain storage, chemical hydrogen reactors, dampness movement by air-filled rubber protection, and much more. e efficiency of common base fluid thermal systems is relatively low. Suspending metallic nanoparticles in the sordid fluid is a recent way to improve the efficiency of those systems. Sheikholeslami et al. [17] investigated the free convection warmth transfer in a concentration halo between warm four-sided and heated curve cylinders in the non-attendance of the magnetic field. Kandelousi [18] investigated the consequence on ferrofluid flow of especially variable magnetic fields by considering the constant heat flux endpoint state. Sheikholeslami et al. [19][20][21] examined nanofluid flow alongside convective heat transfer through a different geometry. e fluid flows including chemical reaction has wide range in the processes of extrusion, refrigeration, and polymer industries. Under GN electromagnetic theory, Abd-Elaziz et al. [1] demonstrated the effect of omson and initial stress in a thermo-porous elastic solid. Vlase et al. [22] looked into the motion equation for a versatile one-dimensional element used in a multibody system's dynamical analysis. Malik et al. [23] proposed the idea of an incompressible fluid past MHD natural reaction over a heat-producing porous layer. e electrically transmitting non-Newtonian fluids can be used as a refrigeration liquid because their flow can be controlled by the outdoor magnetic field, which to some degree controls the heat transfer. Its usage of magnetic fields that impact heat preoccupation/generation system has several engineering applications, like crystallization and bottling of copper wires by dragging continuous polymers through inactive fluid [24][25][26][27][28][29].
Shirejini et al. [30] used a nanofluid and a gyratory scheme to restore the heat transfer rate after a decrease. Turkyilmazoglu [31][32][33] investigated the thermal broadcast of an electrically conductive fluid over a rotating infinite disk. Digital devices for stowage, rotating equipment, thermal energy generation systems, electrode material, geothermic industry, gas turbines, biological courses, and different types of medical equipment are examples of applications of such problems. Turkyilmazoglu investigated fluid stream and heat allocation on a rotating disk that was traveling vertically. A spinning cone induces warmth transfer and enables flow in a quiescent liquid. Kumar et al. [34] used a finite element method to research the randomness production of a nanofluid containing copper and aluminum oxide nanoparticles in the spaces between two coaxial spinning disks. e above studies indicate that no attempt has been complete to analyze the 3D hybrid nanofluid flow model around the cone as poignant or immobile under fluid control. e effect of copper oxide (CuO) and titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles on the thermal performance properties of ethylene glycol-water is investigated in this study, which has an extensive scientific and technological value. e second significance is to build on the principle of Refs. [35][36][37] which also contain the most important studies about the current model. In the case of counterrotating, create a mathematical model for rotating cones that are called moving or stationary. e flow reckonings are reduced to an ordinary scheme, and then bvp4c is used to solve them. Figures illustrate the effects of corporeal relevant variable quantity on velocity and temperature. Superficial grind force and temperature incline numerical outputs are tabulated contrary to stimulating physical objects. e uniqueness of the latest work is emphasized.
(1) e current study considers three-dimensional CuO + TiO 2 /C 2 H 6 O 2 hybrid nanofluid flow, while previous research [38,39] has concentrated on viscous fluids and nanofluids. (2) e MATLAB bvp4c algorithm has been used for the explanation of the non-linear problem. (3) In comparison to other fluids, hybrid nanofluids have been found to increase the thermal efficiency of base fluids quickly.

Mathematical Formulations
To find another way to simplify the process of convection in fluids, the basis for this paper is a three-dimensional (3D) natural heat transfer of Newtonian two-phase nanofluid flow composed of TiO 2 /CuO hybrid particles/ethylene glycolwater (50 percent-50 percent) combination of base fluid due to a pivoting cone. All conclusions and conditions considered for the geometry of this paper are clearly shown in Figure 1. Differential equations that model the problem according to the assumptions mentioned above and the physical terms that affect the problem are e velocity gears in the paths of x, y, and z-axis, separately, are in the above equations (u, v, and w). Also, ρ hnf is the concentration of nanofluid, μ hnf is the fluid viscosity of nanofluid, v e is the free flow velocity, (ρβ) hnf is the coefficient of growth and contraction because of the temperature difference, T is the dynamic temperature, ζ is the electrical conductivity of the fluid, ] hnf is kinematic viscosity, (ρC P ) hnf is nanofluid's heat capacity, k hnf is nanofluid's heat conductivity, A is the Deborah number, and α hnf is the thermal diffusivity. e boundary conditions are e momentum, temperature, and boundary conditions for this problem are [38,39]. e most recent method would be the utilization of hybrid nanoparticles rather than single nanoparticles to advance the process of convection in fluids. Nanofluid formed by hybrid nanoparticles has higher conduction than nanofluid generated by one single nanoparticle. Furthermore, the impact of using nanoparticles of different shapes on conductivity and reducing the amount of convection cannot be simply overlooked.
ermophysical Properties. e following are the different thermal properties of hybrid nanofluid and water [39]: Define the following transformation: e functions required for the conversion of the partial differential equations (PDEs) ((2), (3), and (4)) to the ordinary differential equations (ODEs) are as follows.
In which the hybrid angular velocity is ω � ω 1 + ω 2 , the angular velocities of a cone are ω 1 , the free torrent liquid is ω 2 , and the unstable parameter is S. Also, θ and ζ are the variable and temperature without dimensions, respectively. After substituting equation (7) into equations (2)-(4) and modifying and converting, the usual differential equations relating the flow and temperature, together with the boundary conditions, are as follows: 1 Pr Now, the boundary conditions are e important natural quantities impacting the flow and the transfer of heat are the coefficient of skin friction C fx , C fy and the local Nusselt number Nu x , respectively, which are clear as follows: eir dimensionless form is as follows: e factor of heat allocation in dimensionless form is given as

Numerical Solution
e coupled ordinary, non-linear differential equations (8)-(10) and the limit conditions set out in equation (11) are numerically solved using the bvp4c MATLAB algorithm. Mathematical Problems in Engineering along with limitation % y(1) � 0,

Graphical Observations and Discussion
Non-linear standard differential equations (8)-(10) concerning boundary condition equation (11) are solved by the bvp4c method of numerical technique for evaluating the various physical parameters. Results indicate the effect on velocity − f ′ (η), g(η) and temperature θ(η) profiles of nondimensional governing parameters laterally with the skin friction constant and limited Nusselt number for recommended fence temperature (PWT) cases. We considered entirely dimensional parameter values for numerical algorithms as s � 2.0, α 1 � 0.6, ϕ � 0.8, c 1 � 1.5, and Pr � 7.0. ese parameter values are samein the entire article except for the disparities in the corresponding figures and tables. We learned that the heat transfer rate has been further increased due to hybrid nanofluid (TiO 2 − Cuo/ethylene glycol-water). e rate of the heat transfer decreases when we increase the rotation parameter and the capacity fraction of nanoparticles. Figures 2-5 display the block diagram of the speed and temperature profiles for different models of the volume fractions of Tio 2 and Cuo nanoparticles. e rise in the medium fraction of nanotubes augments the tangential velocity − f ′ (η) field and fluctuates the azimuthal velocity g(η) field as well as the temperature profiles in the PWT case. As assumed, the improvement of the medium fraction of nanoparticles would enhance the colloidal interruption here amid solid particles, and due to this, the velocity fields are reduced. By contrast, the field of Tio 2 nanoparticle velocity is faster by enhancing the values of the nanoparticle volume fraction. For this motive, we saw an enrichment in the field of tangential velocity.    Table 2 also shows the properties of TiO 2 . e thermophysical properties of the nanofluid are discussed in Table 3.

Concluding Remarks
In the present paper, the influence of rotation and buoyancy force parameters on velocity and temperature is discussed in hybrid base nanofluid over a gyrating cone in the occurrence of gravity and film condensation and heat dissipation effect. By using the bvp4c algorithm, we solve PDEs with minimum errors and correct results. e results indicate that by increasing the value of α 1 , the tangential and azimuthal velocity reduces near the boundary of the cone for CuO and TiO2 cases. Also, with the increase of c 1 , azimuthal velocity increases. e inclination of the Prandtl number results in an increase in the temperature profile. e skin friction factor is increasingby rotation and unstable parameters while it is decreasing with Reynolds number. e Nusselt number increases for larger Pr near the wall of the cone. e major outcomes of this study are given as follows: (1) TiO 2 nanofluid has a higher coefficient of friction factor as opposed to Cuo nanofluid. However, the heat transfer rate of Tio 2 nanofluid is lower than that of Cuo nanofluid. Cuo nanofluid, therefore, improves the thermal transfer more than the Tio 2 nanofluid. (2) e parameter of viscous variation improves both temperature and the rate of heat transfer. us, we can say that viscosity dependent on temperature is helpful for processes of heat transfer modification. (3) Hybridity reduces the velocity distribution while increasing the temperature distribution.
(4) As compared to nanofluid, hybrid nanofluid can have better heat transfer efficiency. (5) e optimal heat transfer rate in hybrid nanofluid can be achieved by choosing distinct and sufficient nanoparticle increases. (6) e heat source decreases the temperature field and enhances the heat transfer rate.

Abbreviations
Pr: Prandtl number t, t * : Dimensional and dimensionless times, respectively T: Temperature (x, y, z): e distance measured along the meridian of a circular segment parallel to the cone's superficial C fx : Local skin friction in x-direction α: Semi-upright angle of the cone C fy : Skin friction in y-direction η: Similarity variable f, g: Dimensionless stream function and velocity component in x− and y− direction, respectively θ: Dimensionless temperature K, L: ermal conductivity and characteristic length, respectively Km − 1 K − 1 c 1 : Buoyancy parameter due to temperature μ: Dynamic viscosity (Nms − 2 ) ]: Kinematic viscosity (m 2 s − 1 ) Nu x : Local Nusselt number ρ: Density (kgm − 3 ) Re x : Reynold number based on x